scholarly journals Genesis of the idea and definition of pedogeochemical barriers of heavy metals migration

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 21-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. M. Savosko
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Soil Profile ◽  
Substitution Reaction ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Mineral Exploration ◽  
Soil Science ◽  
Soil Horizon ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
Geochemical Barriers ◽  
Definition Of

The aims of this study were to consider the genesis’s idea «geochemical barriers» and to invite a definition for «pedogeochemical barriers» by example of heavy metals’ migration. Object of this study – scientific publications that show the results of heavy metals’ content and distribution in soils. The concept of geochemical barriers was formulated by A. I. Perelman in 1961. At first ideas of this concept have been used for: 1) ordering of the geochemical conditions at hypergenesis zone, 2) justification the concept of geochemical field; 3) mathematical modeling of geochemical processes, 4) effective mineral exploration. With the passage of time, this concept has become successfully implemented in lithology, hydrogeology, soil science, geochemistry environment. In the XXI century geochemical barriers used in the development of rehabilitation technology of contaminated lands and limit the spread of pollutants. The concept of geochemical barriers began to be used in soil science, through the work of V. A. Kovda (1972), A. A. Rode (1975), M. A. Glazovskaj (1988). Later, the list of researchers who used this idea in their works has increased significantly. However, these researchers: 1) was performed a mechanical transfer this idea from geochemistry to soil science, 2) use this idea mainly for environmental protection, 3) used exclusively of the geochemistry methodology and of the geochemistry classification schemes. As for soil science the best analogue of «geochemical barriers» should recognize the term «pedogeochemical barriers». An essence pedogeochemical barrier, in our opinion, is as follows. In hypergenesis zone the geochemical barriers act as «situational and contrast» phenomenon. In soil profile the pedogeochemical barriers act as «substation and reaction» phenomenon. We are supposed to that the soil profile is a multiaspect complex of pedogeochemical barriers. At that some of them can be localized within several soil horizons. At the same time, several such barriers can be located in one soil horizon. Therefore, in the refined form, a pedogeochemical barrier should be understood as part of the soil profile, where, as a result of the formation of special conditions for substitution-reaction interactions, the accumulation of certain chemical elements occurs. Designed by A. I. Perelman's doctrine of geochemical barriers has found a varied and successful application in geochemistry, geology, lithology, mineralogy, and in other contiguous sciences. At present, the ideas of this exercise are very important for a fundamental understanding of the biogeochemical functions of the pedosphere as the theoretical basis for preserving the biosphere and improving the soil in conditions of modern technogenesis. In our understanding, the pedogeochemical barrier is part of the soil profile, where, as a result of the formation of special conditions for substitution-reaction interactions, the accumulation of certain chemical elements occurs. In further studies it is expedient to consider: mechanisms of action, typology, parameters of pedogeochemical barriers, and also to analyze these parameters on the example of heavy metals in chernozems of ordinary and southern.

Pedogeochemical barriers of heavy metals’migration distribution in chernozems soil profile at Kryvorizhzhya

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-252
Author(s):  
Vasyl' Savosko
Keyword(s):  
Soil Profile ◽  
Substitution Reaction ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Soil Horizon ◽  
Fe And Mn ◽  
Zn And Cu In ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Maximum Content ◽  
Significant Concentration

The basic regularities of the distribution of heavy metals’migration pedogeochemical barriers in soil profile of the chernozems ordinary and southern at Kryvy Rih mining and metallurgical regions were analyzed. It was pointed out that heavy metals’migration pedogeochemical barriers is a part of the soil horizon or soil profile, where there is a significant concentration of individual chemical elements as a consequence of the substitution-reaction phenomenon. Pedogeochemical barriers are classified into five types: mechanical, physical, physical and chemical, chemical and biological. The spread of pedogeochemical barriers in Chernozem is determined by the peculiarities of distribution of their leading components: humus, clay, colloids, and carbonates. According to the coefficients of concentration, the maximum content Fe and Mn in chernozems ordinary and Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu in chernozems southern was found in the surface humus-accumulative horizon. In addition, the action of heavy metals’migration pedogeochemical barriers can be considered as leaching of metals such as: Pb and Cd, which is due to these metals a-biofilm. In chernozems ordinary, the most intensively pedogeochemical barriers act in the humus transitional and humus cumulative horizons. In chernozems southern, the pedogeochemical barriers act most intensively in the humus accumulative horizon.

scholarly journals Indicators for pedogeochemical barriers of heavy metals’ migration

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. M. Savosko
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Chemical Element ◽  
Element Concentration ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Contrast Ratio ◽  
Soil Science ◽  
Soil Horizon ◽  
Migration Barriers ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Humus Accumulation

The aims of this study were to substantiate indicators for pedogeochemical barriers of heavy metals’s migration. The concept of pedogeochemical barriers of heavy metals’migration. Pedogeochemical migration barrier is part of the soil horizon or soil profile, where, as a result of special pedosubstantsiya availability and certain pedogeochemical reactions percolation, there is a significant accumulation of some chemical elements. These barriers act as a «substation-reactionary phenomenon». Pedogeochemical migration barrier grouped into five types: mechanical A, physical (sorption) B, physicochemical (ion exchange) C, chemical D and biological E. Indicators of geochemical migration barriers. To assess the geochemical barriers to migration, A. I. Perelman suggested using barrier contrast indicators and the barrier gradient. Wherein, the barrier contrast is calculated as the ratio of the chemical element concentration on the barrier to its quantity up to the barrier. Barrier gradient is the ratio of soil differences before and after the barrier to its length. Indicators of pedogeochemical migration barriers. In soil science, as the analogue of the barrier contrast are: the contrast ratio, the coefficient of intra-profile differentiation, alluvial-accumulative coefficients. As an analogue of the gradient barriers, there are indices of absolute and relative gradients of pedogeochemical migration barriers. Indicators of Pedogeochemical migration barriers manifest that in the chernozems of ordinary and southern at Kryvyi Rih areas, the accumulation of heavy metals in the humus transition and humus accumulation horizons has been revealed. Wherein, the more intensive action of soil migration barriers is naturally revealed in chernozems of ordinary, in comparison with chernozems southern.

scholarly journals SPECIFIC FEATURES OF DISTRIBUTION OF MINERALS IN ORGANS AND TISSUES OF HERRING SPECIES (CLUPEIDAE) IN CASPIAN SEA

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (1) ◽  
pp. 100-106
Author(s):  
Tatiana Ershova ◽  
Vyacheslav Fedorovich Zaitsev ◽  
Vladimir Chaplygin ◽  
Asylbek Shakhmuratovich Kanbetov
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Caspian Sea ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Electrothermal Atomization ◽  
The Caspian Sea ◽  
Lead And Cadmium ◽  
Zinc Cadmium ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Cadmium And Lead ◽  
Standard Techniques

Research objective was to identify the specific features of distribution of microelements (zink, manganese, lead, cadmium) in organs and tissues of black-backed shad Alosa kessleri kessleri (Grimm, 1887) and Dolginsky herring Alosa braschnikowii braschnikowii (Borodin, 1904) caught in the Caspian Sea. Accumulated in the tissues and organs of fish in concentrations exceeding the maximum permissible limits, heavy metals pose a danger to human health. Sampling was carried out by the standard techniques, definition of minerals was made by method of atomic and absorbing spectroscopy using an atomic and absorbing spectrometer with electrothermal atomization of MGA-915 MD. The analysis of the obtained data showed that distribution of minerals in the organs and tissues of the studied herring species had a similar pattern: the highest concentrations of minerals were registered in the gills and liver, the smallest - in muscle tissue. In comparison with black-backed shad the organs and tissues of Dolginsky herring had higher concentrations of chemical elements. Zinc has been found to accumulate mainly in the liver; manganese, lead and cadmium - in the gills. Accumulation of zinc, cadmium and lead in the studied bodies and tissues of fishes exceeded acceptable level.

scholarly journals Heavy metals in oils and formation of bitumen-hydrothermal associations in the rocks of the Dnieper-Donetsk paleorift

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Temporal Correlation ◽  
Common Finding ◽  
Donetsk Basin ◽  
Mineral Associations ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Hydrothermal Mineral

Formulation of the problem of the article. The problem of common finding of hydrocarbons and heavy metals in the geological space is very interesting from the point of view of theoretical and practical meaning. It was discussed in many works of domestic and foreign scientists from different positions, stipulated by the absence of ambiguity in the explanation of this fact. It is important that heavy metals are present not only in oils, but also in bitumen of bituminous-hydrothermal mineral associations of ore fields in the region. The main aim of the article is to research the genetic, spatial and temporal correlation of heavy metals and hydrocarbons. Research Methods. The processes adducting to the accumulation of heavy metals in oils and the formation of bituminous-hydrothermal associations in rocks have been researched. In particular, the definition of heavy metals in oils from various deposits of the Dnieper-Donetsk basin was performed using the X-ray fluorescence method and the definition of the isotopic composition of carbon of solid bitumen - by mass spectrometric methods. Results. The processes adducting to the accumulation of heavy metals in oils and the formation of bituminous-hydrothermal associations in rocks have been researched. These processes are associated with ascending heat and mass transfer, which adduct to the unloading of fluid streams, which contained a variety of chemical elements, including compounds of carbon dioxide, methane, mercury vapor, and complexes of heavy metal. Spatially, that process coincides with the anticlannel structures which accompany the zones of deep faults. It has been found that the concentrations of heavy metals in oils are associated with the peculiarities of deposits formation within different geological structures. Physical-chemical conditions for the formation of hydrocarbon-hydrothermal fluid systems, which involve both biogenic and abiogenic (synthesized) hydrocarbons, were determined. The established geochemical regularity of increasing concentrations of heavy metals with the depth of oil occurrence is associated with high contents of sulfur compounds in the form of hydrothermal sulfide minerals, which are actively hydrolyzed at high temperatures and lead to leaching of metals and their entry into fluid`s systems where stable sulfur complexes are formed. Scientific novelty and practical importance. The formation of hydrocarbon-heavy metal systems within the Dnieper-Donetsk basin occurs with the participation of synthesized and organic hydrocarbons, as well as mantle exhalates and hydrothermal vent. The result is cooling of these systems. Hydrocarbon fractions (oil) are enriched with heavy metals, and hydrothermal vents are enriched with bitumen-forming naphthides. The practical importance of this research is increase in the efficiency of forecasting and prospecting of hydrocarbon deposits at the expense of theoretical modeling of the bituminous-hydrothermal mineral associations formation in ore fields.

KARAKTERISTIK TANAH DAN PERBANDINGAN PRODUKSI KELAPA SAWIT (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) DENGAN METODE TANAM LUBANG BESAR DAN PARIT DRAINASE 2:1 PADA LAHAN SPODOSOL DI KABUPATEN BARITO TIMUR PROPINSI KALIMANTAN TENGAH - INDONESIA

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 148-158
Author(s):  
Surianto
Keyword(s):  
Soil Texture ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Soil Profile ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Exchangeable Cations ◽  
Soil Horizon ◽  
Soil Profiles ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Hole Profile ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Spodosol soil of Typic Placorthod sub-group of East Barito District is one of the problem soils with the presence of hardpan layer, low fertility, low water holding capacity, acid reaction and it is not suitable for oil palm cultivation without any properly specific management of land preparation and implemented best agronomic practices. A study was carried out to evaluate the soil characteristic of a big hole (A profile) and no big hole (B profile) system and comparative oil palm productivity among two planting systems. This study was conducted in Spodosol soil at oil palm plantation (coordinate X = 0281843 and Y = 9764116), East Barito District, Central Kalimantan Province on February 2014, by surveying of placic and ortstein depth and observing soil texture and chemical properties of 2 (two) oil palm's soil profiles that have been planted in five years. Big hole system of commercial oil palm field planting on the Spodosol soil area was designed for the specific purpose of minimizing the potential of a negative effect of shallow effective planting depth for oil palms growing due to the hardpan layer (placic and ortstein) presence as deep as 0.25 - 0.50 m. The big hole system is a planting hole type which was vertical-sided with 2.00 m x 1.50 m on top and bottom side and 3.00 m depth meanwhile the 2:1 drain was vertical-sided also with 1.50 m depth and 300 m length. Oil palm production was recorded from the year 2012 up to 2014. Results indicated that the fractions both big hole profile (A profile) and no big hole profile (B profile) were dominated by sands ranged from 60% to 92% and the highest sands content of non-big hole soil profile were found in A and E horizons (92%). Better distribution of sand and clay fractions content in between layers of big hole soil profiles of A profile sample is more uniform compared to the B profile sample. The mechanical holing and material mixing of soil materials of A soil profile among the upper and lower horizons i.e. A, E, B and C horizons before planting that resulted a better distribution of both soil texture (sands and clay) and chemical properties such as acidity value (pH), C-organic, N, C/N ratio, CEC, P-available and Exchangeable Bases. Investigation showed that exchangeable cations (Ca, Mg, K), were very low in soil layers (A profile) and horizons (B profile) investigated. The low exchangeable cations due to highly leached of bases to the lower layers and horizons. Besides, the palm which was planted on the big hole system showed good adaptation and response positively by growing well of tertiary and quaternary roots that the roots were penetrable into deeper rooting zone as much as >1.00 m depth. The roots can grow well and penetrate much deeper in A profile compared to the undisturbed hardpan layer (B profile). The FFB (fresh fruit bunches) production of the non-big hole block was higher than the big hole block for the first three years of production. This might be due to the high variation of monthly rainfall in-between years of observation from 2009 to 2014. Therefore, the hardness of placic and ortstein as unpenetrable agents by roots and water to prevent water loss and retain the water in the rhizosphere especially in the drier weather. In the high rainfall condition, the 2:1 drain to prevent water saturation in the oil palm rhizosphere by moving some water into the drain. Meanwhile, the disturbed soil horizon (big hole area) was drier than un disturbance immediately due to water removal to deeper layers. We concluded that both big hole and 2:1 drain are a suitable technology for Spodosol soil land especially in preparing palms planting to minimize the negative effect of the hardpan layer for oil palm growth.

scholarly journals Source and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Soil–Ginger System in the Jing River Basin of Shandong Province, North China

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (13) ◽  
pp. 6749
Author(s):  
Songtao Wang ◽  
Zongjun Gao ◽  
Yuqi Zhang ◽  
Hairui Zhang ◽  
Zhen Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Soil Profile ◽  
Pollution Index ◽  
Potential Ecological Risk ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Anthropogenic Factors ◽  
Multivariate Statistical ◽  
Cr Content

This study investigated the characteristics and sources of heavy metals in a soil–ginger system and assessed their health risks. To this end, 321 topsoil samples and eight soil samples from a soil profile, and 18 ginger samples with root–soil were collected from a ginger-planting area in the Jing River Basin. The average concentration of heavy metals in the topsoil followed the order: Cr > Zn > Pb > Ni > Cu > As > Cd > Hg. In the soil profile, at depths greater than 80 cm, the contents of Cr, Ni, and Zn tended to increase with depth, which may be related to the parent materials, whereas As and Cu contents showed little change. In contrast, Pb content decreased sharply from top to bottom, which may be attributable to external environmental and anthropogenic factors. Multivariate statistical analysis showed that Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Cd contents in soil are affected by natural sources, Pb and As contents are significantly affected by human activities, and Hg content is affected by farmland irrigation. Combined results of the single pollution index (Pi), geo-accumulation index (Igeo), and potential ecological risk assessment (Ei and RI) suggest that soil in the study area is generally not polluted by heavy metals. In ginger, Zn content was the highest (2.36 mg/kg) and Hg content was the lowest (0.0015 mg/kg). Based on the bioconcentration factor, Cd and Zn have high potential for enrichment in ginger. With reference to the limit of heavy metals in tubers, Cr content in ginger exceeds the standard in the study area. Although Cr does not accumulate in ginger, Cr enrichment in soil significantly increases the risk of excessive Cr content in ginger.

Mineral exploration in the glaciated terrain using upper soil horizon geochemistry and compositional statistical data analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pertti Sarala ◽  
Solveig Pospiech ◽  
Maarit Middleton ◽  
Anne Taivalkoski ◽  
Helena Hulkki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Mineral Exploration ◽  
Environmentally Friendly ◽  
Soil Horizon ◽  
Geochemical Data ◽  
Elemental Distribution ◽  
Statistical Data Analysis ◽  
Aqua Regia ◽  
Log Ratio

<p>Vulnerable nature in northernmost Europe requires development of new, environmentally friendly sampling and analyses techniques for mineral exploration. Those areas are typically covered by transported glaciogenic sediments where the glacial till is most dominant. To offer an alternative for conventional basal till and bedrock sampling with heavy machines, the use of different surface geochemical sampling media and techniques which are quick and cost-effective have been actively applied during the last decade. Particularly, the development of selective and weak leach techniques for the upper soil (Ah and B) horizons’ geochemistry has been intensive, but the reliability needs to be improved and testing is required in different glaciogenic environments.</p><p>In this research, carried out under the project New Exploration Technologies (NEXT), funded by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 776804, we used stratified random sampling strategy for choosing sampling locations and developed novel compositional statistical data analysis for the interpretation of geochemical data obtained by surface geochemical techniques. The test area is located in the Rajapalot area, Ylitornio, northern Finland, where an active project is carried out by Mawson Oy for Au-Co exploration. The thickness of till cover varies from some metres to 5 m and the glacial morphology is composed of the ribbed moraine ridges with peatlands in between. A sampling network for the Ah and B horizon samples was comprised of 89 routine samples and 10 field replicates acquired of mineral Podsol-type soils. The chemical analyses methods used were Ultratrace 1:1:1 Aqua Regia leach and 0.1 M sodium pyrophosphate leach for the Ah horizon samples, and Ionic leach and Super Trace Aqua Regia leach methods for the B horizon samples. The laboratory analyses were supported by the portable X-Ray Fluorescence (pXRF) analyses done directly in the field. The statistical analysis was based on log-ratio transformations of the geochemical compositions to avoid spurious results. In addition, the response ratios were calculated to measure the degree of enrichment in each element per sample.</p><p>The preliminary results of the soil geochemistry show a significant response to many elements (e.g. Au, Co, Cu, Mo, Sc, Te and W) with known mineralized bedrock targets observed in the drill core data. Elemental distribution is also reflecting the lithological variations of the rock units in the bedrock. Based on the results, it is obvious that a) there is good or moderate correlation for several elements between the surface geochemical data and underlying bedrock, and b) soil analysis method using certain soil sampling procedure and selective extraction is an effective, environmentally friendly geochemical exploration technique in the glaciated terrains.</p>

scholarly journals Restoration of soil fertility of the southern chernozem in conditions of the reserve regime of the Orenburg State Nature Reserve

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 126-129
Author(s):  
Alexander Nikolaevich Tyurin
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Soil Profile ◽  
Nature Reserve ◽  
Specially Protected Natural Areas ◽  
Southern Chernozem ◽  
State Nature Reserve ◽  
Protected Natural Areas ◽  
Phosphorus And Potassium ◽  
State Nature

This paper presents a comparative-temporal ecological characterization of the southern chernozem under the regime of the Aituar steppe site command of the Orenburg State Nature Reserve. The degree of ecological rehabilitation of chernozems in specially protected natural areas is shown. Quantitative data are provided on the supply of soil with nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, and the content of heavy metals in the soil. Determination of the content of heavy metals and trace elements in soil samples (according to the method of Krupsky and Aleksandrova in the modification of the Central Institute of Agrochemical Services for Agriculture) was conducted in accordance with GOST 50683-94. The determination of mobile compounds of phosphorus and potassium was carried out by the method of Machigin (GOST-26205-91), organic matter by the Tyurin method (GOST 26213-9), alkaline hydrolyzable nitrogen by Kornfield. The paper presents the results of a comparison of agrochemical and ecology-toxicological studies of southern chernozem in 1996-2016. The main morphogenetic characteristics of the soil profile of the chernozem of the southern carbonate low-humus low-mass medium loamy are given. Data of morphological, physical and agrochemical properties of soils were subjected to mathematical and statistical treatment. This allowed the authors to determine morphological parameters, qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the soil and their variation within the elementary soil areas, depending on the position in the landscape and the nature of use. The data obtained indicate a positive dynamics in the provision of soil with humus and elements of mineral nutrition of plants, as well as a significant reduction in the content of heavy metals throughout the soil profile. Thus, we can talk about the natural restoration of soil fertility in conditions of a protected regime in specially protected natural areas.

scholarly journals HYGIENIC ASSESSMENT OF THE CONTENT OF CHEMICALS IN THE SOIL OF MINING AREAS OF THE TRANS-BAIKAL REGION

2019 ◽  
Vol 98 (4) ◽  
pp. 400-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. A. Mikhailova ◽  
M. A. Solodukhina ◽  
O. G. Alekseeva ◽  
N. M. Burlaka ◽  
S. E. Lapa
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Soil Contamination ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry ◽  
Arsenic Content ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Entire Area ◽  
Mining Areas

Introduction. Intensive exploration and processing of mineral raw materials in the Trans-Baikal territory has caused the accumulation of considerable amount of industrial mining waste with high content of chemical elements of different classes of hazard. Currently 33 tailings storage facilities (TSF) accumulating approximately 3 milliard tons of different industrial waste are located in the territory of the region. The aim of the research is the hygienic assessment of soil contamination in the residential areas adjacent to TSFs. Material and methods. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry method was used for the determination of heavy metals. The study presents the results of analyses of 444 samples of gross content of lead, zinc, copper, mercury, arsenic, and cadmium in the soil of Khapcheranga, Sherlovaya Gora, Kadaya, Vershino-Darasunsky, and Vershino-Shakhtaminsky mining villages throughout the duration of 2012 - 2015. Results. During the period of the study the total value of soil contamination with Zc calculated by the median concentrations in Khapcheranga Village amounted to 4.7 6.9, in Vershino-Shakhtaminaky - to 6.7 8.8, which corresponds to the «allowable» level of the contamination. Zc calculation by maximum concentrations has shown the soil to be referred to the category from “moderately dangerous” to “extremely dangerous”; this value in Khapcheranga Village amounted to 48.7 - 235.3, in Vershino-Shakhtaminsky Village - to 23.76 - 164.8. Discussion. In the residential areas the allowable degree of soil contamination was determined to be predominantly observed; Khapcheranga and Vershino-Shakhtaminsky villages are the exceptions. The results of the assessment give the evidence of tge increased lead, cadmium and arsenic content throughout the entire area of the villages, while the highest levels of accumulated toxic substances are registered in the areas located near the TSF Conclusion. Thus, several zones of natural and anthropogenous contamination with increased concentrations of heavy metals and arsenic have been formed in the Trans-Baikal Territory. This dictates the need to study the influence of geochemical anomalies on the health of population.

A Comprehensive Review of Minerals, Trace Elements, and Heavy Metals in Saffron

2022 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sayyed Mohammad Ali Noori ◽  
Mohammad Hashemi ◽  
Sajjad Ghasemi
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Trace Elements ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Absorption Spectrometry ◽  
Atomic Emission ◽  
Emission Spectrometry ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The World

Abstract: Saffron is one of the most expensive spices in the world, and its popularity as a tasty food additive is spreading rapidly through many cultures and cuisines. Minerals and heavy metals are minor components found in saffron, which play a key role in the identification of the geographical origin, quality control, and food traceability, while they also affect human health. The chemical elements in saffron are measured using various analytical methods, such as techniques based on spectrometry or spectroscopy, including atomic emission spectrometry, atomic absorption spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The present study aimed to review the published articles about heavy metals and minerals in saffron across the world. To date, 64 chemical elements have been found in different types of saffron, which could be divided into three groups of macro-elements, trace elements, and heavy metals (trace elements with a lower gravity/greater than five times that of water and other inorganic sources). Furthermore, the chemical elements in the saffron samples of different countries have a wide range of concentrations. These differences may be affected by geographical condition such as physicochemical properties of the soil, weather and other environmental conditions like saffron cultivation and its genotype.

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