scholarly journals The features of summary background electric activity of the hypothalamus of rats under conditions of chronic caffeine alimentation

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 417-425 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. G. Turitskaya ◽  
S. N. Lukashev ◽  
V. P. Lyashenko ◽  
G. G. Sidorenko
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
White Male ◽  
Posterior Hypothalamus ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Neuronal System ◽  
Rat Hypothalamus ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Chronic Caffeine

One of the factors of the environment which essentially shifts homeostasis is diets which contain caffeine. The aim of the study was to find out the basic characteristics of background electrical activity of trophotrophic and ergotrophic zones of the hypothalamus in conditions of chronic caffeine alimentation. Experiments were carried out on non-linear white male rats. The first group consisted of control animals (n = 22). The second group (n = 24) was represented by the animals that were given pure caffeine in an amount of 150 mg/kg/day with their meal. The registration on a electrohypothalamogram was carried out in conditions of acute experiment, every 2 weeks for 12 weeks. The spectral (mkV2) and the normalized power (%) of electrohypothalamogram waves were analyzed within the common frequency band. The analysis of the results allowed us to establish a certain specificity of the reaction of the neuronal system of the trophotropic and ergotropic zones of the rat hypothalamus to the effect of chronic caffeine alimentation. The main difference in the reactive state of electrophysiological indices in the trophotrophic zone of rats is the lack of a typical desynchronization from the 4th to the 8th week of the study and the hypersynchronization after 12 weeks of the experiment. The most probable mechanism that explains the results obtained is the ultra-powerful GABA-ergic modulation of this zone, the main energy-accumulating center. Perhaps, this powerful inhibitory resource in this cerebral locus is the main stress-limiting factor that makes this zone of the central nervous system of rats less sensitive to caffeine exposure. Instead, under the influence of chronic caffeine load in the ergotropic zone of the hypothalamus, after 6 weeks of the experiment desynchronous high-frequency rhythms dominated. During the subsequent time of the experiment, we observed a decrease in both low-frequency and high-frequency components of the electrohypothalamogram of this zone. This gives reason to assume that the key component of the neurophysiological response of the posterior hypothalamus of rats to the caffeine ration is the powerful glutamatergic effects on the pre-synaptic and post-synaptic neurons under conditions of reactive exhaustion of local neurosynthetics. Caffeine depletion of the hypothalamic neurotransmission at the end of the experiment is replaced by an effective adaptive ergotropic restoration of neurosynthetic activity in this locus of the central nervous system of rats. Thus, caffeine has a powerful activating effect on the ergotropic function of the posterior hypothalamus of rats. Such a difference in the chronic effect of caffeine on the trophotropic and ergotropic zone of the rat hypothalamus is primarily due to the different mediator support of these zones underlying their physiological purpose. GABA is the main mediator of the trophotropic zone and the main neurotransmitter of its synchronous activity. At the same time, neurotransmitter support of the ergotropic zone is represented by glutamate, which, along with other agents, implements its desynchronous activity. Since caffeine stimulates excitation, activating the pathways traditionally associated with motivational and motor reactions in the brain, it can be assumed that this explains the fact of a more powerful influence of caffeine precisely on the ergotrophic zone of the hypothalamus.

Oxytocin in the central nervous system and sexual behaviour in male rats

1987 ◽  
Vol 414 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andy M. Hughes ◽  
Barry J. Everitt ◽  
Stafford L. Lightman ◽  
Kathryn Todd
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Sexual Behaviour ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
The Central Nervous System

scholarly journals Oestrogenic effects of neonatal administration of raloxifene on hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in male and female rats

Reproduction ◽  
2001 ◽  
pp. 915-924 ◽  
Author(s):  
L Pinilla ◽  
LC Gonzalez ◽  
F Gaytan ◽  
M Tena-Sempere ◽  
E Aguilar
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Oestrogen Receptor ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Selective Oestrogen Receptor Modulators ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Neonatal Administration

Selective oestrogen receptor modulators constitute a family of drugs that are used increasingly in the management of oestrogen-associated pathology. Raloxifene is a selective oestrogen receptor modulator that is used to treat and prevent osteoporosis in post-menopausal women. The actions of raloxifene on bone, breast, uterus and serum cholesterol concentrations have been widely analysed, but very few studies have investigated the possible actions of this drug on the central nervous system. The central nervous system of the newborn rat is very sensitive to oestrogen action. In this study a series of experiments was conducted to analyse the effects of different doses of raloxifene (50, 100, 250 or 500 microg per rat per day) administered to neonatal rats on days 1-5 of age. Female rats treated with raloxifene showed decreased gonadotrophin secretion, hyperprolactinaemia, advanced vaginal opening, decreased body weight, persistent presence of cornified epithelial cells in vaginal smears, anovulation, inhibition of positive feedback between oestradiol and LH, and infertility. Male rats showed delayed balanopreputial separation, reduced body weight and hyperprolactinaemia. All these changes resemble those obtained after neonatal administration of oestradiol benzoate, thus indicating, for the first time, that raloxifene exerts an oestrogenic action on the hypothalamic-pituitary structures controlling reproductive function in rats.

EFFECTS OF ADRENAL ANDROGEN IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM ON BLADDER FUNCTION IN MALE RATS

2009 ◽  
Vol 181 (4S) ◽  
pp. 81-82
Author(s):  
Yoshiji Miwa ◽  
Keiko Nagase ◽  
Taisei Kaneda ◽  
Nobuyuki Oyama ◽  
Hironobu Akino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Bladder Function ◽  
Adrenal Androgen ◽  
The Central Nervous System

scholarly journals Influence of bile acid derivates on morphine analgesic effect in mice

2014 ◽  
Vol 71 (8) ◽  
pp. 767-771 ◽  
Author(s):  
Velibor Vasovic ◽  
Sasa Vukmirovic ◽  
Momir Mikov ◽  
Ivan Mikov ◽  
Zorana Budakov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Bile Acids ◽  
Analgesic Effect ◽  
White Male ◽  
Subcutaneous Administration ◽  
Morphine Administration ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Background/Aim. It is known that bile acids improve the absorption, bioavailability and pharmacodynamic characteristics of some drugs. Morphine analgesia is produced by activation of opioid receptors within the central nervous system (CNS) at both spinal and supraspinal levels. Since a morphine molecule contains 3 polar groups and therefore hard to transfer through the blood-brain barrier, the aim of the study was to examine the potential influence of bile acids derivates, namely sodium salt of monoketocholic acid (MKH-Na) and methyl ester of monoketocholic acid (MKH-Me), on analgesic effect of morphine. Methods. White male mice of NMRI-Haan strain, with body weight of 20-24 g, were used in this study. The analgesic effect of morphine (administered by subcutaneous and intramuscular route in a dose of 2 mg/kg), with and without pretreatment with MKH-Na (4 mg/kg) and MKH-Me (4 mg/kg) was estimated by the hot plate method. Results. Administration of MKH-Me prior to subcutaneous administration of morphine increased the morphine analgesic effect but the increase was not statistically significant. At the same time administration of MKH-Na did not affect morphine analgesic effect. The analgesic effect of morphine increased when administered intramuscularly 20 min after MKH-Me administration. When compared with the group of animals treated only with morphine, a statistically significant increase in analgesic effect was detected 10, 30, 40 and 50 min after morphine administration (p < 0.05). Pretreatment with MKH-Na did not affect morphine analgesic effect. Conclusion. According to the results of this study it can be presumed that after intramuscular morphine administration methyl ester of monoketocholic acid increases morphine transport into the central nervous system and consequently the analgesic effect, as well. Further research on bile acids-morphine interaction both in vitro and in vivo is necessary to completely elucidate the mechanism of this interaction and increase in the morphine analgesic effect.

Brainstem manifestations in neuromyelitis optica: a multicenter study of 258 patients

2013 ◽  
Vol 20 (7) ◽  
pp. 843-847 ◽  
Author(s):  
L Kremer ◽  
M Mealy ◽  
A Jacob ◽  
I Nakashima ◽  
P Cabre ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Neuromyelitis Optica ◽  
Multicenter Study ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Caucasian Population ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Optic Nerve Involvement

Background: Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is a severe autoimmune disease of the central nervous system characterized by spinal cord and optic nerve involvement. Brainstem manifestations have recently been described. Objective: To evaluate the time of occurrence, the frequency and the characteristics of brainstem symptoms in a cohort of patients with NMO according to the ethnic background and the serologic status for anti-aquaporin-4 antibodies (AQP4-abs). Methods: We performed a multicenter study of 258 patients with NMO according to the 2006 Wingerchuk criteria and we evaluated prospectively the frequency, the date of onset and the duration of various brainstem signs in this population. Results: Brainstem signs were observed in 81 patients (31.4%). The most frequently observed signs were vomiting (33.1%), hiccups (22.3%), oculomotor dysfunction (19.8%), pruritus (12.4%), followed by hearing loss (2.5%), facial palsy (2.5%), vertigo or vestibular ataxia (1.7%), trigeminal neuralgia (2.5%) and other cranial nerve signs (3.3%). They were inaugural in 44 patients (54.3%). The prevalence was higher in the non-Caucasian population (36.6%) than in the Caucasian population (26%) ( p<0.05) and was higher in AQP4-ab-seropositive patients (32.7%) than in seronegative patients (26%) (not significant). Conclusions: This study confirms the high frequency of brainstem symptoms in NMO with a majority of vomiting and hiccups. The prevalence of these manifestations was higher in the non Caucasian population.

THE INFLUENCE OF SEX ON THE MATURATION OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM IN THE ALBINO RAT

1951 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 271-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. T. EAYRS
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
The Body ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Albino Rat ◽  
Litter Mate ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
The Central Nervous System

The growth of the body and central nervous system and the emergence of stereotyped behaviour have been studied in male and female rats during the first 24 days of life. The effects of daily injections of equine gonadotrophin on these measures have also been investigated. The weight of the body and of the central nervous system was significantly less in the female than in the male. The daily administration of 10 i.u. of equine gonadotrophin was without effect on either. The movements of the trunk and limbs concerned in the body-righting reflex became coordinated more slowly in the gonadotrophin-injected animals than in their litter-mate controls. At 15 days old, male rats were able to right in mid-air more successfully than litter-mate females. The placing reflex appeared earlier in the male than in the female. Its appearance was accelerated in the females given gonadotrophin, but not in the males. In the ventral funiculus of the spinal cord of 24-day-old experimental animals, the axis cylinders occupied more space relative to that occupied by myelin than did those of the controls. The total amount of myelin present was unchanged. There was no sex difference in the progress of myelination in the spinal cord. The significance of these findings in relation to the secretion of sex hormones is discussed. It is suggested that the secretion of androgen may be responsible for an acceleration of nervous maturation.

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