«Biological and bioorganic chemistry». 2 Vol. Vol. 1 «Molecular organization of living matter. Metabolisms and bioenergetics». Vol. 2 «Bіоchemical aspects of molecular biology and intercellular communications» / L. I. Ostapchenko, V. K. Rybalchenko

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 78-81
Author(s):  
O. V. Severynovska ◽  
S. V. Kyrychenko
Keyword(s):  
Bioorganic Chemistry ◽  
Molecular Biology ◽  
Doctoral Students ◽  
Metabolic Regulation ◽  
Molecular Organization ◽  
Biochemical Processes ◽  
Regulation Of Metabolism ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Biochemical Preparation ◽  
Intercellular Communications

The article reviews the textbook «Biological and Bioorganic Chemistry», intended for students of biological specialties. The textbook examines the main provisions of static and dynamic biochemistry – the science of the pathways and mechanisms of biochemical processes occurring in the cell. Not only the general characteristics of metabolic activity, but also sections related to the regulation of metabolism and the physiological functions of cells are presented. The mechanisms of global metabolic regulation, which are characteristic for all living organisms, are disclosed. The textbook is intended for students of higher educational institutions receiving education in the areas of «Biology», «Ecology», «Chemical technology and biotechnology»; specialties «Biology», «Physiology», «Microbiology», «Biotechnology», «Molecular biology», «Bioecology». It is of interest for specialists, researchers, postgraduates and doctoral students who need basic biochemical preparation.

The Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Starch Synthesis in Cereals

1995 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 647 ◽  
Author(s):  
MK Morell ◽  
S Rahman ◽  
SL Abrahams ◽  
R Appels
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Biology ◽  
Starch Synthesis ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Molecular Structures ◽  
End User ◽  
Biochemical Processes ◽  
Starch Quality ◽  
Molecular Events ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Broad Outline

Starch is a key constituent of plant products finding utility as both a major component of a wide range of staple and processed foods, and as a feedstock for industrial processes. While there has traditionally been a focus on the quantity of starch production, starch quality is of increasing importance to the end-user as consumer demands become more sophisticated and as the range of industrial applications of starch broadens. Determinants of starch quality include the amylose to amylopectin ratio, the distribution of molecular structures within these fractions, and the packaging of the starch in granules. The biochemical processes involved in the transformation of the sucrose delivered to the endosperm cytosol to starch in the amyloplast are understood in broad outline. The importance of particular isoenzymes or processes to the production of starches of specific structures are, however, not well understood. This paper reviews aspects of the physiology, biochemistry and molecular biology of starch in plants, with an emphasis on the synthesis of starch in the cereal endosperm. Progress in understanding the linkages between the molecular events in starch synthesis and developing strategies for the manipulation of starch quantity and quality in cereals are discussed.

scholarly journals Role of MicroRNAs in Obesity-Induced Metabolic Disorder and Immune Response

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong Zhong ◽  
Minjuan Ma ◽  
Tingming Liang ◽  
Li Guo
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Metabolic Disorder ◽  
Metabolic Regulation ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Metabolic Dysfunction ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Adaptive Responses ◽  
Living Organisms

In all living organisms, metabolic homeostasis and the immune system are the most fundamental requirements for survival. Recently, obesity has become a global public health issue, which is the cardinal risk factor for metabolic disorder. Many diseases emanating from obesity-induced metabolic dysfunction are responsible for the activated immune system, including innate and adaptive responses. Of note, inflammation is the manifest accountant signal. Deeply studied microRNAs (miRNAs) have participated in many pathways involved in metabolism and immune responses to protect cells from multiple harmful stimulants, and they play an important role in determining the progress through targeting different inflammatory pathways. Thus, immune response and metabolic regulation are highly integrated with miRNAs. Collectively, miRNAs are the new targets for therapy in immune dysfunction.

scholarly journals Energy flows, metabolism and translation

2011 ◽  
Vol 366 (1580) ◽  
pp. 2949-2958 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Pascal ◽  
Laurent Boiteau
Keyword(s):  
Free Energy ◽  
Carbon Metabolism ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Self Organization ◽  
Discrete Events ◽  
Covalent Bonds ◽  
Biochemical Processes ◽  
Energy Flows ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Complex Chemistry

Thermodynamics provides an essential approach to understanding how living organisms survive in an organized state despite the second law. Exchanges with the environment constantly produce large amounts of entropy compensating for their own organized state. In addition to this constraint on self-organization, the free energy delivered to the system, in terms of potential, is essential to understand how a complex chemistry based on carbon has emerged. Accordingly, the amount of free energy brought about through discrete events must reach the strength needed to induce chemical changes in which covalent bonds are reorganized. The consequence of this constraint was scrutinized in relation to both the development of a carbon metabolism and that of translation. Amino acyl adenylates involved as aminoacylation intermediates of the latter process reach one of the higher free energy levels found in biochemistry, which may be informative on the range in which energy was exchanged in essential early biochemical processes. The consistency of this range with the amount of energy needed to weaken covalent bonds involving carbon may not be accidental but the consequence of the abovementioned thermodynamic constraints. This could be useful in building scenarios for the emergence and early development of translation.

scholarly journals Remotely Controlled Proton Generation for Neuromodulation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jimin Park ◽  
Anthony Tabet ◽  
Junsang Moon ◽  
Po-Han Chiang ◽  
Florian Koehler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Influx ◽  
Hydrolytic Degradation ◽  
Biochemical Processes ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Polymeric Scaffolds ◽  
Acid Sensing Ion Channels ◽  
Mechanistic Investigation ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Alternating Magnetic Fields ◽  
Local Ph

<p>Understanding and modulating proton-mediated biochemical processes in living organisms have been impeded by the lack of tools to control local pH. Here, we design nanotransducers capable of converting non-invasive alternating magnetic fields (AMFs) into protons in physiological environments by combining magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) with polymeric scaffolds. When exposed to AMFs, the heat dissipated by MNPs triggered a hydrolytic degradation of surrounding polyanhydride or polyester, releasing protons into the extracellular space. pH changes induced by these nanotransducers can be tuned by changing the polymer chemistry or AMF stimulation parameters. Remote magnetic control of local protons was shown to trigger acid-sensing ion channels and evoke intracellular calcium influx in neurons. By offering a wireless modulation of local pH, our approach can accelerate the mechanistic investigation of the role of protons in biochemical signalling in the nervous system.</p>

scholarly journals Genetically inborn metabolic disorders

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (01) ◽  
pp. 48-57
Author(s):  
Santosh K. Sharma ◽  
Gaurav Bhushan ◽  
Sweta Chhangani
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Living Organism ◽  
Chemical Energy ◽  
Biochemical Processes ◽  
Living Organisms

Metabolism is the process carried out in the cells of all living organisms converting the food we eat to chemical energy needed for sustaining life. It encompasses allbiochemical processes that occur within any living organism - including humans - to maintain life. These biochemical processes allow us to grow, reproduce, repair damage, and respond to our environment.

Bridging the gap between physiology and molecular biology: new approaches to perpetual questions

1994 ◽  
Vol 267 (4) ◽  
pp. R865-R878 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. F. Norwood ◽  
R. A. Gomez
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Biology ◽  
Molecular Physiology ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Regulatory Systems ◽  
Electrolyte Homeostasis ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Scientific Endeavor ◽  
Physiological Research ◽  
Disease Understanding

Living organisms are the result of precise and complex associations of regulatory systems in which active biomolecules interact with one another and respond to the challenges of growth and development, alterations in the environment, and disease. Understanding of body homeostasis may be accomplished at various levels of scientific endeavor. Physiological research has brought about an enormous understanding of the fundamental principles that sustain life in health and disease. The field of molecular biology has provided new tools and strategies with which to examine physiological processes as viewed from the level of fundamental biomolecules. The integration of both fields as "molecular physiology" has provided the opportunity for another level of scientific understanding and the opening of new avenues of research. Renin is one such molecule that participates in the control of several diverse physiological responses including changes in blood pressure, fluid and electrolyte homeostasis, renal function, and perhaps some elements of growth and differentiation. Because of the authors' bias, this review article will use renin to introduce many of the techniques of molecular biology and illustrate the areas of ongoing and potential interdependent activities resulting in the emerging field of molecular physiology.

scholarly journals PGC1s and Beyond: Disentangling the Complex Regulation of Mitochondrial and Cellular Metabolism

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (13) ◽  
pp. 6913
Author(s):  
Lara Coppi ◽  
Simona Ligorio ◽  
Nico Mitro ◽  
Donatella Caruso ◽  
Emma De Fabiani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Metabolic Regulation ◽  
Cellular Metabolism ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor ◽  
Main Site ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Essential Components ◽  
Living Organisms

Metabolism is the central engine of living organisms as it provides energy and building blocks for many essential components of each cell, which are required for specific functions in different tissues. Mitochondria are the main site for energy production in living organisms and they also provide intermediate metabolites required for the synthesis of other biologically relevant molecules. Such cellular processes are finely tuned at different levels, including allosteric regulation, posttranslational modifications, and transcription of genes encoding key proteins in metabolic pathways. Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ coactivator 1 (PGC1) proteins are transcriptional coactivators involved in the regulation of many cellular processes, mostly ascribable to metabolic pathways. Here, we will discuss some aspects of the cellular processes regulated by PGC1s, bringing up some examples of their role in mitochondrial and cellular metabolism, and how metabolic regulation in mitochondria by members of the PGC1 family affects the immune system. We will analyze how PGC1 proteins are regulated at the transcriptional and posttranslational level and will also examine other regulators of mitochondrial metabolism and the related cellular functions, considering approaches to identify novel mitochondrial regulators and their role in physiology and disease. Finally, we will analyze possible therapeutical perspectives currently under assessment that are applicable to different disease states.

scholarly journals Subcellular metabolic organization in the context of dynamic energy budget and biochemical systems theories

2010 ◽  
Vol 365 (1557) ◽  
pp. 3429-3442 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Vinga ◽  
A. R. Neves ◽  
H. Santos ◽  
B. W. Brandt ◽  
S. A. L. M. Kooijman
Keyword(s):  
Systems Biology ◽  
Energy Budget ◽  
Metabolic Networks ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Dynamic Modelling ◽  
Molecular Organization ◽  
Dynamic Energy Budget ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Biochemical Systems ◽  
Living Organisms

The dynamic modelling of metabolic networks aims to describe the temporal evolution of metabolite concentrations in cells. This area has attracted increasing attention in recent years owing to the availability of high-throughput data and the general development of systems biology as a promising approach to study living organisms. Biochemical Systems Theory (BST) provides an accurate formalism to describe biological dynamic phenomena. However, knowledge about the molecular organization level, used in these models, is not enough to explain phenomena such as the driving forces of these metabolic networks. Dynamic Energy Budget (DEB) theory captures the quantitative aspects of the organization of metabolism at the organism level in a way that is non-species-specific. This imposes constraints on the sub-organismal organization that are not present in the bottom-up approach of systems biology. We use in vivo data of lactic acid bacteria under various conditions to compare some aspects of BST and DEB approaches. Due to the large number of parameters to be estimated in the BST model, we applied powerful parameter identification techniques. Both models fitted equally well, but the BST model employs more parameters. The DEB model uses similarities of processes under growth and no-growth conditions and under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, which reduce the number of parameters. This paper discusses some future directions for the integration of knowledge from these two rich and promising areas, working top-down and bottom-up simultaneously. This middle-out approach is expected to bring new ideas and insights to both areas in terms of describing how living organisms operate.

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