Modern distribution of waves with frequency 2,4 GHz on the territory of the Dnipro city

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 64-73
Author(s):  
O. O. Shugurov ◽  
A. P. Novoselova
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Fields ◽  
Electromagnetic Waves ◽  
Power Level ◽  
Anthropogenic Pollution ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Total Power ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Average Force ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

In our time the use of devices, emitted microwave radiation such as mobile phones, wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi) routers, etc. is increased rapidly. The full effects of the influence of such fields on society have not been finally elucidated. In many developed countries have begun to control the levels of electromagnetic radiation which appeared in various educational institutions, but these studies are single and not massive. Therefore, continuous monitoring of the distribution of high-frequency fields in cities of Ukraine is required. In the period 2015–2016 years we have made analysis of electromagnetic fields with a frequency of 2,4 GHz (Wi-Fi-diapazon) in all district of the city of Dnipro. For registration such waves and their initial processing was used computer program Wi-Fi Analyzer v.1.0. This program worked on the tablet and governed by operating system Android 4.0. The program presents the output data on the screen of tablet as a set of graphs which showing the power of all Wi-fi signals (in dBm) at a given point of space. For investigation the power level of the field in the nearest environment from the source a standard router TL-WR841N was used. Carrying the tablet in the direction from the router gave a set of data on the standard attenuation of electromagnetic waves, passing only through air or through the air and walls of the house. The walls of the houses reduced the sought signal but did not change the characteristic of its attenuation related to the distance. In investigation revealed that the main sources of Wi-Fi pollution in Dnipro was a routers, each of which was identified by name, by power and the point of locations in the city. The measurements of electromagnetic fields were carried out in all eight districts and nearly 500 streets of Dnipro-city. In a result we analyzed about 12000 signals of Wi-Fi-routers. The highest power Wi-Fi field (50–60 dBm) was found in the downtown district with a large number of large apartment buildings, offices and public places of entertainment the population. The districts of Dnipro in which are located the private houses, factories and place of construction buildings – less vulnerable from Wi-Fi contamination (average force 70–90 dBm). The number of routers in the «Central» and «Cathedral» district was the maximum for the city (> 10,000 units for each of them), the minimum number of routers is noted for «Samarskiy» district (≈ 600 units). In certain parts of the city where is the natural ravine was found a significant reduction of electromagnetic waves energy value. According to power value of Wi-Fi-fields in different locations of the city of Dnipro we created a map their total spatial distribution. On this map, the values of the electromagnetic field power in the city are indicated in different colors, which is convenient for understanding current situation of anthropogenic pollution. In general, the tendency to increase the total number of sources of electromagnetic pollution in the city and increase their total power was detected. It is concluded that the development of maps with a certain level of background contamination of electromagnetic waves with different frequencies are important for monitoring the overall ecological state of cities and for increase understanding of the impact of such pollution and possible negative effects on public health of Ukraine.

scholarly journals Globalization Impact on Multinational Enterprises

World ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 216-230
Author(s):  
Justine Kyove ◽  
Katerina Streltsova ◽  
Ufuoma Odibo ◽  
Giuseppe T. Cirella
Keyword(s):  
Developing Country ◽  
Multinational Enterprises ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Developed Country ◽  
Excellent Starting Point ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Impact

The impact of globalization on multinational enterprises was examined from the years 1980 to 2020. A scoping literature review was conducted for a total of 141 articles. Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed typologies were categorized and conclusions were drawn regarding the influence and performance (i.e., positive or negative effects) of globalization. Developed countries show more saturated markets than developing countries that favor developing country multinational enterprises to rely heavily on foreign sales for revenue growth. Developed country multinationals are likely to use more advanced factors of production to create revenue, whereas developing country multinationals are more likely to use less advanced forms. A number of common trends and issues showed corporate social responsibility, emerging markets, political issues, and economic matters as key to global market production. Recommendations signal a strong need for more research that addresses contributive effects in the different economies, starting with the emerging to the developed. Limitations of data availability and inconsistency posed a challenge for this review, yet the use of operationalization, techniques, and analyses from the business literature enabled this study to be an excellent starting point for additional work in the field.

scholarly journals The impact of the means of communication on family relationships

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 344
Author(s):  
Twana Faraidun Hussein
Keyword(s):  
Family Relationships ◽  
Research Community ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Important Means ◽  
Questionnaire Form ◽  
The One ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City ◽  
Day By Day

This research tries to access to a range of outcomes, and to answer the fundamental question, a search (What is the impact of the means of communication on family relationships?).Try researcher through the form of a questionnaire to collect information in the field of the research community and in order to achieve his goal, And it relied on the questionnaire form for being an important means used extensively in sociology studies, The center of the city of Sulaymaniyah spatial boundaries of the search, where it is taken (200) and a sample search unit and distributed to three different areas (rich, middle and poor) by taking a stratified random sample, The fact that the population of the city of Sulaymaniyah different in terms of economic and cultural level, it's easy to take the mixed researcher and different sample representing the research community in terms of level, category, and class. They were assembled for the purpose of research and study.      It must be pointed out that this research is particularly important at the present time because the means of communication have spread widely in the Kurdish community and become accessible to everyone on the one hand, on the other hand, the number of users of these methods is increasing day by day, This is in addition to the increased demand for them constantly, making conduct such research in this importance area to see its impact on family relationships, and knowledge of its money from the effects (negative and positive) It is known that this means a double-edged her weapon of negative and positive effects at the same time, It must be the effort to reduce the negative effects of these tools and become members of the community in the service, and most importantly of all, do educate individuals on how to deal with these tools properly. It also offers search a set of proposals and recommendations to the concerned authorities to work out and strengthen the community in front of the challenges of the era of globalization of communications and response, where he became the Kurdish community a society open to the outside world through these means, which resulted in a change of values and social norms and behaviors that were adhered to by members of the community.

The Impact of Corruption on Entrepreneurship

2015 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Gil Avnimelech ◽  
Yaron Zelekha
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Societal Costs ◽  
Present Evidence ◽  
Growing Body ◽  
The Impact

There is a consensus that corruption may result in high societal costs. A growing body of research reveals the negative effects of corruption on a variety of economic indicators. This chapter presents a literature review on the impact of corruption on entrepreneurship. It allows us to suggest that one of the transition channels through which corruption has impacted growth is entrepreneurship. The main channels in which corruption impacts entrepreneurship is through reduced incentives for entrepreneurial activity and reduced trust within the system. The authors present evidence that the negative impact of an incremental increase in the level of corruption on entrepreneurship is more harmful in developed countries than in developing countries. Thus, they stress the need for more research in this area with the aim of establishing appropriate frameworks for the fight of corruption in both developing and developed countries and suggest significant gains from anti-corruption efforts, especially in developed countries.

scholarly journals The Implications of the Recent Economic Crisis on Fertility in Greece

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Byron Kotzamanis ◽  
Anastasia Kostaki
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Economic Recession ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Economic Crises ◽  
Family Policies ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Social Security Systems ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
The Impact

A systematic review of past economic recessions occurred in developed countries confirms that social and economic crises often have serious effects on fertility while, beyond national differentiations, these effects have certain characteristics, e. g. a weak effect on generational fertility;an postponement on the timing of first birth, closely related to a late marriage or union;a close relationship between unemployment and age-specific fertility. The sensitivity of fertility behavior to economic crises is less marked in countries with longstanding family policies and strong social security systems. The recent social and economic recession in Greece took place under different social conditions than many recessions in the past. More women than ever are participating in the labor market, most couples use reliable contraception that enables them to postpone childbearing, while social security and health costs are burdened from the rapidly expanding numbers of elderly. All these factors can affect reproductive decisions and potentially aggravate the negative effects of the recession on fertility. This work, using the latest available official data of Greece, provides an investigation of the impact of the current economic crisis on fertility levels, as well as the evolution of these levels through time.

The impact of food aid on world malnutrition

1981 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 329-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
James N. Schubert
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Food Aid ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Alternative Hypotheses ◽  
Long Term Impact ◽  
The Impact

Does food aid enhance or diminish the nutritional status of recipient populations in less developed countries? In proposing that the long-term impact is negative, critics have argued that aid depresses local food production, is maldistributed and mismanaged such that it does not reach the needy in sufficient quantities, or, where effective, that aid merely reduces the death rate relative to the birth rate, permitting more people to survive at the margin of existence. This study explores the long-term impact of U.S. Public Law 480 food aid through a crossnational analysis of aggregate data on aid receipts and change in nutritional status over the period from 1962 through 1974. Alternative hypotheses are tested through least squares methods and.mean difference tests in the framework of a nonequivalent control group, quasi-experimental design. This study supports the following generalizations: food aid is significantly related with improved nutritional status; the greater the aid, the greater the improvement in nutrition; higher aid recipients do not have significantly lower rates of growth in domestic food production; higher aid recipients do not have higher rates of population growth; and food aid may lead to greater meat consumption among higher aid recipients. Negative effects, experienced in some countries at some times, are not systematically incurred by all food aid recipients over time. In general, food aid does improve nutrition.

The Impact of Corruption on Entrepreneurship

2015 ◽  
pp. 282-294
Author(s):  
Gil Avnimelech ◽  
Yaron Zelekha
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Societal Costs ◽  
Present Evidence ◽  
Growing Body ◽  
The Impact

There is a consensus that corruption may result in high societal costs. A growing body of research reveals the negative effects of corruption on a variety of economic indicators. This chapter presents a literature review on the impact of corruption on entrepreneurship. It allows us to suggest that one of the transition channels through which corruption has impacted growth is entrepreneurship. The main channels in which corruption impacts entrepreneurship is through reduced incentives for entrepreneurial activity and reduced trust within the system. The authors present evidence that the negative impact of an incremental increase in the level of corruption on entrepreneurship is more harmful in developed countries than in developing countries. Thus, they stress the need for more research in this area with the aim of establishing appropriate frameworks for the fight of corruption in both developing and developed countries and suggest significant gains from anti-corruption efforts, especially in developed countries.

An eco-incinerator plant using modern waste disposal methods

2020 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-68
Author(s):  
Anna Dmochowska
Keyword(s):  
Waste Disposal ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Green Energy ◽  
Municipal Waste ◽  
Processing Plant ◽  
Waste Processing ◽  
Ecological Safety ◽  
Significant Percentage ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

Threats associated with municipal waste are a problem applicable to residents of every city. The amount of waste keeps growing each year. In highly developed countries, the largest percentage of waste comprises cardboard and waste paper. In Poland, a very significant percentage of waste is constituted by plastics. Thanks to European Union funds, it is possible to implement such projects as the construction of the Thermal Waste Processing Plant in Krakow. The operation of this facility allows for a significant reduction in the volume of waste deposited on landfills, which is not recyclable concurrently generating green energy for the city. The aim of the research was to determine the impact of modern techniques of municipal waste disposal on the ecological safety of city dwellers and the natural environment.

scholarly journals A Review of Climate Change and its Effects in the Western Mountainous Water Basin of Nepal

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 79-85
Author(s):  
Raghu Bir Bista ◽  
Khet Raj Dahal ◽  
Ram Prasad Gyawali
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Water Basin ◽  
Energy And Environment ◽  
Global Trend ◽  
Catchment Areas ◽  
Lower Temperature ◽  
Average Rise ◽  
The Impact

This study was conducted in the period of January 2014 to December 2015. The main objective of the study was to investigate the impact of climate change in the water basin and its catchment areas. The method was a survey of relevant literatures. Climate change is a big issue not only in developed countries but also in developing countries. The study found that the temperature is rising with 2.00 C on average per annum in western Nepal. This is relatively 3 times higher than lower temperature increase within the country and significantly higher in comparison to global trend of temperature variation. Over the last 36 years (1975-2010) in western Nepal, temperature is rising on an average of 1.2°C per annum. This is twice as compared to the global increment. This indicates more vulnerability of climate change in hills and high hills of Nepal. The average rise of temperature in Nepal is 0.06oC per year. The climate-induced disasters are; drought, severe floods, landslide, etc. They also have negative effects in agriculture in the hills and high hills of Nepal.HYDRO Nepal JournalJournal of Water, Energy and Environment Issue: 23Year: 2018

scholarly journals The Conversions of the City Structure and their Influence on the Demographic Phenomena

2011 ◽  
Vol 15 (15) ◽  
pp. 143-154
Author(s):  
Elżbieta Chądzyńska
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Small Towns ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Demographic Situation ◽  
Settlement Systems ◽  
Social Sphere ◽  
The Social ◽  
City Structure ◽  
The City

The Conversions of the City Structure and their Influence on the Demographic Phenomena The process of socio-economic change, which started in Poland in 1989, began the series of modifications in the structure of Polish cities. These changes embrace the economic sphere and the social sphere, as well as the habitable environment. The changes occurring in Polish cities resemble the processes present in settlement systems in highly developed countries. They take place, however, with some delay which is caused by the movement from the centrally controlled economy to the market economy and all the problems associated with it.The aim of the presented article is to show the influence of occurring changes on the socio-economic development and demographic situation apparent in small towns of the Wrocław Metropolitan Area (WrMA). The attempt of evaluation of factors promoting the development was undertaken. The value of chosen characteristics was analyzed for the set of small towns of Dolnośląskie voivodship. The analysis of chosen quantities common for demographic phenomena in a longer time cross-section (1995-2008) pinpoints the irregularity of development of specific towns, which may result in negative effects for the whole area in the future.

scholarly journals The Impact of Economic Sanctions on the Least Developed Countries (Comparative Case Studies of the DRС and Somalia)

2019 ◽  
pp. 31-49
Author(s):  
Anna Sharova
Keyword(s):  
Developed Countries ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Political Elites ◽  
African Continent ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Fdi Inflows ◽  
Comparative Case Studies ◽  
The Impact

Least Developed Countries (LDCs) is an official term applied within the United Nations to the countries with low living standards, weak economies, where people and resources are highly exposed to the vulnerability criterion of natural shocks. The African continent has the largest number of such states (33). Simultaneously, various sanctions are in force or imposed on a number of this category of African countries, both by the UN and states individually. This article examines in detail two country cases of applying international sanctions against least developed African countries: the DRC and Somalia. The analysis of the economic dynamics of these countries (as well as the CAR and Mali that are also LDCs and are subject to sanctions regimes) led to the conclusion that the effectiveness of sanctions imposed against these countries and targeted sanctions against members of their political elites is low. The negative effects associated with the implementation of the sanctions policy against these states are manifested mostly by a decrease in the volume of exports and a decrease in FDI inflows.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document