scholarly journals Current state of wheat insects entomofauna in Dnepropetrovsk, Zaporizhia and Poltava regions

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-37
Author(s):  
T. M. Kolombar ◽  
D. V. Maslova
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Agricultural Product ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Eurygaster Integriceps ◽  
Current State ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Impact

Cereals are the basis of world crop production. In Ukraine, winter wheat crop plays a rolea strategic agricultural product. The basis of food security and the formation of the national export potential depend on this crop species. Wheat has a steadydemand on the internal and foreign markets. In the structure of crops, it occupies about 6 million hectares, which is more than 22% of all cultivated areas and almost 42% of grain crops. Like most other crops, cereals serve as food supply for a wide range of insect phytophages. Conventionally, the entire fauna of endangeredspecies can be divided into multiphages, oligophages and monophages. Cereal plants are damaged by insects during the entire growing season, from germination to harvesting. There are more than 230 species of wheat insects. Territory of the steppe zone of Ukraineamounted 17 most common and criticallyendangeredspecies on. The degree of harmfulness of each species in different vegetation periods is not the same. The goal of the paper was to reveal a current state of the most common endangeredspecies (wheat phytophages) within Dnepropetrovsk, Poltava and Zaporizhia Oblasts, and to assess a degree of their harmfulness (according to literature data). Harmful insects were accounted using conventional manual sampling method. The accounting was carried out on plots of 50 × 50 cm (0.25 m2), staggered evenly over an entire field, using a frame placed onto the plants randomly. All wheat stems inside the frame were shaken to a ground surface, and the number of harmful insects was counted. At the same time, the upper layer of soil (0–25 cm) was visually inspectedfor the presence of insect larvae and imagos. 16 samples were collectedon each field. The average number of each insect species per 1 m2 of wheat crops was calculated. As a result of 50 fields survey in Dnepropetrovsk, Zaporizhia and Poltava Oblast, a list of the most common endangeredspecies (wheat phytophages) in the steppe and forest-steppe zones was created. It includes 17 species belonging to 7 families from three orders. The most recorded representatives of Coleoptera order were 12 species, four species from Hemiptera order and one from Thysanoptera. On average, three species of wheat phytophages belong to each of the families; the largest number of endangeredspecies is represented by Scarabaeidae family. Among the identified phytophages, the most common were Harpalus rufipes (De Geer, 1774) 88% of infected fields, Zabrus tenebrioides (Goeze, 1777) 78% and Anisoplia austriaca (Herbst, 1783) 72%. Specimenof endangeredspecies as Eurygaster integriceps (Puton, 1881) were found on 34 fields, Haplothrips tritici (Kurdjumov, 1912) on 22 fields, Oulema lichenis (Heyden, 1879) on 21 fields, and Aelia acuminata (Linnaeus, 1758) on 18 fields. A brief description of each of 17 endangeredspecies was presented, taking into account their harmfulness in different periods of wheat vegetation. The degree of harmfulness of each species in different vegetation periods is not a same. A distinction is made between the early period, spring and the second half of the growing season. Early vegetation period is from the seedling emergence to the period of grass tillering. During this period, an impact of harmful insects is particularly dangerous, and a damage they cause can lead to a death of plants over large areas. The species most dangerous for wheat at this time are Harpalus rufipes and Zabrus tenebrioides. It is difficult to establish a clear distinction between the impact of endangeredspecies on plants during different periods of vegetation. With a beginning of spring vegetation, Oulema lichenis, Phyllotreta vittula and Chaetocnema aridula and Tropinota hirta are added to the above-mentioned species. Harmfulness during this period consists will be represented by leaf blade damage. The middle of vegetation coincides with an ear formation and grain filling phases. The most active endangeredwheat species during this period are considered to be Haplothrips tritici, Opatrum sabulosum, Pedinus femoralis and Blaps lethifera. The quality indicators of a cereal crop yield are reduced by Eurygaster integriceps and E. maura, Aelia acuminata and A. rostrata. Before the harvest the grain is damaged by various Scarabaeidae, in particular Anisoplia austriaca, A. agricola , A. segetum. As a result of controlling the number and species composition of endangeredwheat species, it is necessary to adapt the application of integrated methods of wheat protection to the soil and climatic conditions of the steppe and forest-steppe zones of Ukraine.

scholarly journals Climate-dependent propagation of precipitation uncertainty into the water cycle

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Fallah ◽  
Sungmin O ◽  
Rene Orth
Keyword(s):  
Hydrological Model ◽  
Water Cycle ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Rain Gauge ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Current State ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Conceptual Hydrological Model

Abstract. Precipitation is a crucial variable for hydro-meteorological applications. Unfortunately, rain gauge measurements are sparse and unevenly distributed, which substantially hampers the use of in-situ precipitation data in many regions of the world. The increasing availability of high-resolution gridded precipitation products presents a valuable alternative, especially over gauge-sparse regions. Nevertheless, uncertainties and corresponding differences across products can limit the applicability of these data. This study examines the usefulness of current state-of-the-art precipitation datasets in hydrological modelling. For this purpose, we force a conceptual hydrological model with multiple precipitation datasets in > 200 European catchments. We consider a wide range of precipitation products, which are generated via (1) interpolation of gauge measurements (E-OBS and GPCC V.2018), (2) combination of multiple sources (MSWEP V2) and (3) data assimilation into reanalysis models (ERA-Interim, ERA5, and CFSR). For each catchment, runoff and evapotranspiration simulations are obtained by forcing the model with the various precipitation products. Evaluation is done at the monthly time scale during the period of 1984–2007. We find that simulated runoff values are highly dependent on the accuracy of precipitation inputs, and thus show significant differences between the simulations. By contrast, simulated evapotranspiration is generally much less influenced. The results are further analysed with respect to different hydro-climatic regimes. We find that the impact of precipitation uncertainty on simulated runoff increases towards wetter regions, while the opposite is observed in the case of evapotranspiration. Finally, we perform an indirect performance evaluation of the precipitation datasets by comparing the runoff simulations with streamflow observations. Thereby, E-OBS yields the best agreement, while furthermore ERA5, GPCC V.2018 and MSWEP V2 show good performance. In summary, our findings highlight a climate-dependent propagation of precipitation uncertainty through the water cycle; while runoff is strongly impacted in comparatively wet regions such as Central Europe, there are increasing implications on evapotranspiration towards drier regions.

scholarly journals Speech synthesis systems: disadvantages and limitations

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2.28) ◽  
pp. 234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karolina Kuligowska ◽  
Paweł Kisielewicz ◽  
Aleksandra Włodarz
Keyword(s):  
Text Analysis ◽  
Speech Synthesis ◽  
Analysis Problem ◽  
Current State ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Current Classification ◽  
Weak Points ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Insight Into

The present speech synthesis systems can be successfully used for a wide range of diverse purposes. However, there are serious and important limitations in using various synthesizers. Many of these problems can be identified and resolved. The aim of this paper is to present the current state of development of speech synthesis systems and to examine their drawbacks and limitations. The paper dis-cusses the current classification, construction and functioning of speech synthesis systems, which gives an insight into synthesizers implemented so far. The analysis of disadvantages and limitations of speech synthesis systems focuses on identification of weak points of these systems, namely: the impact of emotions and prosody, spontaneous speech in terms of naturalness and intelligibility, preprocessing and text analysis, problem of ambiguity, natural sounding, adaptation to the situation, variety of systems, sparsely spoken languages, speech synthesis for older people, and some other minor limitations. Solving these problems stimulates further development of speech synthesis domain. 

Nitrogen dynamics of pastures: nitrogen fixation inputs, the impact of legumes on soil nitrogen fertility, and the contributions of fixed nitrogen to Australian farming systems

2001 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 327 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. B. Peoples ◽  
J. A. Baldock
Keyword(s):  
N2 Fixation ◽  
Relative Size ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Net Productivity ◽  
Tropical Environments ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Impact

Experimental estimates of amounts of foliage nitrogen (N) fixed in Australian pastures range from 2 to 284 kg N/ha.year for annual and perennial legumes growing in temperate and tropical environments. Differences in the amounts of N2 fixed relate primarily to the legume content and net productivity of pastures. On average, close to 20–25 kg of shoot N are fixed for every tonne of legume herbage dry matter produced across a wide range of environments. Strategies likely to improve the potential for N2 fixation include: (i) rhizobial inoculation at time of first sowing a new legume species; (ii) amelioration of nutritional problems (applications of superphosphate or lime); (iii) manipulation of pasture composition (herbicide applications to remove grasses in annual pastures in the year prior to cropping); and (iv) including lucerne to offset the year-to-year variability in N2 fixation inputs from annual legumes. However, pasture response to such management treatments and the subsequent availability of soil mineral N may be modified by livestock effects on nutrient cycling, pasture productivity and botanical composition. Conclusions about the relative size of the contributions of fixed N to the N economies of Australian farming systems depend on whether or not estimates of fixed N are included for nodulated roots. Thus residual net inputs of fixed N after each year of a legume-based pasture are generally rated sufficient to balance the N removed by at least 1 subsequent wheat crop provided estimates of below-ground N are included in calculations. Pasture type influences the duration of subsequent rotational benefits and while residual effects on mineral N are commonly exhausted within 2 years after an annual legume-based pasture phase, N carry-over following lucerne generally lasts considerably longer.

scholarly journals Sensitivity of wheat yields to rise in growing season temperature: Evidences from panel data analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-197
Author(s):  
K. PHILIP ◽  
S.S. ASHA DEVI ◽  
G.K. JHA ◽  
B.M.K. RAJU ◽  
B. SEN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Panel Data ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Impact Of Climate Change ◽  
Average Maximum ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
The Impact

The impact of climate change on agriculture is well studied yet there is scope for improvement as crop specific and location specific impacts need to be assessed realistically to frame adaptation and mitigation strategies to lessen the adverse effects of climate change. Many researchers have tried to estimate potential impact of climate change on wheat yields using indirect crop simulation modeling techniques. Here, this study estimated the potential impact of climate change on wheat yields using a crop specific panel data set from 1981 to 2010,for six major wheat producing states. The study revealed that 1°C increase in average maximum temperature during the growing season reduces wheat yield by 3 percent. Major share of wheat growth and yield (79%) is attributed to increase in usage of physical inputs specifically fertilizers, machine labour and human labour. The estimated impact was lesser than previously reported studies due to the inclusion of wide range of short-term adaptation strategies to climate change. The results reiterate the necessity of including confluent factors like physical inputs while investigating the impact of climate factors on crop yields.

scholarly journals Study on the effects and changes of soil degradation under the influence of antibiotics

2020 ◽  
Vol 180 ◽  
pp. 03018
Author(s):  
Ancuta Alexandra Petre ◽  
Florin Nenciu ◽  
Nicoleta Alexandra Vanghele ◽  
Mariana Mădălina Stanciu ◽  
Dumitru Bogdan Mihalache ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Soxhlet Extraction ◽  
Polar Compounds ◽  
Complex Processes ◽  
Current State ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Community Information ◽  
Soil Residue ◽  
State Of The Environment ◽  
The Impact

The use of antibiotics in large quantities against the combat of pests in soils, indicates an increased remanence of them, which leads to major environmental risks. After entering in the soil, antibiotics are subjected to a succession of biogeochemical processes under the action of multiple environmental factors: absorption, migration, transformation, degradation or nutritional prosperity of plants. In order to know the current state of the environment and the effects of antibiotics it is essential to discover procedures for improving the degradation and combating the dissemination of antibiotic resistance. Research in recent years on the extraction of antibiotics from the soil is based on complex processes, such as: Soxhlet extraction, ultrasonic extraction or accelerated solvent extraction. Soil residue was determined using liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, being the equipment that provides the highest accuracy in the analysis of polar compounds in very low concentrations. The purpose of the paper is to find an efficient and ecological solution for the elimination of antibiotics from soils and to highlight the evaluation of the contaminated land regarding the antibiotic residues and the impact on the composition of the bacterial community. Information about the effects of antibiotics accumulated in soil, persistence, resistance and sensitivity to chemical and microbiological substances, degradation and results related to soil fertility and crop production are highlighted.

scholarly journals Nutrient Availability under Lettuce Grown in Rye Mulch in Histosols

Nitrogen ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-150
Author(s):  
Jacynthe Dessureault-Rompré ◽  
Alexis Gloutney ◽  
Jean Caron
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Availability ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Organic N ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Vegetable Crop ◽  
Conservation Practice ◽  
Lettuce Growth ◽  
The Impact

Vegetable crop production, which is expanding worldwide, is managed extremely intensively and is therefore raising concerns about soil degradation. The objective of this study was to analyze the impact of using rye mulch as a conservation practice on nutrient availability for lettuce grown in histosols. The rye cover crop was established in the fall of 2018 at two cultivated peatland sites. The following summer, lettuce crops were planted at both sites on the rye mulch cover and on control plots. Lysimeters were used to extract the soil solution once a week during lettuce growth. Various soil properties were analyzed in the soil sampled at the end of the lettuce growing season. The rye yield was higher at site 1 than at site 2 and the lettuce growth was reduced at site 1 under the rye mulch treatment. The rye mulch reduced mineral N and dissolved organic N availability at both sites. The N dynamics in histosols might be fast enough to supply the lettuce needs; however, the implantation difficulties must first be overcome to confirm that hypothesis. At the end of the lettuce growth period, soil total and active C pools and soluble organic soil N in the rye mulch treatment sample were significantly higher at site 1 than at site 2. The presence of rye mulch improved the carbon pool over a single growing season. The use of rye mulch as a soil conservation practice for vegetable crop production appears promising for histosols; however, more work is needed to gain a better understanding on the long-term effects of decomposing rye mulch and roots on soil nutrient availability, soil health and C sequestration, and on the nitrogen uptake pathways and growth of cash crops. Future works which would include consecutive years of study at multiple sites are also needed to be able to confirm and generalize the observations found in the present work.

Regulation of nitrogen-carbon interactions in agroecosystems in the forest-steppe zone of Ukraine

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Velichko ◽  
О. Demidenko
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Steppe Zone ◽  
Complex Model ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
Natural Soil ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Atmospheric Layer ◽  
Secondary Products ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Impact

Aim. To determine the specifi ed parameters of the complex model of nitrogen-carbon circulation while using different types of crop rotation, kinds of organic fertilizers and ways of soil cultivation in agroecosystems of the forest-steppe zone of Ukraine. Methods. Field, laboratory, computational, mathematical and statistical. Results. Specifi c types of organic fertilizers affect the emission of СО 2 into the lowest atmospheric layer: in case of humus the typical emission interval is 25–85 t/ha, while in case of secondary products it is 70–160 t/ ha. The impact of the way of chernozem preparation on nitrogen-carbon circulation is manifested in the fact that in case of subsurface tillage the carbon balance in soil was positively increasing compared to ploughing. The interval of СО 2 emission into the lowest atmospheric layer due to the mineralization of humus and organic fertilizers with ploughing changes in a wider range compared against subsurface tillage. Conclusions. The nitrogen-carbon interactions are impaired due to the introduction of humus and removal of secondary products beyond the boundaries of the agroecosystem in the course of ploughing. The application of ground secon- dary products of crop production as organic fertilizers, wrapped up into the surface layer of chernozem during the subsurface tillage of soil, simulates the natural course of nitrogen-carbon circulation in agroecosystems of different types. Natural soil formation process is simulated due to the activation of photosynthetic activity of cultivated crops with СО 2 saturation in the lowest atmospheric layer, which provides for extensive restoration of chernozem fertility in the forest-steppe zone of Ukraine.

scholarly journals Establishing an operational system for assessment and forecasting the impact of extreme weather events on crop production

MAUSAM ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 289-296
Author(s):  
SHIBENDU S. RAY ◽  
SURESH K. SINGH ◽  
NEETU . ◽  
S. MAMATHA
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Extreme Weather ◽  
Extreme Weather Events ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Production Forecasting ◽  
Weather Events ◽  
The Impact

Crop production forecasting is essential for various economic policy and decision making. There is a very successful operational programme in the country, called FASAL, which uses multiple approaches for pre-harvest production forecasting.  With the increase in the frequency of extreme events and their large-scale impact on agriculture, there is a strong need to use remote sensing technology for assessing the impact.  Various works have been done in this direction. This article provides three such case studies, where remote sensing along with other data have been used for assessment of flood inundation of rice crop post Phailin cyclone, period operational district/sub-district level drought assessment and understanding the impact of recent hailstorm/unseasonal rainfall on wheat crop. The case studies highlight the great scope of remote sensing data for assessment of the impact of extreme weather events on crop production.

Improved nitrogen supply to cereals in Central Queensland following short legume leys

1997 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 359 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. Armstrong ◽  
K. Walsh ◽  
K. J. McCosker ◽  
G. R. Millar ◽  
M. E. Probert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Lablab Purpureus ◽  
Plant Nitrogen ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Perennial Legumes

Summary. The growth and ability of 12 summer-growing annual and perennial legumes to fix nitrogen and the response of a subsequent wheat crop was examined in a field trial on a deep cracking clay soil in the Central Highlands of Queensland. Twelve legumes [Lablab purpureus cv. Highworth, Vigna radiata cv. Satin, Macroptilium atropurpureum cv. Siratro, Medicago sativa cv. Trifecta, Vigna trilobata (CPI 13671), Macroptilium bracteatum (CPI 27404), Glycine latifolia (CQ 3368), Desmanthus virgatus cv. Marc, Desmanthus virgatus cv. Bayamo, Stylosanthes sp. aff scabra (104710), Clitoria ternatea cv. Milgarra, Cajanus cajan cv. Quest)] and grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor cv. Tulloch) as a non-legume control were established in November 1994 and their growth monitored until March 1995. The legumes averaged greater than 5 t/ha dry matter production and 77 kg N/ha (above-ground only). Dry matter production ranged from less than 2 t/ha for G. latifolia and M. sativa to greater than 9 t/ha for D. virgatus cv. Bayamo and C. cajan. Annual legumes initially had much higher relative growth rates than the perennial legumes but they rapidily exhausted all the plant available water content of the soil thus allowing the well-established perennials to eventually match this production. The proportion of plant nitrogen (above ground) derived from N2 fixation was generally low, reflecting high soil NO3, but varied widely between species ranging from less than 20% for D. virgatus cv. Marc and G. latifolia to over 45% for C. ternatea, S. scabra and V. trilobata. The quantity of nitrogen derived from fixation was correlated with above-ground dry matter and nitrogen content. There was a significant (P<0.05) growth response by wheat following legumes compared with that following sorghum in the increasing order V. radiata = M. atropurpureum = L. purpureus > C. cajan = M. sativa = V. trilobata = M. bracteatum = G. latifolia > S. scabra = D. virgatus = C. ternatea. Previous legume growth had no significant (P>0.05) effect on yield or nitrogen concentration in a second ‘plant-back’ crop (sorghum). It was concluded that a wide range of pasture-ley legumes have the potential to improve cereal crop production in this region.

Cutivation of grasses as the basis for arable farming biologization and forage production optimization under various conditions of the south of Central Siberia

2021 ◽  
pp. 3-7
Author(s):  
В.Ф. Кадоркина ◽  
М.С. Шевцова
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Production Optimization ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Land Restoration ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Dry Steppe ◽  
Arable Farming ◽  
Wide Range

На примере трёх агроэкологических районов Хакасии показано влияние почвенно-климатических и ландшафтных особенностей территории на структуру растениеводства и развитие животноводства. Основные посевные площади в республике занимают зерновые и кормовые культуры. За период 2000–2019 годов относительно 1990 года произошло уменьшение посевных площадей по республике в 2,6 раза, по агроэкологическим районам — соответственно в 2,3; 2,3 и 1,6 раза. Доля кормовых культур в структуре посевов по Хакасии за 2000–2019 годы составляет 51,9%, в сухостепном — 79,5%, степном и лесостепном районах — 48,3 и 48,5%. Показатели плодородия почвы по содержанию гумуса показывают, что в республике в целом почвы пашни содержат 4,7% гумуса, наименьшее содержание — в сухостепном районе (3,5%). В настоящее время 84,6% пахотных земель характеризуются низкой и средней обеспеченностью подвижным фосфором. Поэтому переход земледелия на биологическую основу предусматривает восстановление деградированных агроландшафтов и сохранение плодородных свойств почв за счёт широкого внедрения травосеяния. Среди кормовых культур за период 2000–2019 годов на однолетние травы приходится по республике 27,6% и по районам — 18,0, 29,8, 36,3%; на многолетние травы — соответственно 63,1, 82,0, 52,5, 56,3%. В республике в 2019 году естественные сенокосы составили 160,4 тыс. га (8,3%), пастбища — 1019,8 тыс. га (53,3%). Их состояние требует проведения комплекса мероприятий, включающих использование технологий поверхностного и коренного улучшения. Для увеличения посевов трав необходимо существенное улучшение состояния семеноводства. Для повышения эффективности семеноводства однолетних и многолетних трав в республике необходим комплекс мер по совершенствованию форм его организации и специализации для создания единой системы размножения, начиная с питомника первичного семеноводства суперэлитных, элитных и репродукционных семян. The effect of the environment of three districts in Khakassia was tested on crop production and animal husbandry. Most farm lands are occupied by grain and forage crops in the Republic of Khakassia. In comparison to 1990 farm land area decreased by 2.6 times there for 2000–2019 as well as by 2.3, 2.3 and 1.6 times — in the districts studied, respectively. Forage crop proportion amounted to 51.9% for 2000–2019, in the dry steppe — 79.5%, steppe and forest steppe — 48.3 and 48.5%. Farm lands contained 4.7% of humus, the lowest concentration being in the dry steppe (3.5%). Currently 84.6% of farm lands show average to low content of soluble phosphorus. Biologization of arable farming will be focused on land restoration and maintaining soil fertility via the introduction of wide range of grasses. The proportion of annual forage grasses totally amounted to 27,6% for 2000–2019, in the districts — 18.0, 29.8, and 36.3%; perennial grasses — 63.1, 82.0, 52.5, 56.3%, respectively. In 2019 the acreage of natural haylands amounted to 160.4 thousand ha (8.3%), pastures — 1019.8 thousand ha (53.3%). The poor condition of farm lands requires the complex of effective tillage techniques. To increase the area of grass cultivation improved seed production is needed. Optimization of seed production includes the development of a unified reproduction technology starting from a nursery of primary seed growing.

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