scholarly journals Soil water regime and crop yields in relation to various technologies of cultivation in the Kulunda Steppe (Altai Krai)

2016 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Beliaev ◽  
T. Meinel ◽  
L. Grunwald ◽  
G. Schmidt ◽  
A. A. Bondarovich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Vegetation Period ◽  
Modern Technology ◽  
Soviet System ◽  
Water Conductivity ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Modern System

This article presents the results of crop yield in areas with different technologies of cultivation based on the network of automatic stations that provide data on climatic and soil-hydrological monitoring in the dry steppe during the vegetation period of May–September 2013–2016 . These data  on regional ecological and climatic parameters are of great interest to the ecologists, plant physiologists, and farmers working in the Kulunda Plain (Altai Territory). We compared the following options for cropping technologies: the modern system, which is the "no-till", technology without autumn tillage;the intensive technology of deep autumn tillage by plough PG-3-5 at a depth of 22–24 cm. Cultivation of crops was carried out using the following scheme of crop rotation: the modern system: 1–2–3–4 (wheat – peas – wheat – rape); the intensive system: 5/6 – 7/8 – 9/10 (fallow – wheat – wheat). We believe that the use of modern technology in these conditions is better due to exchange between the different layers of soil. When  the ordinary Soviet system , the so-called "plow sole" , was used , at a depth of 24 cm , we observed that this creates a water conductivity barrier that seems to preclude the possibility of lifting water from the lower horizons. Results of the study of infiltration of soil moisture at the depth of 30 and 60 cm  have shown in some years the advantages of the modern technology over the ordinary Soviet system: in the version with the use of modern technology we can trace better exchange between the various horizons and , probably,  moisture replenishment from the lower horizons. Differences in individual observation periods are comparatively large due to the redistribution of soil moisture, depending on the weather conditions, the crops used in the crop rotations, and cultivation techniques. Moreover, the average moisture reserves within the one meter layer did not show any significant differences during the growing seasons of 2013–2016 . In terms of soil moisture usage and productive grain yield according to the four year experiment, the application of the modern technology with crop rotation "wheat – rape – wheat – peas" was more effective than the ordinary Soviet system with crop rotation "wheat – fallow – wheat – wheat". The four-year observation period is clearly insufficient to identify the advantages of the modern system, as during this time it is impossible to significantly improve soil quality indicators, which will continue to determine its water-retaining properties and moisture accumulation.

SALINITY AND DRAINAGE IN A BROWN CHERNOZEM IRRIGATED AT DIFFERENT MINIMUM MOISTURE CONTENTS

1972 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 359-364
Author(s):  
K. K. KROGMAN ◽  
E. H. HOBBS
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Soil Salinity ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Moisture Contents ◽  
Irrigation Regimes

The salinity of a Brown Chernozem under four irrigation regimes was measured at the beginning and end of each of two cycles of a 4-yr crop rotation. Irrigation reduced soil salinity during the first cycle and maintained it at the reduced level during the second cycle. Drainage in 4 yr, calculated on the basis of salt balances, increased proportionately to irrigation plus rainfall. Where only enough water was applied to maximize crop yields, that is, where soil moisture was maintained within the upper half of the available range, about 95% of the irrigation plus rainfall was utilized by the crops through evapotranspiration. Under this regime, maximum crop yields and an adequately low level of soil salinity were maintained.

scholarly journals Effects of hydrothermal conditions on agrophysical properties of typical chernozem and crop rotation productivity in the system of organic farming

2020 ◽  
pp. 70-80
Author(s):  
S. I. Kudria
Keyword(s):  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Crop Rotations ◽  
Agricultural Sustainability ◽  
Natural Fertility ◽  
Selling Price ◽  
Hydrothermal Conditions ◽  
Typical Chernozem

Relevance of research. Having the variability of hydrothermal conditions, the rate of plant life, the intensity of photosynthesis and evaporation and the activity of plant nutrient consumption change. As a rule, the optimization of the water-air regime of the soil by conducting various types of amelioration makes it possible to significantly reduce the negative effects of adverse weather conditions and ensure high sustainability of agroecosystems. However, with regard to the requirements for organic agriculture in the regions with a shortage of water supply without sufficient water resources and without the use of fertilizers to effectively conduct agricultural production is problematic. Thus, the establishment of the patterns of the dynamics of agrophysical soil properties, taking into account their impact on the bioproductivity of agrophytocenoses under variable weather conditions is the theoretical basis for solving the problem of increasing agricultural sustainability, in particular using only natural fertility and obtaining organic crop products. Purpose and objectives of research: To establish the mechanisms of changes in the nutrient regime of typical chernozem, its agrophysical properties and crop yields in different crop rotations in relation to the dynamics of agrometeorological factors under the conditions of insufficient water supply in the eastern Forest-Steppe of Ukraine; to evaluate the productivity potential of cereals and grain crops in the system of organic farming without the use of mineral fertilizers. Research methods and techniques. Evaluation of the changes in agrometeorological resources of the territory was carried out using the method of mathematical and statistical analysis of the indicators of heat and moisture supply conditions: climatic water balance and precipitation. The data obtained from the stationary experiment were processed by the methods of system generalization, correlation, economic, calculation and comparative analyzes. Research results and main conclusions. Based on the information obtained in the course the stationary agrotechnical experiment it was established that the soil density changes over the years and depends on the hydrothermal conditions with the approximation certainity of (R2) 0.75. The inverse relationship between the specific weight of the soil and its water conductivity in terms of crop rotations with R2=0.8-0.9, by years with R2=0.6 was revealed. The variation coefficient of legumes yield was 30-33%, winter wheat – 33-37%, spring barley – 36-37%, which are the indicators of its low stability over the years. Crop yields, depending on the weather conditions of the year, also fluctuated significantly: peas between 0.8-3.2, lathyrus – 0.8-2.6, winter wheat – 0.6-6.8, buckwheat – 0.6-1.9, spring barley – 0.6-3.5 t/ha. Crop rotation with peas in terms of productivity of 2.4 t/ha of grain on average outperformed the others (2.2 and 2.0 t/ha) while maintaining the patterns of fluctuations of this indicator in relation to hydrothermal conditions. Having the average statistical selling price, the yield per 1 ha of crop rotation area of all studied crop rotations was almost the same with the fluctuations in the unfavorable years of 27-35 c. u./ha, in favorable ones – 97-104 c. u./ha, with the average value of 66-73 c. u./ha. If we assume that the selling price of organic products will be 25% higher than usual, the average annual yield will triple. Prospects for further research should correspond to the global trend of scientific research aimed at developing conceptual bases for the effects of hydrothermal conditions on agrophysical soil properties, taking into account their impact on bioproductivity of agrophytocenoses as a theoretical basis for solving the problem of increasing agricultural sustainability, in particular, using only the natural fertility of the organic-oriented model of developing the agricultural sector of the economy.

scholarly journals Impact of Organomineral Fertilization Systems on the Yield of Field Crops and Changes in the Productivity of Crop Rotation on Irrigated Ordinary Carbonate Chernozems of the Central Ciscaucasia

2021 ◽  
Vol 262 ◽  
pp. 01039
Author(s):  
Ruslan Bizhoev ◽  
Sarina Konova ◽  
Asiyat Sarbasheva ◽  
Olga Batyrova ◽  
Rada Gazheva
Keyword(s):  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Humus Content ◽  
Mineral Fertilizer ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
Caucasus Region ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Central Caucasus ◽  
The Impact ◽  
By Products

The paper presents the research results of the impact of different fertilization systems - mineral and organic, using intercropping of green manure crops, biological resources (straw of grain crops, foliar of maize) on crop yields of grain rotating crops - winter wheat, maize, peas and the productivity of hectare of arable black land of ordinary carbonate chernozem in dryland conditions of the Central Caucasus region with different indicators of growing seasons. The scientific novelty of the paper is the identification of optimum-rational fertilization systems and the justification of the influence of the studied fertilization systems and the use of by-products of the crop rotation, which make it possible to obtain stable crop yields and maintain the humus content in the soil. The work defines the efficiency of the use of different mineral fertilizer doses in combination with organic fertilizers, which form the highest crop yield and crop rotation productivity.

scholarly journals Species domination in oats phytocenosis and its yield

2012 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 303-321
Author(s):  
Maria Wanic ◽  
Magdalena Jastrzębska ◽  
Marta K. Kostrzewska ◽  
Janusz Nowicki
Keyword(s):  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Vegetation Period ◽  
High Variability ◽  
Thlaspi Arvense ◽  
Rotation System ◽  
Covered Oats

The paper presents an analysis of oats phytocenosis (the crop and weeds) treated as a competitor group as concerns the species domination developing within it. The study covered oats cultivated on plots after potatoes (in crops rotation system with 25% share of oats) and twice after oats (75% share of oats in the rotation system) during the years 1990-2000. Simpson's species domination ratio and domination structure in the association identifying groups of: dominants, subdominants, influents and accessory species, were computed and studied. Relations between the studied phytocenosis features and weather conditions and oats yield were also determined. It was shown that quantitative relations in the assessed competitor associations were characterized by high variability between years and vegetation periods while no major differences were found between positions in the crop rotation systems. The density of spring phytocenosis during 11 years of studies increased resulting from increasing numbers of weeds appearing; during the late vegetation period they changed the density of associations slightly. In the spring, the groups competitive to the group of dominants consisted usually of the crop and <i>Thlaspi arvense</i> as well as <i>Chenopodium album</i>; with the passage of years their position strengthened. The enrichment of species in phytocenosis was represented mainly by an increase in numbers of accessory species. At the end of vegetation the importance of oats as a dominant increased significantly; during some seasons <i>Chenopodium album</i> co-dominated, however, with the passage of years the group of subdominants grew. Domination ratios for the studied competitor groups decreased with the passage of years, parallel to decrease of oats share in them. The studied features of phytocenosis showed a stronger correlation to the passage of years than the weather development. Invasiveness of weeds increased during consecutive seasons of cultivation while it showed less correlation with the density of oats. Oats yields showed a slight decreasing trend from year to year and was highly determined by the density of the entire weeds assemblage and in the spring by density and share of dominating species.

scholarly journals Impact of Environmental Conditions and Agronomic Practices on the Prevalence of Fusarium Species Associated with Ear- and Stalk Rot in Maize

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annette Pfordt ◽  
Lucia Ramos Romero ◽  
Simon Schiwek ◽  
Petr Karlovsky ◽  
Andreas von Tiedemann
Keyword(s):  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Vegetation Period ◽  
Temperature And Precipitation ◽  
Local Species ◽  
Local Range ◽  
The Impact

Fusarium species are common pathogens on maize and reduce the product quality through contamination with mycotoxins thus jeopardizing safety of both animal feed and human food products. Monitoring of Fusarium infected maize ears and stalks was conducted in Germany to determine the range of Fusarium species present in the field and to assess the impact of tillage, crop rotation, and weather conditions on the frequency of Fusarium species. From 2016 till 2018, a total of 387 infected ears and 190 stalk segments from 58 locations in Germany were collected. For each sample location, site-specific agronomic data on tillage and previous crops as well as meteorological data on precipitation, air temperature, and relative humidity during the vegetation period were recorded. The most frequent Fusarium species detected in maize ears were Fusarium graminearum, F. verticillioides and F. temperatum, whereas, F. graminearum, F. equiseti, F. culmorum, and F. temperatum were the species prevailing on maize stalks. Differences in the local species composition were found to be primarily associated with weather variations between the years and the microclimate at the different locations. The results indicate that mean temperature and precipitation in July, during flowering, has the strongest impact on the local range of Fusarium spp. on ears, whereas the incidence of Fusarium species on stalks is mostly affected by weather conditions during September. Ploughing significantly reduced the infection with F. graminearum and F. temperatum, while crop rotation exerted only minor effects.

scholarly journals Spatial variations in crop growing seasons pivotal to reproduce global fluctuations in maize and wheat yields

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (11) ◽  
pp. eaat4517 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonas Jägermeyr ◽  
Katja Frieler
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yields ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Spatial Variations ◽  
Irrigated Agriculture ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Availability Constraints

Testing our understanding of crop yield responses to weather fluctuations at global scale is notoriously hampered by limited information about underlying management conditions, such as cultivar selection or fertilizer application. Here, we demonstrate that accounting for observed spatial variations in growing seasons increases the variance in reported national maize and wheat yield anomalies that can be explained by process-based model simulations from 34 to 58% and 47 to 54% across the 10 most weather-sensitive main producers, respectively. For maize, the increase in explanatory power is similar to the increase achieved by accounting for water stress, as compared to simulations assuming perfect water supply in both rainfed and irrigated agriculture. Representing water availability constraints in irrigation is of second-order importance. We improve the model’s explanatory power by better representing crops’ exposure to observed weather conditions, without modifying the weather response itself. This growing season adjustment now allows for a close reproduction of heat wave and drought impacts on crop yields.

scholarly journals Discriminant analysis in the assessment of crop yields on agribusiness soils

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
А.В. РУЧКИНА ◽  
Р.Н. Ушаков ◽  
А.О. Елизаров ◽  
Т.Ю. Амелина
Keyword(s):  
Discriminant Analysis ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Life Support ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Yield Data ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
Grey Forest Soil

Цель исследований – методом дискриминантного анализа оценить вклад абиотических (почвенные условия, осадки) и биотических (сорняки) факторов в формировании урожайности зерновых культур. Урожайность является производной множества условий, проявляющихся в двух результирующих факторах – климатических и почвенных с подчинением классическим законам земледелия. Реализация продукционного процесса сельскохозяйственных растений, его гомеостатические возможности зависят не только от наличия ресурсов жизнеобеспечения, но и от их доступности для растения. Материальными носителями, обуславливающими доступность ресурсов в почве, являются различные компоненты, которые генерируют разнообразные связи внутри почвы и в формате почва - растение. Чтобы хоть как-то разобраться со всей сложностью явления формирования урожайности, необходимо применять методы многомерного статистического анализа, в частности, дискриминантный анализ. Минимальное значение продуктивности севооборотов, с экономической точки зрения, не должно составлять ниже 25-30 ц з.ед/га. Массив данных по урожайности зерновых культур был разбит на группу 1 (урожайность ниже 25-30 ц з. ед/га) и группу 2 (больше 25-30 ц з. ед/га). Всего было определено 180 комбинаций. Это стало возможным благодаря многолетнему опыту, заложенному Л.В. Ильиной по комплексному окультуриванию агросерой почвы с внедрением систем удобрений, обработки, севооборотов. Дискриминация между группами была значима. В процедуре дискриминации наиболее желательным является присутствие переменной «Сорняки» (соответствует наибольшее значение Уилкса Лямбда). На данный факт указывает также значение частной лямбды (характеризует единичный вклад), именно переменная «Сорняки» дает наибольший вклад, вторая переменная по значению вклада – «Калий». Скорее всего, ощутимый вклад сорняков обусловлен конкуренцией с их стороны за использование одних и тех же экологических ресурсов, которые необходимы и культурным растениям. За счет более эффективной организации экологической ниши сорная растительность снижает потенциал реализации климатических и погодных условий. The aim of the studies is to assess the contribution of abiotic (soil conditions, precipitation) and biotic (weed) factors in the formation of crop yields by discriminatory analysis. Yield is a derivative of the many conditions evident in the resulting two factors - climatic and soil with submission to the classical laws of farming. The realization of the production process of agricultural plants, its homeostatic capabilities depend not only on the availability of life support resources, but also on their availability for the plant. The material carriers that make resources available in the soil are various components that generate a variety of connections within the soil and in soil-plant format. The methods of multidimensional statistical analysis, in particular discriminant analysis, allow to understand at least all the complexity of the phenomenon of yield formation. From an economic point of view, the minimum productivity of crop rotation should not be lower than 30 c z. piece/hectare. The crop yield data array was divided into group 0 (yield below 25-30 c z. Unit/ha) and group 1 (more than 25-30 c z. piece/hectare). A total of 180 combinations were determined. This was made possible by the long-term experience laid down by L. V. Ilina on the complex culturing of grey forest soil with the introduction of fertilizer systems, treatment, crop rotation. Discrimination between groups was significant. The presence of the Weeds variable in the discrimination procedure is most desirable (corresponding to Wilkes lambda 's greatest value). This is also indicated by the value of the private lambda (characterizes the unit contribution), i.e. the variable "Weeds" gives the contribution more than all, the variable. "Potassium" is the second most important contribution. The significant contribution of weeds seems to be due to competition on their part for the use of the same environmental resources as cultural plants. Due to more efficient organization of ecological niche, weed vegetation reduces the potential for realization of climatic and weather conditions.

scholarly journals The Development of Soil Water Resources in The Common Osier (Salix Viminalis L.) Field in A Very Dry and An Average Vegetation Season

2014 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-17
Author(s):  
Ewa Kanecka-Geszke
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Atmospheric Precipitation ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Vegetation Period ◽  
Vegetation Season ◽  
The Common ◽  
Soil Water Resources

Abstract The paper presents results of a study on changes of water resources under the common osier (Salix vimina-lis L.) crop in relation to local weather conditions. Field studies were carried out since April till October of the years 2008 and 2010 in a productive field of energetic osier situated in north-eastern part of Bydgoszcz County. The study involved measurements of moisture in 100 cm soil profiles in the osier field of annual regrowth every ten days. The common osier was grown on mineral soil where atmospheric precipitation was the only water source and ground waters were unavailable for plants. Performed studies showed that changes in water reserves in both the main root zone (0–50 cm) and in the whole soil profile were similar in the vegetation period of the same year. In a very dry vegetation season (2008), soil moisture remained at a level of hardly available water. In an average season (2010) soil moisture was at a level of field water capacity for plants.

scholarly journals Sowing terms as a way to increase yield of soybean varieties with different vegetation period

1970 ◽  
pp. 71-81
Author(s):  
V.H. Moldovan ◽  
Zh.A. Moldovan ◽  
S.I. Sobchuk
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Vegetation Period ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
Individual Productivity ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Late Sowing

Purpose. To study of the influence of sowing terms on plant growth and development, formation of indicators of individual productivity and seed yield by soybean varieties with different vegetation period in conditions of the western Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. Methods. Field experiment, calculation and weight, mathematical statistics. Results. Weather conditions in the years of the research were characterized by high average daily temperatures against the background of uneven distribution of precipitation by phases of soybean development, which together with the studied factor had a significant impact on the growth and development of soybean plants and seed yield formation. It was found that the studied soybean varieties with different growing seasons react differently to growing conditions. The timing of sowing significantly affects the height of attachment of the lower bean, the number of beans per plant and seeds in the bean, the weight of 1000 seeds and the weight of seeds per 1 plant. However, they have almost no effect on the number of seeds in the bean. It was investigated that the soybean variety Diadema Podillya forms the highest yields at the optimal and late sowing dates, while the soybean of the KiVin, Knyazhna, Khutoryanochka and Triada varieties – at the late sowing period (second decade of May). The increase in seed yield compared to sowing in the optimal time (first decade of May) was 6.6%, 3.1%, 13.8% and 9.6%, respectively. Conclusions. Sowing terms in interaction with the weather conditions of the growing season, have a significant impact on the formation of indicators of individual productivity and seed yield of soybean varieties with different growing seasons. That is why in the conditions of climate change, uneven moisture supply during the growing season and the emergence of new varieties it is advisable to continue research to study the impact of sowing dates, in interaction with other factors, on the formation of individual productivity and yield of soybean seeds.

Relevant issues of land reclamation development in Non-black Earth area

2020 ◽  
pp. 5-13
Author(s):  
Georgiy Gulyuk ◽  
Aleksey Ivanov ◽  
Yuri Yanko
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Land Reclamation ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Vegetation Period ◽  
Nature Management ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Edible Roots ◽  
Social Economic Development

Current situation and agricultural management on the non-black earth area of Russia arebeing gradually worsen by the negative natural factors such as a significant increase of weather based climatic abnormal risks, deterioration of agro-meliorative conditions of agricultural lands because of colonization by tree and shrubbery vegetation and secondary bog formation, hidden degradation of soil fertility. When combined with functional loss of ameliorative complex and meliorative systems amortization, regional agriculture adaptation possibilities were rapidly limited. Production shortfall due no abnormal weather conditions for particular field crops was 19…48% during last five years, level of business realization of bioclimatic potential on a field was decreased by 7…12%.The complete realization of regional agricultural adaptive potential to weather based climatic changes and limitation of greenhouse gases emissions is possible on a basis of regeneration ofalll functions and aspects of ameliorative complex management. Toward this goal the coordinated actions of federal and regional management of Agricultural Complex, Scientific and Educational institutions, project foundations and managers are needed in a relation to human resources, scientific and regulatory supply. Any incomplete treatment in these fields inherent in visual negative consequences for food security and social economic development of rural areas of non-black earth zones not only at the current historical moment, but in a future also. Fundamental influence of solving of these problems deserves to scientific supply of innovative ameliorative complex, renewal of which should be based on principals of resources and energy preservation, nature management, computerization and digitalization management. During a long term research it was established that increase of average vegetation period temperature by lоСhas increased productivity of winter wheat, barley and summer wheat in average on 0,7 tons per ha, winter wheat and oat on 0,4 tons per ha, potatoes – 8,2 tons per ha, edible roots-6,4 tons per ha, cabbage 9,8 tons per ha, dry basis of herbage of multi and one age grasses–0,5 and 0,7 tons per ha. Increase of СО2 Concentration from 0,35 to 0,45% during last twenty years contributed into grow of yield in regional agriculture which can be estimated as 0,3 tons per ha per measure; searching remedy for agroclimatical risks decreasing production became drainage and irrigation systems (decrease 3…5 times);new method of reclamation of abandoned areas with transformation of biomass of tree and shrubbery vegetation into biochar makes it possible to decrease СО2 emissions up to times and get an adverse balance of СО2;secondary reclamation of lands covered by trees and shrubbery on area of 22ha used for vegetables and area of 37ha used for forage crops could supply a farmer with work and revenue sufficient for maintenance of one child what is on the major facts of population declaim in rural areas.

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