Sudden Infant Death Syndrome

1993 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 83-93
Author(s):  
John L. Carroll ◽  
Gerald M. Loughlin
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Maternal Smoking ◽  
Preventive Intervention ◽  
Home Monitoring ◽  
Intervention Strategies ◽  
Sudden Infant ◽  
Main Role ◽  
High Risk Infant ◽  
Sleeping Position

The causes of SIDS are unknown, and there are no tests that predict which infants will die of SIDS. Home monitoring, while it may prevent death in some high-risk infant populations, has not altered the overall incidence of SIDS. Studies have identified several important risk factors, such as prematurity, low birth-weight, inadequate prenatal care, maternal smoking, maternal anemia, and poor socioeconomic conditions. Other recent studies have raised important questions about child care practices, such as infant sleeping position. Still others raise equally important questions about the role of neglect or intentional injury, which now must become the subject of proper scientific investigation. The possibility that underlying metabolic defects may account for a substantial proportion of cases has been raised but requires verification. A common thread is evident: There are risk factors, such as maternal smoking and infant sleeping position, that could be subject to preventive intervention strategies. Approximately 200 new articles are published on the topic of SIDS every year. The pediatrician must have the necessary perspective to incorporate these into the "big picture." Because the main role of the pediatrician involves support, advice, and counseling of parents of present SIDS victims and future siblings, a strong knowledge base is essential. The pediatrician also can serve as an advocate for future children by insisting [See table in the PDF file] on the full and proper investigation of every SIDS case. Although we will never eliminate sudden unexplained death during childhood, we can at least hope, through better diagnosis of treatable conditions and improved preventive intervention strategies, to whittle away this diagnosis of exclusion to its minimum possible incidence.

scholarly journals THE ROLE OF NUTRITION IN A CHILD’S PHYSICAL, MENTAL AND EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 1209-1212
Author(s):  
Mitko Kocev ◽  
Julijana Sazdova ◽  
Dejan Antonievski
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Food Analysis ◽  
Emotional Development ◽  
Child Nutrition ◽  
Intervention Strategies ◽  
Main Role ◽  
Adequate Nutrition ◽  
Biochemical Testing

The adequate nutrition in childhood has the main role in the physical, mental and emotional development of the child. Herein, the children are considered a prioritized part of the population that can be influenced by different intervention strategies (Deghan et al. 2005). It is of utmost importance to obtain the suitable nutrition to every child, and this is the main reason that causes most of the research on child nutrition to be conducted in the kindergartens. The analysis on the food intake and the type of food in the kindergarten can help us analyse the overall health of the children. Usually, in the process of food analysis we use various components such as the following: dietary intake, anthropometric measurements and biochemical testing. We have identified a few researches that have used the above mentioned components for assessment of the child’s nutrition that we mention in our paper as well.

Sudden Unexpected Death of Two Infants in Baby Carriers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis Storz ◽  
Christof Dame ◽  
Anke Wendt ◽  
Alexander Gratopp ◽  
Christoph Bührer
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Infant Development ◽  
Sudden Infant Death ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Bottle Feeding ◽  
Sudden Unexpected Death ◽  
Sudden Infant ◽  
Unexpected Death ◽  
Sleeping Position ◽  
Prone Sleeping Position

Sudden unexpected death in infancy (SUDI), previously termed sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), is the second leading cause of death in infants beyond the neonatal period in Germany, and a major cause of infant mortality in economically well developed countries (OECD Health Statistics, 2019). The risk of SUDI peaks at the age of 2–4 months and then decreases continuously till the end of the first year. A complex multifactorial cause, rather than a single characteristic factor, may cause SUDI within a critical period of infant development (Guntheroth WG et al., Pediatrics 2002; 110: e64–e64). Risk factors include prematurity, male gender, bottle-feeding, prone sleeping position, overheating, as well as exposure to smoke amongst others (Carpenter RG et al., Lancet 2004; 363: 185–191). Thus, health professionals consistently advise and educate parents about avoidable risk factors of SUDI at routine well-baby examinations. Since the advent of SUDI prevention strategies in the 1980s, the incidence has decreased 10fold, from 1,55/1.000 live births in 1991 to 0,15/1000 in 2015. This number seems to have reached a steady state (Statistisches Bundesamt Germany, 2015).

scholarly journals What risk factors for sudden infant death syndrome are preterm and term medically complex infants exposed to at home?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Mitchell ◽  
Daniel Y Wang ◽  
Christine Troskie ◽  
Lisa Loczy ◽  
Abby Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽  
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome ◽  
Infant Death ◽  
Maternal Smoking ◽  
Sudden Infant Death ◽  
Sudden Infant ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Medical Complexity ◽  
Syncytial Virus

Abstract Objectives Risk factors for sudden infant death syndrome include premature birth, maternal smoking, prone or side sleeping position, sleeping with blankets, sharing a sleeping surface with an adult, and sleeping without an adult in the room. In this study, we compare parents’ responses on sleep patterns in premature and term infants with medical complexity. Methods Parents of children enrolled in the Canadian Respiratory Syncytial Virus Evaluation Study of Palivizumab were phoned monthly regarding their child’s health status until the end of each respiratory syncytial virus season. Baseline data were obtained on patient demographics, medical history, and neonatal course. Responses on adherence to safe sleep recommendations were recorded as part of the assessment. Results A total of 2,526 preterms and 670 term infants with medical complexity were enrolled. Statistically significant differences were found in maternal smoking rates between the two groups: 13.3% (preterm); 9.3% (term) infants (χ 2=8.1, df=1, P=0.004) and with respect to toys in the crib: 12.3% (term) versus 5.8% preterms (χ 2=24.5, df=1, P<0.0005). Preterm infants were also significantly more likely to be placed prone to sleep (8.8%), compared with term infants (3.3%), (χ 2=18.1, df=1, P<0.0005). Conclusion All the infants in this study had frequent medical contacts. There is a greater prevalence of some risk factors for sudden infant death syndrome in preterm infants compared to term infants with medical complexity. Specific educational interventions for vulnerable infants may be necessary.

scholarly journals Risk factors of the fungal urinary tract infections

2021 ◽  
pp. 178-184
Author(s):  
N. V. Sturov ◽  
S. V. Popov ◽  
I. Yu. Shmelkov
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Urinary Tract Infection ◽  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Tract Infection ◽  
Urinary Tract Infections ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Antifungal Drugs ◽  
Main Role ◽  
Tract Infections

The role of fungi as causative agents of infections is growing. In in-patients, especially at intensive care units, fungal infections might cause serious problems. Studies conducted over recent years shows an increase of fungi detection in urine in in-patients from 5,01 up to 10,63%. Most often, the appearance of fungi in the urine connected with contamination or colonization of the urinary tract. However, in immunocompromised patients, this could be the part of urinary tract infection and even of disseminated fungal process. Candida is the most common cause of fungal urinary tract infections. At the same time, the presence of Candida in urine (candiduria) not always comes with clinical signs of urethritis, cystitis and pyelonephritis. Detection of noCandida albicans agents in urine is increasing, new Candida species revealed are resistant to antifungal drugs so risk of complications is increasing. Recent researches reveal new mechanisms of how Candida interacts with the bacteria that cause urinary infections. The main mechanisms of Candida virulence factors are dimorphism, adhesion proteins — Als1-7,9 and Gls, invasion enzymes — phospholipase, Als3 and Ssa1, as well as enzymes that neutralize reactive oxygen species. The most significant risk factors of fungal urinary tract infection are the presence of a urinary catheter, diabetes mellitus, immunosuppression and previous antibiotic intake. The study of the formation process of the cellular and immune response to Candida makes it possible to identify the main links in the pathogenesis of urinary tract candidiasis, as well as the main role of immunosuppression in the development of the disease.

scholarly journals Risk Factors for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome and Sleeping Practices in Korea

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Young Mee Ahn ◽  
Kyung-moo Yang ◽  
Hong Il Ha ◽  
Jung Ae Cho
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome ◽  
Infant Death ◽  
Sudden Infant Death ◽  
Child Rearing ◽  
Sudden Infant ◽  
Sleeping Position ◽  
Cultural Variations ◽  
The Public ◽  
Healthy Infants

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) in Korea remains a poorly-understood subject for both professionals and the public. Recent reports have emphasized ethnic differences in SIDS rates, suggesting that making adjustments in child-rearing practices may contribute substantially to SIDS reduction. Two of the three major risk factors for SIDS-vulnerability of the infant and exogenous factors-need to be understood in particular depth due to their broad scope and sociocultural grounding. This paper presents substantial issues regarding preterm birth and male gender on infants’ vulnerability to SIDS in Korea. Practices of caring for healthy infants are addressed in the context of sleeping practices, including sleeping position, bedding arrangements, sleeping on the floor, the back-to-sleep position, high indoor temperatures and ondol floor heating, and swaddling. Professional and social awareness about how to reduce SIDS should be raised by promoting a better understanding of risk factors in the context of ethnic and cultural variations in child-rearing practices.

scholarly journals The battle with uneven opponent – Sudden Infant Death Syndrome

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 132-135
Author(s):  
Paulina Pisaniak ◽  
Dominika Piękoś ◽  
Katarzyna Bąk ◽  
Patryk Stokłosa ◽  
Dorota Ozga
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome ◽  
Infant Death ◽  
Sudden Infant Death ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
Sudden Infant ◽  
Cot Death ◽  
Educational Campaigns

AbstractSIDS is one of the biggest problems of modern medicine. In the diagnosis of SIDS, we take into account all possible diseases that may be the cause of death, as well as factors indicating an accident or murder. The etiology of SIDS is not yet known. There are several pathogenetic concepts, most of which refer to pathophysiological changes associated with nervous system hypoplasia. The most important risk factors include the effects of tobacco smoke, obstetric history, and incorrect sleep position. The role of risk factors in the pathogenesis of SIDS and their interdependence is still the subject of many studies. There are many theories developed on this subject, but none have been supported by scientific research and which is extremely difficult to carry out in this group of newborns. In most cases, medical help finds a newborn already dead, so it is difficult to say what is the main cause or marker of cot death. A considerable success in preventing the onset of sudden infant death syndrome turned out to be educational campaigns for parents - in order to follow up, an information leaflet was prepared with the basic recommendations in the prevention of SIDS. Among the parents of newborn children there are still many controversial opinions about risk factors in the onset of sudden infant death syndrome, the article contains and explains the meaning of individual activities that are considered to predispose to SIDS.

scholarly journals Risk factors for sudden infant death syndrome in a developing country

2008 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 396-401 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Paula Silveira Pinho ◽  
Denise Aerts ◽  
Magda Lahorgue Nunes
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Sudden Death ◽  
Developing Country ◽  
Sudden Infant Death ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Sudden Death Syndrome ◽  
Sudden Infant ◽  
Sleeping Position ◽  
Smoking During Pregnancy ◽  
Medical Visits

OBJECTIVE: To analyze whether previously identified risk factors for sudden death syndrome have a significant impact in a developing country. METHODS: Retrospective longitudinal case-control study carried out in Porto Alegre, Southern Brazil. Cases (N=39) were infants born between 1996 and 2000 who died suddenly and unexpectedly at home during sleep and were diagnosed with sudden death syndrome. Controls (N=117) were infants matched by age and sex who died in hospitals due to other conditions. Data were collected from postmortem examination records and questionnaires answers. A conditional logistic model was used to identify factors associated with the outcome. RESULTS: Mean age at death of cases was 3.2 months. The frequencies of infants regarding gestational age, breastfeeding and regular medical visits were similar in both groups. Sleeping position for most cases and controls was the lateral one. Supine sleeping position was found for few infants in both groups. Maternal variables, age below 20 years (OR=2, 95% CI: 1.1; 5.1) and smoking of more than 10 cigarettes per day during pregnancy (OR=3, 95% CI: 1.3; 6.4), significantly increased the risk for the syndrome. Socioeconomic characteristics were similar in both groups and did not affect risk. CONCLUSIONS: Infant-maternal and socioeconomic profiles of cases in a developing country closely resembled the profile described in the literature, and risk factors were similar as well. However, individual characteristics were identified as risks in the population studied, such as smoking during pregnancy and maternal age below 20 years.

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