Ecological-geographical analysis of vegetation of near-roads zones of transport corridor Lviv–Krakovets

2014 ◽  
Vol 25 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 14-23
Author(s):  
Y. I. Chykailo ◽  
I. M. Voloshin
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Absorption Coefficients ◽  
Common Beech ◽  
Root Absorption ◽  
Literary Sources ◽  
English Oak ◽  
Accumulation Coefficients

In the article, the eco-geochemical analysis of flora on roadside areas of highway M-10 Lviv-Krakovets is made. In the foliage of following tree species Common hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.), English oak (Quercus robur L.), Common beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), Common ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Norway spruce (Picea abies L.), using atomic-absorption methods, there were revealed such heavy metals as Pb, Zn, Co, Cu, Ni, Mo, Cr, Mn, V, Ba, Sr, Zr, Fe, Ti, Sn. The analysis of literary sources by Voloshyn, Sobechko, Bessonova and ours investigations reveals that in different areas the content of heavy metals (HM) in the foliage of tree species differs significantly. In addition, it has been investigated the content of chemicals in the foliage of roadside trees along highway Lviv-Krakovets and compared with world clarke indices. Content of Pb, Zn, Mn, V in the foliage of roadside trees is lower than showing of world clarkes, what is caused by characteristics of parent rocks. Elements that exceed world clarkes are Ba, Cu, Ni, Mo, Sr, Ti, Zr and Cr, their content in foliage of tree species varies from 1,2 to 16,7 mg/kg of dry weight. In the article, the accumulation coefficients are calculated. These coefficients confirm accumulation of car pollutants in roadsides and adjoining areas. There is made an investigation of general biological and discrete (by root surface and foliage surface) absorption of 15 chemical elements and as a result several species, which have the highest accumulation coefficients, are set apart. In the foliage of roadside tree species, the general biological absorption coefficients (GBAC) of technogenic (road) pollutants are counted. It has been determined that the maximum GBAC values immanent to Ni and Ва are 10,1 and 3,5 correspondingly (Common hornbeam), Cu – 7,7, Mn – 2,7 and Мо – 1,4 (English oak) and Sr – 1,4 (Common ash). According to the content and distribution of heavy metals in the foliage of roadside trees, it was build the descending rows according to intensity of HM absorption by different tree species. It has been counted the intensity with what tree species absorb road pollutants, Pb absorbs Common ash, Scots pine, Zn, Co, Cr, Sr – Common ash; Ni, Ba – Common hornbeam; Cu, Mo, Mn, V, Zr – English oak; Fe, Ti – Norway spruce. It has been counted the discrete (areal and root) absorption of HM by tree species. It is known from literary sources that foliage does not accumulate Pb by areal way, that is why the value of this HM is considered as constants and according to certain methodological ways is counted areal and root absorption. The discrete biological absorption coefficients (DBAC) of technogenic (road) pollutants by different tree species in roadsides are different. Deciduous tree species in contrast to pinophyta, by areal way accumulate Mо – 0,33 (Common hornbeam) – 0,95 (English oak), partially V – 0,17 (English oak), Zn – 0,14 (Norway spruce). DBAC Со in foliage of tree species varies from 0,33 (English oak) to 0,73 (Common beech), Cu – 0,52 (Scots pine) – 0,99 (English oak, Common hornbeam), Ni – 0,23 (Scots pine) – 0,99 (Common hornbeam, English oak, Common beech, Norway spruce), Mn – 0,61 (Common ash) – 0,98 (English oak, Norway spruce), Ва – 0,43 (Common hornbeam) – 0,92 (English oak, Norway spruce), Sr – 0,64 (Common hornbeam) – 0,94 (English oak, Norway spruce). The most actively foliage absorbs Cu, Ni, Mn, Со (in 100 % of samples); partially  –  Ba, Sr (80 %); Mo (40 %); V і Zn (20 і 10 %). It has been proposed several tree species for forest plantation, which have the highest biological absorption. The highest intensity of general biological absorption of HM have English oak, Common hornbeam, Common ash, Common beech, Norway spruce, which absorbs Ni, Cu, Ba, Mn, Sr, Mo, Co, Fe, and this considerably reduce pollution in roadsides and adjoining areas.

scholarly journals Over- and Underyielding in Time and Space in Experiments with Mixed Stands of Scots Pine and Norway Spruce

Forests ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 495 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars Drössler ◽  
Eric Agestam ◽  
Kamil Bielak ◽  
Małgorzata Dudzinska ◽  
Julia Koricheva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Mixed Forest ◽  
Stand Age ◽  
Mixed Species ◽  
Mixed Stands ◽  
Mixing Effect ◽  
Individual Site ◽  
Study Sites

Pine-spruce forests are one of the commonest mixed forest types in Europe and both tree species are very important for wood supply. This study summarized nine European studies with Scots pine and Norway spruce where a mixed-species stand and both monocultures were located in an experimental set-up. Overyielding (where growth of a mixed stand was greater than the average of both monocultures) was relatively common and often ranged between 0% and 30%, but could also be negative at individual study sites. Each individual site demonstrated consistent patterns of the mixing effect over different measurement periods. Transgressive overyielding (where the mixed-species stand was more productive than either of the monocultures) was found at three study sites, while a monoculture was more productive on the other sites. Large variation between study sites indicated that the existing experiments do not fully represent the extensive region where this mixed pine-spruce forest can occur. Pooled increment data displayed a negative influence of latitude and stand age on the mixing effect of those tree species in forests younger than 70 years.

scholarly journals The Effect of Climate on Tree-Ring Chronologies of Native and Nonnative Tree Species Growing Under Homogenous Site Conditions

2009 ◽  
Vol 33 (-1) ◽  
pp. 49-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Feliksik ◽  
Sławomir Wilczyński
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Tree Ring ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Sitka Spruce ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Silver Fir ◽  
Site Conditions ◽  
Diameter Increment

The Effect of Climate on Tree-Ring Chronologies of Native and Nonnative Tree Species Growing Under Homogenous Site ConditionsDendroclimatic studies were carried out in the experimental stands composed of many tree species situated in the Polish part of the Baltic sea-coast. Increment cores were taken from a 100-years old trees of 2 native species: Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.), and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestrisL.) and 3 nonnative species: Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii(Mirb.) Franco), Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis(Bong.) Carr.) and Silver fir (Abies albaMill.). Thirty trees of each species were cored. The relationships between the diameter increment and the thermal and pluvial conditions during the period from 1925 to 2005 were analyzed on the basis of standardized tree-ring chronologies and climatic data. It was found that precipitation and temperature of the growing season and months preceding that season affected the annual diameter increment of all investigated tree species. The current year winter and early spring temperatures as well as February and August precipitation had a similar effect on the variation of diameter increment of trees. On the other hand thermal and pluvial conditions of the current year June differentiated the increment rhythm of individual species. A very strong negative effect on diameter growth of trees was observed in the case of winter and early spring frosts. Norway spruce turned out to be a species most resistant to low temperatures. The investigated tree species, especially Norway spruce, was susceptible to water deficiency in the soil during spring and summer. In the case of Scots pine a high precipitation in June stimulated its growth. The diameter increments of Douglas fir, Sitka spruce, Scots pine, and Silver fir were more strongly connected with air temperature than with precipitation. So called all-species chronology of tree-ring width, constructed during this study, permitted to verify the factors having a similar effect on growth response of the investigated tree species. It reflected the mutual characteristics of diameter increments of trees of various species.

scholarly journals Investigations of mature Scots pine stands in wind-throw areas in Norway spruce forests in Western Rhodopes

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Milan Barna ◽  
Angel Ferezliev ◽  
Hristo Tsakov ◽  
Ivan Mihál
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Natural Regeneration ◽  
Stand Structure ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Pine Forests ◽  
Lignicolous Fungi ◽  
Tree Species Composition ◽  
Forest Stand Structure

AbstractWe investigated the current health condition (defoliation), state of natural regeneration, and mycoflora and phytopathogen-caused attacks in Scots pine forests (Pinus sylvestris L.) planted in the 1960s in areas affected by wind disturbances in the West Rhodope Mountains in Bulgaria. Some damage types (resin outflow and anthropogenic damage) were present to a low extent in the research plots (S – Selishte and PK – Pobit Kamak). Some were missing completely (damage by deer and other animals, the presence of lignicolous fungi and abiotic damage). The most important results of this study were the following: i) the occurrence of the bark beetle pest Tomicus minor Hartig (Coleoptera, Scolytinae) was recorded on average in 4.6 (S) and 2.3 (PK) of fallen shoots under the tree crown within 1 m diameter around the stem; ii) significant damage to tree crowns due to the loss of assimilation organs in Scots pine trees (28% – S and 39% – PK, respectively) was several times higher than that recorded in Norway spruce (Picea abies L.) (10%); iii) tree species composition resulting from natural regeneration showed 95–100% proportion of Norway spruce despite the predominance of Scots pine in the maternal stand. These observations might provide evidence of unsuitable environmental conditions in the studied localities for pine forests on the southern range of the natural P. sylvestris occurrence. Forest management in similar ecological and climatic conditions should aim at significant diversification of the forest stand structure by utilizing tree species suitable for the given ecosystems.

scholarly journals Landscape-Scale Mixtures of Tree Species are More Effective than Stand-Scale Mixtures for Biodiversity of Vascular Plants, Bryophytes and Lichens

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steffi Heinrichs ◽  
Christian Ammer ◽  
Martina Mund ◽  
Steffen Boch ◽  
Sabine Budde ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Vascular Plants ◽  
European Beech ◽  
Landscape Scale ◽  
Gamma Diversity ◽  
Mixed Stands ◽  
Scale Mixtures ◽  
Species Mixtures

Tree species diversity can positively affect the multifunctionality of forests. This is why conifer monocultures of Scots pine and Norway spruce, widely promoted in Central Europe since the 18th and 19th century, are currently converted into mixed stands with naturally dominant European beech. Biodiversity is expected to benefit from these mixtures compared to pure conifer stands due to increased abiotic and biotic resource heterogeneity. Evidence for this assumption is, however, largely lacking. Here, we investigated the diversity of vascular plants, bryophytes and lichens at the plot (alpha diversity) and at the landscape (gamma diversity) level in pure and mixed stands of European beech and conifer species (Scots pine, Norway spruce, Douglas fir) in four regions in Germany. We aimed to identify compositions of pure and mixed stands in a hypothetical forest landscape that can optimize gamma diversity of vascular plants, bryophytes and lichens within regions. Results show that gamma diversity of the investigated groups is highest when a landscape comprises different pure stands rather than tree species mixtures at the stand scale. Species mainly associated with conifers rely on light regimes that are only provided in pure conifer forests, whereas mixtures of beech and conifers are more similar to beech stands. Combining pure beech and pure conifer stands at the landscape scale can increase landscape level biodiversity and conserve species assemblages of both stand types, while landscapes solely composed of stand scale tree species mixtures could lead to a biodiversity reduction of a combination of investigated groups of 7 up to 20%.

scholarly journals Comparison of Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and European larch (Larix decidua Mill.) stem shape by means of geometrical methods

2012 ◽  
Vol 52 (No. 8) ◽  
pp. 337-347
Author(s):  
M. Křepela ◽  
R. Petráš
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Principal Components ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
European Larch ◽  
Inflection Points ◽  
Sample Test ◽  
Coniferous Tree Species ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Stem Shape

In this article the stem shape is compared in three coniferous tree species: Norway spruce, Scots pine and European larch. Stem is investigated by means of geometrical methods. Simplified Bookstein coordinates (stem shape diameters) and Procrustes coordinates were used for variability investigation. The material, originating from the Czech and Slovak territories, involved in total 3,346 spruce stems, 3,082 pine stems and 1,403 larch stems. The accordance of mean stem vectors was assessed by means of Hotelling&rsquo;s T<sup>2</sup> two-sample test. For stem shape diameters and Procrustes tangent coordinates, the variability was examined using the method of principal components analysis. The three most important principal components were diagrammatized and described. The relationship between the stem shape and its size was also investigated, and inflection points of morphological stem curve were described for all three tree species.

scholarly journals Isoprenoid emission response to changing light conditions of English oak, European beech and Norway spruce

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (18) ◽  
pp. 4045-4060 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ylva van Meeningen ◽  
Guy Schurgers ◽  
Riikka Rinnan ◽  
Thomas Holst
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Light Response ◽  
European Beech ◽  
Influential Factors ◽  
High Light ◽  
English Oak ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Isoprenoid Emission

Abstract. Light is an important environmental factor controlling biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions, but in natural conditions its impact is hard to separate from other influential factors such as temperature. We studied the light response of foliar BVOC emissions, photosynthesis and stomatal conductance on three common European tree species, namely English oak (Quercus robur), European beech (Fagus sylvatica) and two provenances of Norway spruce (Picea abies) in Taastrup, Denmark. Leaf scale measurements were performed on the lowest positioned branches of the tree in July 2015. Light intensity was increased in four steps (0, 500, 1000 and 1500 µmol m−2 s−1), whilst other chamber conditions such as temperature, humidity and CO2 levels were fixed. Whereas the emission rate differed between individuals of the same species, the relative contributions of compounds to the total isoprenoid emission remained similar. Whilst some compounds were species specific, the compounds α-pinene, camphene, 3-carene, limonene and eucalyptol were emitted by all of the measured tree species. Some compounds, like isoprene and sabinene, showed an increasing emission response with increasing light intensity, whereas other compounds, like camphene, had no significant emission response to light for most of the measured trees. English oak and European beech showed high light-dependent emission fractions from isoprene and sabinene, but other emitted compounds were light independent. For the two provenances of Norway spruce, the compounds α-pinene, 3-carene and eucalyptol showed high light-dependent fractions for many of the measured trees. This study highlights differences between compound emissions in their response to a change in light and a possible light independence for certain compounds, which might be valid for a wider range of tree species. This information could be of importance when improving emission models and to further emphasize the discussion regarding light or temperature dependencies for individual compounds across species.

scholarly journals Analysis of the duration of basic logging operations performed using a chainsaw

2014 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomasz Gałęzia
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Timber Harvesting ◽  
Working Time ◽  
Work Place ◽  
Trunk Diameter

Abstract Motor-manual machinery, i.e. chainsaws, is still commonly used for timber harvesting in Poland, especially in northern-east part of the country. The main goal of this research was to analyse the duration of operations such as felling, delimbing and bucking of the main tree species in Augustów Primeval Forest. Our aim was also to estimate the quantity of fuel necessary to perform these operations as well as the CO2 emission. Working’s day activity study was selected as a method of time measurement. Data was collected from 8 clear-cuts during the logging of 327 m3 of timber. On average, the most time-consuming operation was delimbing (26% of total time). Felling took 15% and bucking 18% of total time. Breaks took up a significant proportion of time (10% of total time), as well as technical maintenance, change of workplace and preparation of work-place that each took up 9%. The average exploitation productivity of lumberjacks reached 7.5 m3 h-1 and fuel consumption was 0.14 l m-3. Results on the duration of operational times confirm earlier research, however due to final felling conditions and large dimensions of trees fuel consumption and emissions of CO2 were smaller than those given in the existing literature. The most time-consuming operation for coniferous was delimbing (Scots pine 29%, Norway spruce 36% of working time) and for the broadleaves it was bucking (silver birch 27%, black alder 28% of working time). Workers’ operational productivity depended on tree species and was the greatest in the case of Scots pine (15.2 m3 h-1) and the smallest in the case of Norway spruce (6.2 m3 h-1). Operational productivity was strongly correlated with the volume and the trunk diameter

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