scholarly journals Formation of the structure of microbiocenoses of soils of agroecosystems depending on trophic and hydrothermal factors

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. S. Demyanyuk ◽  
V. P. Patyka ◽  
О. V. Sherstoboeva ◽  
A. A. Bunas

Ground soil, as the product primarily of the activity of microbiota, is under the permanent influence of ecological and anthropogenous factors. Soils are especially subject to pressure in agroecosystems, which increases due to the considerable fluctuation of climate system parameters. Using graph analysis, we have estimated the results of multiyear monitoring research on the functioning of microbiocenoses of three soil types in agroecosystems depending on the fertilizing and hydrothermal mode. It enabled us to detect peculiarities of formation of the structure soil microbiocenoses and to better understand ecologically important relations between functional groups of microorganisms in the soil depending on action of different factors. It has been determined that neither application of organic and mineral fertilizers into chernozem nor action of hydrothermal factors (temperature air and humidity) is a crucial characteristic of changing in the structure of its microbiocenosis. Microorganisms-producers of exopolysaccharides, which have a strong relationship with all trophic groups of microorganisms as they are their structural components, turned out to be the main block constructing factor, which is due to their strong influence on total content of microbal mass in soil. For soil of agroecosystems with dark-grey type of soil characteristic of content of total biomass of microorganisms is a basis for block constructing gremium, which affirms the state of microbiocenosis and processes occurring there under the action of researched biotic and abiotic factors. Microbiocenosis of sod-podzolic soil, unlike the other researched types of soils, reacted distinctly on applying of fertilizer and depended on the action of hydrothermal factors. Contrast in the range of hydrothermal regime caused a chaotic character of interaction between the basic characteristics in microbiocenosis of sod-podzolic soil with appearance of a direct and mediated relationship among them. Regardless of changes in hydrothermal factors , interactions between characteristics of total microbial mass content, eutrophic microorganisms, which use mineral and organic forms of nitrogen, and producers of exopolysaccharides were stable. It has been proved that estimating of ecological state of soil and influence of applicable agromeasures on it should be conducted according to the indices of total microorganism biomass content in the soil and correlation between the number of microorganisms which form the graph gremium.

2010 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 731-736 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gisele Mara Hadlich ◽  
José Martin Ucha

Cadmium (Cd) can be potentially toxic to the environment, and its bioavailability is related to the chemical forms it occurs in the soils. The distribution of Cd into the solid phase and its availability was investigated in a cultivated soil in Britanny, France. Cd sequential extraction was performed using a modified Tessier's sequential extraction protocol. Total content of Cd (n = 22 samples) ranged from 0.13 to 0.37 mg kg¹. Long term history of organic and mineral fertilizers application increased Cd concentration in the surface horizon. The fate of Cd was correlated with soil available P2O5 concentration and pH. The regression analysis (linear and non-linear) and Principal Component Analysis revealed the synergistic effect of P2O5 in the retention of Cd in cultivated soils. The following fractions' sequence was observed: bounded to Fe and Al oxides + phosphates > exchangeable > bound to organic matter » residual fraction.


Author(s):  
A. M. Soloviev ◽  
V. A. Shevchenko ◽  
N. S. Matyuk ◽  
V. D. Polin

The energy consumption of different intensities agroecosystems with prolonged usage (> 100 years) of soddy podzolic soil was studied. It was found that the minimum content of humus energy and biophile elements is characteristic for degraded agroecosystems (1094 thousand of MJ / ha), and the maximum – for super-intense (1849 thousand of MJ / ha). In intensive and super intensive agroecosystem manure and mineral fertilizers (24.17 thousand of MJ / ha) make a significant contribution to the energy potential of the soil, and crop and root residues (98.8 thousand of MJ / ha) make a compromise. It is proved that the annual energy loss due to the mineralization of organic matter increases with increasing anthropogenic impact on the soil and amounts to: in compromise agroecosystems - 9.7 thousand of MJ / ha; in super-intensive and intensive - 26.0 ... 31.3, and in degraded - 33.9 thousand of MJ / ha. The maximum total decrease in the energy potential of the soil over a 102-year observation period is characterized for degraded -42% and extensive -10% agroecosystems. The additional revenues of energy with organic and mineral fertilizers increases the energy intensity of the intensively used argolandscape to the level of a compromise, and super-intensive increases it by another 23%.


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Veronika Řezáčová ◽  
Alena Czakó ◽  
Martin Stehlík ◽  
Markéta Mayerová ◽  
Tomáš Šimon ◽  
...  

AbstractAn important goal of sustainable agriculture is to maintain soil quality. Soil aggregation, which can serve as a measure of soil quality, plays an important role in maintaining soil structure, fertility, and stability. The process of soil aggregation can be affected through impacts on biotic and abiotic factors. Here, we tested whether soil management involving application of organic and mineral fertilizers could significantly improve soil aggregation and if variation among differently fertilized soils could be specifically attributed to a particular biotic and/or abiotic soil parameter. In a field experiment within Central Europe, we assessed stability of 1–2 mm soil aggregates together with other parameters of soil samples from differently fertilized soils. Application of compost and digestates increased stability of soil aggregates. Most of the variation in soil aggregation caused by different fertilizers was associated with soil organic carbon lability, occurrence of aromatic functional groups, and variations in abundance of eubacteria, total glomalins, concentrations of total S, N, C, and hot water extractable C. In summary, we have shown that application of compost and digestates improves stability of soil aggregates and that this is accompanied by increased soil fertility, decomposition resistance, and abundance of total glomalins and eubacteria. These probably play significant roles in increasing stability of soil aggregates.


2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 39-44
Author(s):  
V. Lopushniak

Aim. To establish the effect of different fertilization systems in short fi eld crop rotation on the change in the state of humus in the dark gray podzolic soils in Western Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. Methods. Field studies were carried out in a stationary experiment of the Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry of the L’viv National Agrarian University; determination of humus content – according to DSTU 4289:2004, and that of its labile forms – in accordance with DSTU 4732:2007, fraction-group composition – by Ponomare- va-Plotnikova’s method, according to the measurement procedure 31-497058-008-2002. Results. The use of organo-mineral fertilizer system in short fi eld crop rotation with the saturation of organic fertilizers of 15 t/ha of crop rotation contributes to the humus content increase by 0.7 % after the third rotation in 0–40 cm layer of dark gray podzolic soil, the increase in the share of stable forms of humic compounds up to 57–59 % and the increase in the ratio of R HA :R FA to 1.3–1.4. The study demonstrated very high dependence of amount of gross energy reserves in the humus on the R HA :R FA ratio. Conclusions. The combined application of organic fertili- zers in the form of manure, non-market of the crop (straw) and siderate, along with mineral fertilizers is re- commended in short fi eld crop rotations of Western Forest-Steppe of Ukraine toensure expanded reproduction of fertility of dark gray podzolic soil, improvement of its humus status, increase in gross energy reserves and the share of the stable forms and humic acids in the humus.


2020 ◽  
pp. 26-28
Author(s):  
Н.Т. Чеботарев ◽  
Н.Н. Шергина

Пахотные угодья Республики Коми в основном представлены дерново-подзолистыми почвами с низким естественным плодородием, которые без применения удобрений быстро подвергаются деградационным процессам, что резко снижает их продуктивность. Цель исследований: оценка эффективности долговременного применения органических и минеральных удобрений при выращивании картофеля в кормовом севообороте в условиях Республики Коми. Методической основой выполнения работ были комплексные исследования дерново-подзолистых почв, клубней картофеля на участках многолетнего полевого эксперимента, заложенного на землях Института агробиотехнологий ФИЦ Коми НЦ УрО РАН в соответствии с «Методическими указаниями географической сети опытов с удобрениями». Длительный период исследований (более 40 лет) характеризовался различными климатическими условиями, которые отразились на количестве урожая и качестве клубней картофеля. Было проведено 7 ротаций (14 лет) с выращиванием картофеля. Вносили органические удобрения – торфонавозный компост (ТНК) в дозах 40 и 80 т/га (1 и 2 фон, соответственно) под картофель и минеральные удобрения – NPК в дозах 1/3; 1/2 и 1 для восполнения выноса растениями элементов питания. Установлено положительное влияние комплексного применения органических и минеральных удобрений на урожайность и качество картофеля, а также на плодородие дерново-подзолистой легкосуглинистой среднеокультуренной почвы в кормовом севообороте в почвенно-климатических условиях Республики Коми. В результате применения шестипольного севооборота и комплексного внесения удобрений с 1978 года к 2019 году в почвах снизилась обменная и гидролитическая кислотность; повысилось содержание гумуса на 0,5% (в контроле); на 0,2–0,5% (с тремя дозами минеральных удобрений); на 0,3–1,1% (с ТНК); на 0,2–1,6% (при совместном применении органических и минеральных удобрений). Наибольшие урожаи картофеля получены при совместном применении органических (80 т/га) и минеральных удобрений (1 NPК) и составили 37,1 т/га клубней (8,5 тыс/га кормовых единиц). При таком соотношении удобрений показано высокое качество клубней картофеля: содержание крахмала 15,5%, витамина С – 19,4 мг%, сырого протеина – 14,1%. Количество нитратного азота не превышало ПДК (ПДК 250 мг.с.м.). Экономические расчеты показали, что при внесении ТНК 40 т/га + 1 NPК в дерново-подзолистые почвы с.-х. использования в среднетаежной зоне Республики Коми при выращивании картофеля, условный чистый доход составит 68,4 тыс. р. с 1 га, себестоимость 1 т картофеля – 2,8 тыс. р., рентабельность 188,7%. The arable land of the Republic of Komi is mainly represented by dern-sub-ground soils with low natural fertility, which without the use of fertilizers are quickly subjected to degradation processes, which dramatically reduces their productivity. The aim of the research is to evaluate the efficiency of long-term use of organic and mineral fertilizers in the growing of potatoes in feed crop rotation in the conditions of the Komi Republic. The methodological basis for carrying out the works was comprehensive studies of dern-subhead soils, potato tubers on the sites of a multi-year field experiment laid on the lands of the Institute of Agrobiotechnology of the FRC Komi SC UB RAS in accordance with the «Methodological Instructions of the Geographical Network of Experiments with Fertilizers». A long period of research (more than 40 years) was characterized by different climatic conditions, which affected the number of crops and the quality of potato tubers. There were 7 rotations (14 years) with potato cultivation. Organic fertilizers – peat-avous compost (TNK) in doses of 40 and 80 t/ha (1 and 2 background, respectively) for potatoes and mineral fertilizers – NPK in doses of 1/3; 1/2 and 1 to replenish the carry-out of food elements by plants. The positive effect of the integrated use of organic and mineral fertilizers on the yield and quality of potatoes, as well as on the fertility of soddy-podzolic light loamy medium cultivated soil in fodder crop rotation in the soil and climatic conditions of the Komi Republic, has been established. As a result of the use of six-bed crop rotation and the integrated application of fertilizers, metabolic and hydrolytic acidity decreased in soils from 1978 to 2019; humus content increased by 0.5% (in control); 0.2–0.5% (with three doses of mineral fertilizers); 0.3–1.1% (with TNCs); 0.2–1.6% (with combined use of organic and mineral fertilizers). The largest potato yields were obtained from the combined use of organic (80 t/ha) and mineral fertilizers (1 NPK) and amounted to 37.1 t/ha tubers (8.5 thousand/ha feed units). The largest potato harvests were obtained with the combined use of organic (80 t/ha) and mineral fertilizers (1 NPK) and amounted to 37.1 t/ha of tubers (8.5 thousand/ha of feed units). With this ratio of fertilizers, the high quality of potato tubers was also determined: the starch content was 15.5%, vitamin C – 19.4 mg%, crude protein – 14.1%. The amount of nitrate nitrogen did not exceed the MPC (MPC 250 mg.s.m.). Economic calculations showed that if TNK is added 40 t/ha 1 NPK to the dern-sub-ground soils of agricultural use in the medium-sized zone of the Komi Republic when growing potatoes, the conditional net income will be 68.4 thousand rubles from 1 ha, the cost of 1 t of potatoes – 2.8 thousand rubles, profitability 188.7%.


Author(s):  
V. А. Shevchenko ◽  
A. V. Nefedov ◽  
A. V. Ilinskiy ◽  
А. Е. Morozov

Long-term observations of the drained soil of peat-podzolic-gley light loam on ancient alluvial sands state on the example of the meliorative object "Tinky-2" showed that under the influence of agricultural use in the soil, the organic matter mineralization processes are accelerated. During the drainage process, the soil evolutionarily suffered the following changes: the peat layer was compacted, humified and mineralized, which was a reason of the transformation them into the humus horizon. Based on the monitoring studies results it was established that during 21 intensive use years the peat layer thickness was decreased by 74.5% and amounted to 5.51 inch, which in the following 20 years was decreased to a layer of 1.18 inch, and for another 14 years it became a homogeneous humus horizon containing difficulty identifiable plant remains. For half a century, the bulk density increased by 6 times and the total moisture capacity of the soil decreased by 3.6 times. Other indicators were changed significantly. So, the ash content by 2016 increased from 11.2% to 52.7%. It was a reason of the plough-layer decreasing and it mixes with the mineral sand horizon during plowing. It should also be noted that the total nitrogen content in the soil decreased by 1.13%, and total carbon by 15.3% from 1982 to 2016. The dynamics of changes in the soil acidity, phosphorus and potassium content is associated with the introduction of calcareous, organic and mineral fertilizers in the 1980s. The unsystematic exploitation of such soils leads to decrease in the agricultural products productivity and increase in energy costs. When planning these soils usage in agricultural production, it is necessary to develop and implement modern melioration technologies and techniques aimed to increase soil fertility.


2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (10) ◽  
pp. 2608-1612 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alina Dora Samuel ◽  
Simona Bungau ◽  
Delia Mirela Tit ◽  
Carmen Elena Melinte (Frunzulica) ◽  
Lavinia Purza ◽  
...  

Long term productivity and conservation of soils is critical for sustaining agricultural ecosystems. The specific objective of the work reported was to determine the effects of long term application of organic and mineral fertilizers on soil enzyme activity as an index of soil biology and biochemistry. Three key soil enzymes involved in intracellular metabolism of microorganisms and two soil enzymes involved in phosphorus metabolism were selected. Actual and potential dehydrogenase, catalase, acid and alkaline phosphatase activities were determined in the 0-20 cm layer of an eroded soil submitted to a complex fertilization experiment. Results showed that addition of mineral fertilizers to organic (green manure and farmyard manure) fertilizers led to a significant increase in each activity because of increased plant biomass production which upon incorporation stimulates soil biological activity. The enzymatic indicators of soil quality calculated from the values of enzymatic activities depending on the kind of fertilizers showed that by the determination of enzymatic activities valuable information can be obtained regarding fertility status of soils. A weak positive correlation between enzymatic indicators of soil quality and maize yield was established. The yield data demonstrate the superiority of farmyard manure which provided greater stability in crop production. Substantial improvement in soil biological activity due to application of organic fertilizers with mineral fertilizers contribute in maintaining the productivity and soil health.


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