scholarly journals Вплив термічної стимуляції на біопотенціали листя кукурудзи

2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 65-70
Author(s):  
M. P. Motsnyj ◽  
N. P. Botsva ◽  
S. V. Vlasova ◽  
О. V. Elina ◽  
I. P. Matvij
Keyword(s):  
Heating Rate ◽  
Qualitative Difference ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Amplitude Dependence ◽  
Cold Stimulation ◽  
Potential Amplitude ◽  
Heat Stimulation ◽  
Heating And Cooling ◽  
Maize Leaves ◽  
The Difference

Dynamics of maize leaves' biopotentials evoked by cold- and heat stimuli with two frequencies 0.05 and 0.1 Hz is analyzed. Potential amplitude dependence of heating rate and time interval between first and following stimuli during both heating and cooling was discovered. It is ascertained that following potentials' amplitude increases in time during heat stimulation and decreases in time during cold stimulation. Qualitative difference in the reaching of potential stabilization is established for both stimulation frequencies; and probable reasons of the difference are analyzed. Potential stabilization levels are fixed for each series of experiment.

scholarly journals Evaluation of heating efficiency and thermal comfort in special purpose vehicle cabins

2021 ◽  
pp. 172-172
Author(s):  
Aleksandar Micovic ◽  
Mirko Komatina ◽  
Nenko Brkljac ◽  
Zivce Sarkocevic ◽  
Ivica Camagic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
Thermal Sensation ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Road Vehicles ◽  
Heating Efficiency ◽  
Vehicle Cabin ◽  
Special Purpose Vehicle ◽  
Heating And Cooling ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Temperature Levels

The paper presents the integrated application of two methods during testing HVAC system efficiency in the cabins of HUMMER ?1151A1 and OAR 1RL-128D off-road vehicles. Spatial measurements of change in air temperature per time have been performed at three vertical levels (head, knees and feet) of the driver and passengers, which totals to 15 measuring points per vehicle. The main goal of testing was to evaluate accurately the efficiency of heating and cooling in relation to time interval required to attain a designed temperature of comfort in the vehicle cabin, on condition that the difference in ambient temperature levels does not exceed 10?C. With a view to more efficient evaluation of thermal comfort in vehicle cabins, the testing was performed also of Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) and Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied (PPD) indices. Standard thermal comfort surveys ask subjects about their thermal sensation on a seven-point scale from cold (-3) to hot (+3). This research is carried out according to the methods based on ISO 7730, ASHRAE 55 and SORS 8419 standards.

Optimization of the time the chromatograph thermostats exit to a given temperature

2020 ◽  
pp. 40-45
Author(s):  
Nadezhda O. Vzduleva ◽  
Valery B. Gitlin
Keyword(s):  
Heating Rate ◽  
Entire Range ◽  
Gas Chromatograph ◽  
Heating And Cooling ◽  
Operating Temperatures ◽  
The Stability

The problems of ensuring the stability of the temperature of the chromatographic experiment carried out using a serial gas chromatograph LGH-3000 are considered. Limiting the permissible heating rate of the chromatograph thermostats does not allow a quick transition to the new conditions of the chromatographic experiment in accordance with the requirements of the technical conditions. The processes of heating and cooling the thermostat are analyzed. It is shown that the ratio of the duration of the interval equal to the sum of the durations of the heating and cooling intervals to the duration of the heating interval is inversely proportional to the temperature of the chromatographic experiment. Based on this situation, an empirical algorithm is proposed for heating the thermostat to a given temperature, which made it possible to reduce the time it takes to reach a given temperature in the entire range of operating temperatures.

Buildings

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Rez
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Heat Pump ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Local Climate ◽  
Heating And Cooling ◽  
The Difference ◽  
As If

Most of the energy used by buildings goes into heating and cooling. For small buildings, such as houses, heat transfer by conduction through the sides is as much as, if not greater than, the heat transfer from air exchanges with the outside. For large buildings, such as offices and factories, the greater volume-to-surface ratio means that air exchanges are more significant. Lights, people and equipment can make significant contributions. Since the energy used depends on the difference in temperature between the inside and the outside, local climate is the most important factor that determines energy use. If heating is required, it is usually more efficient to use a heat pump than to directly burn a fossil fuel. Using diffuse daylight is always more energy efficient than lighting up a room with artificial lights, although this will set a limit on the size of buildings.

scholarly journals Comparison of Building Simulation Methods for Modeling Apartment Balconies

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (13) ◽  
pp. 3955
Author(s):  
Yonghan Ahn ◽  
Hanbyeol Jang ◽  
Junghyon Mun
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Parameter Analysis ◽  
Interior Space ◽  
Heating And Cooling ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Calculation Results ◽  
Infiltration Parameter ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Heating And Cooling Load

The purpose of this study is to compare the load calculation results by a model using the air changes per hour (ACH) method and a model using an airflow network (AFN) and to ascertain what causes the difference between the two models. In the basic case study, the difference in the heat transfer distribution of the model in the interior space was investigated. The most significant difference between the two models is the heat transfer that results from infiltration. Parameter analysis was performed to investigate the relationship between the difference and the environmental variables. The result shows that the greater the difference is between the air temperature inside the balcony and the outdoor air temperature, and the greater the air flows from the balcony to the residential area, and the greater the heating and cooling load difference occurs. The analysis using the actual weather files of five domestic cities in South Korea rather than a virtual case shows that the differences are not so obvious when the wind blows at a constant speed throughout the year, but are dominant when the wind does not blow during the night and is stronger alongside the occurrence of sunlight during the day.

scholarly journals A scoping review of chronotype and temporal patterns of eating of adults: Tools used, findings, and future directions

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-51
Author(s):  
Yan Yin Phoi ◽  
Michelle Rogers ◽  
Maxine P. Bonham ◽  
Jillian Dorrian ◽  
Alison M. Coates
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Temporal Patterns ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Dark Cycle ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Meal Skipping ◽  
Optimal Health ◽  
The Difference

Abstract Circadian rhythms, metabolic processes, and dietary intake are inextricably linked. Timing of food intake is a modifiable temporal cue for the circadian system and may be influenced by numerous factors, including individual chronotype—an indicator of an individual’s circadian rhythm in relation to the light-dark cycle. This scoping review examines temporal patterns of eating across chronotypes and assesses tools that have been used to collect data on temporal patterns of eating and chronotype. A systematic search identified thirty-six studies in which aspects of temporal patterns of eating including meal timings; meal skipping; energy distribution across the day; meal frequency; time interval between meals, or meals and wake/sleep times; midpoint of food/energy intake; meal regularity; and duration of eating window were presented in relation to chronotype. Findings indicate that compared to morning chronotypes, evening chronotypes tend to skip meals more frequently, have later mealtimes, and distribute greater energy intake towards later times of the day. More studies should explore the difference in meal regularity and duration of eating window amongst chronotypes. Currently, tools used in collecting data on chronotype and temporal patterns of eating are varied, limiting the direct comparison of findings between studies. Development of a standardised assessment tool will allow future studies to confidently compare findings to inform the development and assessment of guidelines that provide recommendations on temporal patterns of eating for optimal health.

scholarly journals Two maize cultivars of contrasting leaf size show different leaf elongation rates with identical patterns of extension dynamics and coordination

AoB Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiphaine Vidal ◽  
Hafssa Aissaoui ◽  
Sabrina Rehali ◽  
Bruno Andrieu
Keyword(s):  
Genotypic Variation ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Extension Rate ◽  
Leaf Production ◽  
Maize Cultivars ◽  
Plant Environment ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Leaf Extension

Abstract Simulating leaf development from initiation to maturity opens new possibilities to model plant–environment interactions and the plasticity of plant architecture. This study analyses the dynamics of leaf production and extension along a maize (Zea mays) shoot to assess important modelling choices. Maize plants from two cultivars originating from the same inbred line, yet differing in the length of mature leaves were used in this study. We characterised the dynamics of the blade and sheath lengths of all phytomers by dissecting plants every 2–3 days. We analysed how differences in leaf size were built up and we examined the coordination between the emergence of organs and phases of their extension. Leaf extension rates were higher in the cultivar with longer leaves than in the cultivar with shorter leaves; no differences were found in other aspects. We found that (i) first post-embryonic leaves were initiated at a markedly higher rate than upper leaves; (ii) below ear position, sheaths were initiated at a time intermediate between tip emergence and appearance, while above the ear position, sheaths were initiated at a high rate, such that the time interval between the blade and sheath initiations decreased for these leaves; and (iii) ear position also marked a change in the correlation in size between successive phytomers with little correlation of size between upper and lower leaves. Our results identified leaf extension rate as the reason for the difference in size between the two cultivars. The two cultivars shared the same pattern for the timing of initiation events, which was more complex than previously thought. The differences described here may explain some inaccuracies reported in functional-structural plant models. We speculate that genotypic variation in behaviour for leaf and sheath initiation exists, which has been little documented in former studies.

493. Concerning the interpretation of observations, obtained from records and experiments, on milking dairy cows

1953 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. P. Cox
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Day Treatment ◽  
Qualitative Difference ◽  
Feeding Experiment ◽  
Cattle Feeding ◽  
The Difference

1. Some questions concerning the interpretation of observations on milking dairy cattle are considered.2. A formula is presented for analysing the contributions of changes in the numerator and denominator to the changes in a percentage or fraction, and the formula is applied to changes in the composition of milk.3. The depressions of the butterfat and solids-not-fat percentages consequent on diets reduced in hay in a dairy-cattle feeding experiment are examined with this constituent analysis.The contributions of changes in the magnitudes of the aqueous, butterfat and solids-not-fat constituents to the difference between the butterfat percentages of cows on two treatments, 18 lb. hay/day (control) and 6 lb. hay /day, are about equal. There is an apparent qualitative difference between the effects of the two non-control treatments, and a reduced yield of butterfat would alone largely account for the lower butterfat percentage of cows on the 2 lb. hay /day treatment.

LONG‐TIME RESPONSE PREDICTED BY EXACT ELASTIC RAY THEORY

Geophysics ◽  
1965 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 363-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. W. Spencer
Keyword(s):  
Formal Solution ◽  
Intermediate Stage ◽  
Time Limit ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Individual Response ◽  
Axially Symmetric ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Significant Figures

The formal solution for an axially symmetric radiation field in a multilayered, elastic system can be expanded in an infinite series. Each term in the series is associated with a particular raypath. It is shown that in the long‐time limit the individual response functions produced by a step input in particle velocity are given by polynomials in odd powers of the time. For rays which suffer m reflections, the degree of the polynomials is 2m+1. The total response is obtained by summing all rays which contribute in a specified time interval. When the rays are selected indiscriminately, the difference between the magnitude of the partial sum at an intermediate stage of computation and the magnitude of the correct total sum may be greater than the number of significant figures carried by the computer. A prescription is stated for arranging the rays into groups. Each group response function varies linearly in the long‐time limit and goes to zero when convolved with a physically realizable source function.

Synchronization of cardiac-related discharges of sympathetic nerves with inputs from widely separated spinal segments

1995 ◽  
Vol 268 (6) ◽  
pp. R1472-R1483 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. L. Gebber ◽  
S. Zhong ◽  
S. M. Barman
Keyword(s):  
Phase Angle ◽  
Cervical Spinal Cord ◽  
Sympathetic Nerves ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Renal Nerve ◽  
Cardiac Nerve ◽  
Spinal Segments ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Decerebrate Cats ◽  
Inferior Cardiac Nerve

We used phase spectral analysis to study the relationships between the cardiac-related discharges of pairs of postganglionic sympathetic nerves in urethan-anesthetized or decerebrate cats. Phase angle when converted to a time interval should equal the difference in conduction times from the brain to the nerves (i.e., transportation lag) if their cardiac-related discharges have a common central source. Transportation lag was estimated as the difference in the onset latencies of activation of the nerves by electrical stimulation of the medulla or cervical spinal cord. The phase angle for the cardiac-related discharges of two nerves was not always equivalent in time to the transportation lag. For example, in some cases the cardiac-related discharges of the renal nerve were coincident with or led those of the inferior cardiac nerve. In contrast, the electrically evoked responses of the renal nerve lagged those of the inferior cardiac nerve by > or = 32 ms. These observations are consistent with a model of multiple and dynamically coupled brain stem generators of the cardiac-related rhythm, each controlling a different sympathetic nerve or exerting nonuniform influences on different portions of the spinal sympathetic outflow.

scholarly journals The effect of diminazene aceturate on cholinesterase activity in dogs with canine babesiosis

1997 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
R.J. Milner ◽  
F. Reyers ◽  
J.H. Taylor ◽  
J.S. Van den Berg
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Canine Babesiosis ◽  
Diminazene Aceturate ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Significant Depression ◽  
The Difference ◽  
And Control

A clinical trial was designed to evaluate the effects of diminazene aceturate and its stabiliser antipyrine on serum pseudocholinesterase (PChE) and red blood cell acetylcholinesterase (RBC AChE) in dogs with babesiosis. The trial was conducted on naturally occurring, uncomplicated cases of babesiosis (n = 20) that were randomly allocated to groups receiving a standard therapeutic dose of diminazene aceturate with antipyrine stabiliser (n = 10) or antipyrine alone (n = 10). Blood was drawn immediately before and every 15 minutes for 1 hour after treatment. Plasma PChE showed a 4 % decrease between 0 and 60 min within the treatment group (p < 0.05). No statistically significant differences were found between the treatment and control groups at any of the time intervals for PChE. There was an increase in RBC AChE activity at 15 min in the treatment group (p < 0.05). No significant differences were found between the treatment and control groups at any time interval for RBC AChE. In view of the difference in PChE, samples from additional, new cases (n = 10) of canine babesiosis were collected to identify the affect of the drug over 12 hours. No significant depression was identified over this time interval. The results suggests that the underlying mechanism in producing side-effects, when they do occur, is unlikely to be through cholinesterase depression.

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