scholarly journals Prediction of the different genesis soils nitrogen systems status

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-25
Author(s):  
V. L. Samokhvalova ◽  
A. O. Khristenko ◽  
L. O. Shedey ◽  
P. A. Samokhvalova ◽  
O. V. Karatsuba
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Biogenic Element ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Nitrogen Compounds ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Climatic Zones

The method for predicting the levels of the easily hydrolysable nitrogen content in soils of various types of Polesie, Forest-steppe and Steppe climatic zones of Ukraine for the assessment of soil quality due to the background conditions, the influence of technological load (for the application of organo-mineral, organic and mineral fertilizer systems), and risk or influence of technogenic pollution by heavy metals (HM) is grounded. In the elaborated methodical approach is obtained a regression equation by the determination of new correlations of soil energy intensity indices (the calorific value of humus, soil energy reserves in a layer up to 20 cm) in conjunction with the humus state and the use of mathematical and statistical analysis for determining the value of easily hydrolysable nitrogen with the ability to predict the quality of soils of various genesis, with the further extension of the method algorithm for different soil types, climatic zones due to technogenic HM pollution and technological load. The technical result of the elaborated method: by improving the determination of the levels of the easily hydrolysable nitrogen content in soils of different genesis for the evaluation of their quality by identifying the most correlated, diagnostically applicable integral basic indicators of soil properties, which allow the informativeness to make managerial decisions and to predict the quality of soils of different genesis in the content of easily hydrolysable nitrogen, as a biogenic element, due to the background conditions and anthropogenic loads with increased accuracy, speed and informativeness. Elaborated method can find application in the ecological standardization of the content of biogenic macroelements, the normalization of loads (technogenic, technological) on the soil system, agroecology for solving the problems of organic agriculture, bioenergy and energy of soil formation; diagnostics, evaluation, forecasting of the soils nitrogen systems state; the quality of humus and macroelement status of soils on indicators of ecological and energy status; effective ecological management of soils due to the background conditions, as well as for various anthropogenic influences and in scientific research for the investigating of biogeochemistry and biogenic macroelements of soil cover. Separate provisions of the elaborated method became an integral part of the proposals on adaptation to the Nitrate Council Directive 91/676 / EEC of 12.12.1991 on the protection of water from pollution caused by nitrates from agricultural sources, as amended by Regulation (EC) № 1882/2003 Cross Nitrogen Balances Handbook. Prospective directions of research in the field of diagnostics, assessment, forecasting of the state of soils nitrogen systems and the normalization of the elemental composition quality, in particular, the content of nutrient nitrogen are determined. In order to overcome the biogenic pollution (excessive accumulation of nitrogen compounds) in the environment (plants, waters), the normalization of nitrogen content in soils of different genesis should include: a) determination of the maximum permissible levels of mobile mineral forms of nitrate nitrogen by the elaboration of environmental requirements for nitrates contamination with plant products; b) normalization of the content of labile easily hydrolysable nitrogen and / or a dose of nitrogen fertilizers in conditions of sufficient and excessive moistening, considering the rapid processes of transformation of nitrogen compounds in soils; c) normalization of the soil nitrogen mineral compounds content in conditions of insufficient moistening and slowing down the processes of circulation of nitrogen compounds of soils. Distinctive features and advantages of the proposed elaboration in comparison with known methods and approaches are: 1) the express obtain of the accurate projected levels of easily hydrolysable nitrogen as a nutrient in the soil with the improving the accuracy of soil diagnosis by the use of the basic integrated indicators; 2) providing opportunity for greater efficiency of forecasting data on the functioning of the nitrogen systems of different genesis soils, quality, environmental and energy state of soils due to the background conditions and anthropogenic loads while minimizing the cost of material resources; 3) empowerment of the user in determination of the easily hydrolysable nitrogen content in the soil without extensive chemical analysis by the choice of regression equations, based on the use of baseline soil properties of a particular type and subtype according to the available information; 4) versatility of the method by the suitability of detected dependencies of the proposed method for all soil types and subtypes, climatic zones and contaminants.

scholarly journals Prediction of soil fertility considering their macronutrient status

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 5-20
Author(s):  
V. L. Samokhvalova ◽  
A. O. Khristenko ◽  
L. O. Shedey ◽  
P. A. Samokhvalova ◽  
O. V. Karatsuba
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Total Nitrogen Content ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Soil System ◽  
Climatic Zones

The method for prediction of productive functions of soils, according to their macronutrient status, is grounded on the example of the total concentrations of nitrogen as biogenic macronutrient in different soil types of Polesie, Forest-Steppe and Steppe climatic zones of Ukraine including soils contaminated by heavy metals and fertilized (organic-mineral, organic and mineral system of fertilizer) soils. In the elaborated methodical approach the productive function (fertility) of different genesis soils forecasts by establishing new relationships of total nitrogen content with a humus calorific value, the energy reserves of the soil in layer up to 20 cm, the application of mathematical-statistical analysis. For example, according to the total nitrogen content as a biogenic macronutrient in accordance with the fixed gradations, with a further extension of the method algorithm for different soil types of climatic zones by the influence of technogenic pollution and technological load. The technical result of the elaborated method is to improve the known method of soil fertility prediction, considering their macronutrient status, by the selective choice of the most correlation associated, diagnostics capable of integral indicators of the energy and nitrogen status of the soil, which enhances the informativeness, accuracy and quick speed forecasting of production and ecological functions of different genesis soils with the identification of differences in ecological condition of soils for prediction and regulation of their quality. The elaborated methodological approach may find application in the assessment and ecological standardization of soil quality by chemical elements content, regulation of loads (technogenic, technological) on a soil system, in agroecology by investigating the question of soil fertility monitoring, lands certification of different purpose and use; organic farming, bioenergy and energy of soil formation; diagnosis, evaluation, determination of quality of humus and the state of the chemical elements; in environmental management of soils both for background conditions and different anthropogenic impacts and in research practice – investigating the biogeochemistry and nutrient macronutrients of the soil cover. Distinctive features and advantages of the proposed elaboration in comparison with known methods and approaches are: 1) express obtain of the accurate by predicted levels of total nitrogen content as a nutrient in the soil with the improving of the soil diagnosis accuracy by establishing some interconnected diagnostically suitable indicators of soils humus substances and nitrogen systems functioning, the direction of the mobilization and immobilization of nutrients (C, N) processes, the humification-mineralization and energy intensity of soils, including the negative impacts of anthropogenic pressures and degradation processes; 2) providing the opportunity for increasing effectiveness of predicting data on the functioning of the nitrogen systems of different genesis soils, environmental and energy state of soil and level of their potential fertility due to the background conditions, the application of different fertilization systems, and risk the availability of heavy metals pollution while minimizing the consumption of material resources; 3) expansion of the user’s ability to determine the total nitrogen content in the soil without long-term chemical analytical research due to the choice of regression equations obtained on the basis of the use of baseline soil properties of a certain type and subtype, according to available information; 4) versatility due to suitability of installed dependencies of the proposed method for all soil types and subtypes, climatic zones and contaminants.

scholarly journals Reserves for the Increase of Yield and Quality of Winter Wheat Grain and Their Dependence on the Heterogeneity of Crops in the Conditions of the Steppe Zone of the Orenburg Urals, Russia

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-88
Author(s):  
Yu. A. Gulyanov ◽  
A. A. Chibilyov ◽  
A. A. Chibilyov Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Quality ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Steppe Zone ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Yield And Quality

Aim. Verification of scientific concepts regarding the spatial heterogeneity of field agrocenoses. Identification of the variability of phytometric and structural crop ndicators and determination of the degree of their influence on the yield and quality of winter wheat grain in the steppe zone of the Orenburg Urals.Material and Methods. Establishment of field experiments, related observations and counts in accordance with the methodology of state variety crops testing and B.A.Dospekhov's guidelin. Monitoring of winter wheat crops was carried by measuring the vegetation index (NDVI) with a Green Seeker Handheld Crop Sensor, Model HCS‐100 (Trimble, USA). Determination of grain quality indicators was conducted according to GOST 9353‐2016 Wheat – Technical Conditions. Microsoft Office Excel was employed for the correlation and regression analysis of experimental data. Results. Analysis of the intra‐field heterogeneity of winter wheat agrocenoses in terms of yield and grain quality was conducted. The dependences of yield and grain quality on the principal crop phytometric and structural parameters were defined and expressed in the form of regression equations.Сonclusion. The results of the studies attest to the growth of reserves of grain yield to 3.0 t/ha and grain quality to class I‐II class in zonal climatic conditions of optimization of environmental factors to the level of the best basic plots by levelling out field soil heterogeneity. This is possible by restoring the fertility of anthropogenically‐degraded soil through the introduction of landscape‐adaptive and resource saving farming systems, soil protective and soil restorative crop rotation, differentiated application of organic and mineral fertilizers and selection of the most adaptive varieties. We also advise the introduction of intelligent ‘digital technologies’ aimed at fuller implementation of the genetic potential of cultivated varieties with careful consideration of natural resources and the preservation of biological diversity.

scholarly journals Small variations of soil properties control fire-induced water repellency .

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Mataix-Solera ◽  
Lorena M. Zavala ◽  
Antonio Jordán ◽  
Gema Bárcenas-Moreno ◽  
Elena Lozano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Water Repellency ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Water Repellent ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
The Impact

Fire induced soil water repellency (WR) is controlled by many different factors (temperature reached, amount and type of fuel, etc.). Soil properties may determine the occurrence and intensity of this property in burned soils. The objectives of this paper are to make advances in the study of soil properties as key factors controlling the behaviour of fire-induced WR, and to study the impact of pre-fire SOM content and SOM quality in fire-induced soil WR. In this research, experimental laboratory burnings were carried out using soil samples from different sites with different lithologies, soil types and plant species. Soil samples taken from the same site differ only in quantity and quality of soil organic matter, as they were collected from under different plant species. All soil samples were heated in a muffle furnace at 200, 250, 300 and 350 ºC without the addition of any fuel load. WR was measured using the water drop penetration time test (WDPT). The results showed significant differences between soil types and plant species, indicating that small differences in soil properties may act as key factors controlling the development and persistence of WR reached, with burned soil samples ranging from wettable to extremely water repellent. The main soil property controlling the response was texture, specifically sand content. The quality of organic matter was also observed to have an effect, since soil samples from the same site with similar organic matter contents, but taken from beneath different plant species, showed different WR values after burning.

Effect of soil properties on the yield and persistence of Mediterranean perennial grasses in southern Western Australia

1983 ◽  
Vol 23 (123) ◽  
pp. 399
Author(s):  
EF Biddiscombe ◽  
AL Rogers ◽  
GW Anderson ◽  
ES DeBoer
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Podzolic Soil ◽  
Soil Analysis ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Gravel Content ◽  
Red Earth

The effect of ten soil types on yield and survival of three perennial grasses, each mixed with volunteer annual species, was studied for three years under periodic grazing. Yields of cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata cv. Currie), phalaris (Phalaris aquatica cv. Australian) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea cv. Melik) were higher on a gravelly yellow podzolic soil than on other types; phalaris also yielded well on a red podzolic soil. Analysis by multiple linear regression showed that the yield of all sown grasses was high when perched water of the A and upper B horizons was recorded early in winter and sustained until late spring. High gravel content in the A horizon improved cocksfoot and fescue yield and depressed that of phalaris. The high gravel content was associated with increased gravel and decreased water retention of the top of the B horizon at 15 bars. Higher texture classes in the A horizon tended to depress yields of cocksfoot and fescue with no apparent effect on phalaris. The higher texture classes of the clay and clay loam soils tended to decrease general root penetrations. Cocksfoot and phalaris were more productive on shallow than on deep A horizon soils, but fescue yield was not affected by this soil property. Yields of the species can be estimated accurately from regression equations based on three or four soil properties. The results suggest options for selecting perennial grasses suitable for specific soil types among the red earth and red and yellow podzolic groups in the South Western Region of Western Australia. The central problem is that cocksfoot, phalaris and fescue can yield well but do not do so on all soil types.

Spectrophotometric Method for Microdetermination of Nitrogen in Kjeldahl Digest

1989 ◽  
Vol 72 (6) ◽  
pp. 953-956 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muljibhai B Devani ◽  
Chamanlal J Shishoo ◽  
Shailesh A Shah ◽  
Bhanubhai N Suhagia
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Spectrophotometric Method ◽  
Acidic Medium ◽  
Molar Absorptivity ◽  
Nitrogen Compounds ◽  
Relative Standard ◽  
Kjeldahl Method ◽  
Aoac Method

Abstract A new spectrophotometric method for the determination of nitrogen in Kjeldahl digest has been developed. The method is based on the reaction of ammonia with acetylacetone-formaldehyde reagent in aqueous medium to yield yellow 3,5-diacetyl- 1,4-dihydrolutidine with a characteristic absorption maxima at 412 nm. The effect of several experimental variables on the determination of nitrogen was studied. The method was suitable for determination of nitrogen in acidic medium without interference from the usual catalysts employed for the digestion in Kjeldahl method. Lambert-Beer’s law is obeyed in the concentration range of 0.5-6.0 ng nitrogen/mL in the reaction mixture. The molar absorptivity in terms of nitrogen was 1.4 X 103L mol-1 cm-1. The standard deviation and relative standard deviation were ±0.0447 and ±0.896% (n = 10), respectively. The method is simple, rapid, and precise. A variety of carbocyclic and heterocyclic nitrogen compounds have been analyzed for nitrogen content. The results are comparable with those obtained by AOAC method, 47.021.

scholarly journals Elektriliini trasside puitse biomassi modelleerimine/ Modelling of woody biomass on electricity pylons

2014 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-56
Author(s):  
Risto Mitt ◽  
Allar Padari ◽  
Marti Samsonov
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Woody Biomass ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Biomass Growth ◽  
Sample Plot ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract The aim of this study was to model regression equations for the volume of oven dry stems, branches and leaves/needles in relation to tree height and to estimate the growth of biomass on electricity pylons. A formula of linear regression between moisture and acidity of soil was also modeled in order to assess the volume of woody biomass. In 2009, 42 sample areas with 126 circular plots were created. The sample areas were located all over Estonia in order to render a wide representation of soil types. The plots were re-measured in 2012. The sample areas consisted of three circle plots divided into a series of 4m wide, distance between centers of circles was 10m. One hundred twenty two trees from the sample areas were felled in 2009 and 182 in 2012. The data of sample trees were analyzed and regression equations to estimate the growth of trees in sample areas were calculated. The average oven dry mass for stems and branches was 1970 kg/ha, with a maximum of 10,520 kg/ha. Leafless biomass growth was also calculated for each sample plot: the largest growth (in carbon soil) was 1562 kg/ha/y. The density of trees in the sample plots were the biggest influence on annual growth. The number of trees varied up to 200,000 with an average of 48,000 trees per hectare. The study also includes the results of research into the relationship between biomass production and soil properties.

scholarly journals Nitrogen fertilizers for spring barley and wheat

1958 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 312-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. V. Widdowson ◽  
G. W. Cooke
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Ammonium Sulphate ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Grain Quality ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Seed Yields ◽  
Nitrogen Percentage

1. Ten experiments on spring barley (mainly Proctor) and four on spring wheat (mainly Atle) in 1954–6 compared 0·25 and 0·5 cwt. N/acre (as ammonium sulphate) when drilled with the seed, with dressings broadcast before sowing. Tests were also made of ‘Nitro-Chalk’ dressings given in mid-May. In heavier split applications seedbed dressings were supplemented by top-dressings of 0·5 cwt. N/acre.2. Barley gave much larger average responses than wheat. For barley combine-drilling 0·25 or 0·5 cwt. N/acre gave consistently larger yields than broadcasting the same nitrogen dressing on the seedbed; for wheat combine-drilling gave slightly higher yields at the high rate of dressing only.3. For both crops 0·5 cwt./acre of N drilled with the seed was almost sufficient for maximum yields, but where only 0·25 cwt. N was applied at sowing a mid-May top-dressing of 0·5 cwt. N/acre gave higher yields.4. At most centres May top-dressings of ‘Nitro-Chalk’ gave lower yields than equivalent ammonium sulphate drilled with the seed. Yields were often reduced by lodging on plots which received seedbed dressings plus top-dressing or the heavier rates of top-dressing alone; these treatments also reduced the quality of the grain. Combine-drilled or broadcast seedbed dressings did not cause serious lodging or reduce grain quality.5. 0·25 or 0·5 cwt. N/acre broadcast on the seedbed or combine-drilled had little effect on the percentage of nitrogen in the grain; equivalent topdressings in mid-May consistently increased nitrogen content. Seedbed dressings plus top-dressings supplying heavier total quantities of nitrogen continued to increase nitrogen percentage in grain without giving any increase in yield.

scholarly journals System for the evaluation of malting quality of wheat varieties

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vratislav PSOTA ◽  
Markéta Musilová
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Amino Nitrogen ◽  
Malting Quality ◽  
Soluble Nitrogen ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Nitrogenous Substances ◽  
A Site

A new system for the calculation of malting quality of wheat varieties was designed. The malting parameters affected by a variety more than by a year or a site were used in the system. These parameters include wort viscosity, soluble nitrogen content, free amino nitrogen content, diastatic power, final attenuation of wort, and extract of malt. The system was used to assess the malting quality in 38 wheat varieties. The point value of each parameter was calculated using the regression equations, and the total value of the malting quality of wheat was determined by the modified “superiority measure” method. The results of the assessment of the wheat malting quality showed considerable differences between the varieties. Several varieties exhibited a more pronounced tendency to accumulate nitrogenous substances in grain. Some varieties, even with a slightly higher content of nitrogenous substances, provided above average malt quality. The set included the varieties that exhibited the optimal content of nitrogenous substances in grain, yet they did not give malt of good quality. Spring wheat varieties Alondra, Anabel, and Seance achieved significantly above average malting quality. Dagmar, Evina, Sultan, Rumor, Sailor, and Brokat exhibited slightly above average malting quality. The proposed system for monitoring malting quality of wheat varieties can help find the varieties suitable for the production of quality wheat malt.

Tingkat Pemahaman Kompetensi Guru Pada Mahasiswa Pendidikan Geografi Sebagai Calon Guru Geografi

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 102-117
Author(s):  
Novia Zalmita ◽  
Muhajirah Muhajirah ◽  
Abdul Wahab Abdi
Keyword(s):  
Prospective Teachers ◽  
Prospective Teacher ◽  
Quantitative Description ◽  
Population Data ◽  
Geography Education ◽  
Teacher Competence ◽  
Education Department ◽  
Long Time

One that influences human resource indicators is education. The teacher is a profession as a job of academic specialization in a relatively long time in college. Understanding related to teacher competence is very important to have by a prospective teacher because it can affect the quality of performance as a professional teacher. The teacher's competence is known as pedagogic, professional, social and personality competencies. The issue in this study is how the competency of the teacher of the Department of Geography Education FKIP Unsyiah as a prospective teacher of geography? The purpose of this study was to determine the competence of teachers in the Department of Geography Education FKIP Unsyiah as prospective geography teachers. Quantitative description approach is used in this study to find answers to the issue. The population in this study were students of the Department of Geography Education FKIP Unsyiah class of 2015 and 2016 who had been declared to have passed the Micro Teaching and Magang Kependidikan 3 course totaling 50 people. Because the population is small and can be reached, the determination of the sample using total sampling techniques so that the sample in this study is the whole population. Data collection is done by distributing test questions to respondents. The data was analyzed using the descriptive statistics percentage formula. The results of the study indicate that the level of teacher competence of Geography Education Department students as prospective teachers is in the moderate category, namely as many as 22 respondents (44%). A total of 12 respondents (24%) were in the high category, 15 respondents (30%) were in the low category and 1 respondent (2%) were in the very low category.

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