COMBINED IMMUNIZATION AGAINST DIPHTHERIA, TETANUS AND PERTUSSIS IN NEWBORN INFANTS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1949 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-194
Author(s):  
PAUL A. DI SANT'AGNESE
Keyword(s):  
Booster Dose ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
Active Immunization ◽  
Striking Difference ◽  
Tetanus Antitoxin ◽  
The Third ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Diphtheria Antitoxin ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
One Year

Additional serologic studies are presented of a group of newborn infants whose antibody production following combined prophylactic inoculation against tetanus, diphtheria and pertussis was reported in a previous paper. Duration of Antibody Titers: In the 10 months following the last injection of triple combined antigen a steady decline in diphtheria antitoxin titers was observed which was more marked in patients who had achieved high antibody levels. A similar decrease was found in the percentage of infants with high titers of tetanus antitoxin, but there were no cases whose tetanus antitoxin level dropped to less than the "protective" titer (0.1 unit/cc.). Progressive decrease in diphtheria and tetanus antitoxin titers with passage of time is in agreement with findings of others. After the third and last immunizing injection, a rapid initial decrease was noted in the number of patients with "protective" pertussis agglutinin titers (1:400 or higher); then a levelling off took place and no further change was noted in the next six months. On the other hand, a steady decline was found in the percentage of infants with "high" agglutinin levels (1:3200). To our knowledge this has not been observed before. The young age of our patients at the time of the basic injections may have been responsible for the findings. Antibody Titers After Booster Dose: One group of infants was reinjected at the age of six months (four months after the third and last immunizing injection), another group at one year of age (10 months after the last injection). All booster doses consisted of 0.5 cc. of the same triple combined antigen used in basic immunization. After booster a marked increase was noted in diphtheria antitoxin titers to a level higher than that observed following the basic immunizing injections. Tetanus antitoxin response was considered to have been equally good, although more difficult to evaluate because of the high antitoxin levels present before reinjection. In the case of pertussis agglutinins, it appeared as if there were a "ceiling" of about 60% of infants who could, even after reinjection, develop a "protective" agglutinin titer (1:400 or higher). A striking difference was observed in both pertussis agglutinin levels and diphtheria antitoxin titers achieved by infants reinjected at six months and one year of age. This was thought to be due to immaturity of the immune mechanisms in the younger age group. An added factor in the case of diphtheria antitoxin in some patients may have been the persistence of passive antibodies acquired transplacentally. Antibody titers also were determined six months after booster dose in the infants who had been reinjected at the age of six months. A marked decrease was observed in the percentage of patients with "protective" pertussis agglutinin titers and "high" (1.0 unit/cc.) diphtheria antitoxin levels. No reduction was noted in tetanus antitoxin titers. Effects of Passive immunity to Diphtheria on Active immunization with Diphtheria Toxoid: With only one exception, all infants tested after a booster dose had been administered between 6 and 12 months of age had "protective" diphtheria antitoxin titers (0.03 units/cc. or more). Active immunization against diphtheria was therefore considered to have been achieved in all cases (with one exception) despite the passively transmitted antitoxin present at birth in over half the cases. While passive diphtheria antitoxin present at birth did not prevent "sensitization" of the antibody-forming tissues to the diphtheria antigen, it did decrease significantly the amounts of antitoxin actively produced in response to basic inoculation. Reasons for the success of active diphtheria immunization in this series are discussed. Arguments against active immunization of mothers in pregnancy for protection of their offspring are considered.

MULTIPLE ANTIGEN IMMUNIZATION OF INFANTS AGAINST POLIOMYELITIS, DIPHTHERIA, PERTUSSIS, AND TETANUS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1962 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 720-736
Author(s):  
Clarence D. Barrett ◽  
I. William McLean ◽  
Joseph G. Molner ◽  
Eugene A. Timm ◽  
Charles F. Weiss
Keyword(s):  
Booster Dose ◽  
Active Immunization ◽  
Maternal Antibody ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Tetanus Antitoxin ◽  
The Third ◽  
Multiple Antigen ◽  
Primary Series ◽  
Initial Injection ◽  
Pertussis Antigen

This study was designed to determine the earliest age in infancy at which immunization against poliomyelitis, diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis can be started using a multiple antigen containing component antigens against all four diseases. Subjects ranged in age from 1 day old through 6 months old at time of initial injection. All were given a series of four injections of 0.5 ml of DPT-polio antigen 4 weeks apart followed by a fifth dose (0.5 ml) of the same material 6 months later. A control group received 0.5 ml of a DPT antigen at monthly intervals for their first four doses, but were given a DPT-polio injection (0.5 ml) for their fifth dose. Although it is evident that there is a progressive response in relation to age of the infant at time of initial inoculation, in respect to poliomyelitis and pertussis immunization, it was apparent that the capacity of the 3-month-old infant to respond to active immunization closely approximates that of the 6-month-old. Ninety per cent showed definite evidence of an immune response to all three poliovirus types despite extremely high levels of preprimary maternal antibody in the majority of 3-month-old infants under study. Pertussis antibody response, as measured by agglutinin titers, was as good in the 3-month-old as in the 6-month-old infants. The response in the 2-month-old infants was relatively poor at the postprimary stage but was equivalent to that of the older infants at the postbooster interval. There was no indication that response to pertussis immunization was impaired by the inclusion of pertussis antigen in the quadrivalent antigen under study. Diphtheria and tetanus antitoxin titers were excellent regardless of age at initial inoculation. The results indicate that four doses of DPT-polio combined antigen given at monthly intervals will overcome the interference of high levels of maternal antibody in respect to poliomyelitis immunization and that the primary series of injections may be started as early as the third month of life. It is important, however, that this primary series of inoculations be followed by a booster dose of the same antigen preparation in about 6 months in order to reinforce the basic immunity.

COMBINED IMMUNIZATION AGAINST DIPHTHERIA, TETANUS AND PERTUSSIS IN NEWBORN INFANTS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1949 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 333-344
Author(s):  
PAUL A. DI SANT'AGNESE
Keyword(s):  
Antibody Production ◽  
Booster Dose ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
Active Immunization ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Tetanus Antitoxin ◽  
Antigenic Stimulus ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
Two Age Groups

A comparison was made of antibody production by newborn infants and by older children following prophylactic inoculation against diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis. In all instances the same triple combined antigen ("Alhydrox") was used, and the same routine was followed. First injection of vaccine was administered to all newborn infants at seven days of age. Most of the "older" children were between six and 12 months of age at first injection. Incidence and severity of systemic reactions to administration of the triple combined antigen increased with subsequent injections in newborn infants; the reverse was true of the "older" children. No such difference was found between the two age groups in local reactions to inoculation. Five sterile abscesses were observed in the newborns; none in the "older" children. Pertussis agglutinin titers achieved after immunization were consistently higher (even after booster dose) in "older" children than in infants injected in the newborn period. "Older" children produced significantly higher diphtheria antitoxin titers after prophylactic injection than the newborn infants. After administration of a booster dose, however, diphtheria antibody production in the two age groups was comparable. No difference was found at any time in tetanus antitoxin levels achieved after inoculation by the newborn infants and the "older" children. It was concluded that during the first year of life the capacity to produce antibodies in response to an antigenic stimulus increases with advancing age. It was felt, however, that in some instances the immunologic handicap due to tissue immaturity can be overcome if a sufficiently great antigenic stimulus is given. Evaluation of antibody titers achieved by newborn infants after prophylactic injection of triple combined antigen reveals that the results of immunization against tetanus and diphtheria were satisfactory. The results of inoculation against pertussis were considered to be unsatisfactory, mainly because the proportion of infants who produced "protective" agglutinin titers fell far short of the 90% which is the maximum that can be expected. A conservative approach to the problem of active immunization in early infancy is urged. It is suggested that until further work is done, routine prophylactic inoculations not be started before the age of three months.

ADENOVIRUS COMPLEMENT-FIXING ANTIBODY TITERS FROM BIRTH THROUGH THE FIRST YEAR OF LIFE

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1963 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 497-500
Author(s):  
Rosa Lee Nemir ◽  
Donna O'Hare ◽  
Stanley Goldstein ◽  
Charles B. Hilton
Keyword(s):  
Cytopathic Effect ◽  
Gradual Increase ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
First Year ◽  
Placental Barrier ◽  
Culture Studies ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Level 1 ◽  
One Year ◽  
First Year Of Life

Complement fixing antibody titers to the adenoviruses were determined in 251 newborn infants, using cord blood. Approximately 95% of these were found to have CF titers of 1:16 or over, the majority (75%) were 1:32 or more. Material from the pharyngeal and rectal swabs of these infants on tissue culture studies (542) on HeLa and amnion cells showed no cytopathic effect in oven 96% of these infants. A longitudinal study of 114 of these infants was made at 3 months intervals; 67 have been observed for one year. At 3 months, only 12% still showed CF antibody titers, and these were chiefly at a low level, 1:16. At the subsequent 3-month interval observations, a gradual rise in CF antibodies were found. At one year of age, approximately 37% had titers of 1:32 on over. The findings of this report support the statement that CF antibodies to adenovirus pass the placental barrier. There is a gradual increase in the percentage of infants with positive CF antibodies after 3 months.

scholarly journals Effect of the third dose of BNT162b2 vaccine in quantitative SARS-CoV-2 spike 1-2 IgG antibody titers in healthcare workers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Elena Romero-Ibarguengoitia ◽  
Diego Rivera-Salinas ◽  
Yodira Guadalupe Hernandez-Ruiz ◽  
Ana Gabriela Armendariz-Vazquez ◽  
Arnulfo Gonzalez-Cantu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Booster Dose ◽  
Common Side Effect ◽  
Igg Antibody ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
The Third ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Original Scheme ◽  
Prospective Longitudinal

Background: Vaccination is our main strategy to control SARS-CoV-2 infection. Given a decrease in the quantitative SARS-CoV-2 spike 1-2 IgG antibody titers three months following the second BNT162b2 dose, healthcare workers got a third booster dose after six months of completing the original scheme. This study aimed to analyze quantitative SARS-CoV-2 spike 1-2 IgG antibody titers and safety of the third dose. Material and methods: A prospective longitudinal cohort study included healthcare workers who received a third booster dose after six months of the complete BNT162b2 regimen. We assessed the quantitative SARS-CoV-2 spike 1-2 IgG antibody titers 21-28 days after the first and second dose, three months after the complete scheme, 1-7 days following the third dose, and 21-28 days after the boost. Results: The cohort comprised 168 non-immunocompromised participants of 41(10) years old, 67% being women. The third dose was associated with increasing the quantitative antibody titers, regardless of previous SARS-CoV-2 history. In negative SARS-CoV-2 history, the median (IQR) antibody titers increased from 379 (645.4) to 2960 (2010), while in positive SARS-CoV-2 history, from 590 (1262) to 3090 (2080). The third dose had less number of total side effects compared to the other two shots. The most common side effect after the third BNT162b2 shot was pain at the injection site (n=82, 84.5%), followed by tiredness (n=45, 46.4%), with a mild severity (n=36, 37.1%). Tiredness, myalgias, arthralgias, fever, and adenopathy were proportionally higher following the third dose than the two-dose regimen (p<0.05). Conclusion: The third dose applied after six months of the original BNT162b2 regimen provided a good humoral immune response by elevating the quantitative SARS-CoV-2 spike 1-2 IgG antibody titers. The booster dose was well tolerated with no severe side effects after the additional BNT162b2 dose.

scholarly journals Antibody Titers of Dairy Heifers following Vaccination with a Staphylococcal Toxoid

1969 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-98
Author(s):  
José D. Rivera Anaya ◽  
Carlos M. Berrocal ◽  
G. Rosado Carbó
Keyword(s):  
Booster Dose ◽  
Milk Whey ◽  
Dairy Heifers ◽  
The Third ◽  
Serum Titer ◽  
Steep Decrease ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
General Average ◽  
Level 1 ◽  
Observation Period

Five milliliters of Slanetz No. 7 Staphylococcal Toxoid were injected intramuscularly into 43 pregnant heifers in 3 herds; a booster dose was given 1 month later. The antibody level in both the blood sera and the milk wheys of these heifers was determined through a 13-month period. The average blood-serum titer reached a 1:50 level 1 month after vaccination, and remained around that level until the fifth postvaccinal month. Thereafter, a continuous and rapid decrease in titer was observed until the 11th postvaccinal month. An increase in titer was observed after the annual booster dose was given. Although the staphylococcal antibody titers in milk wheys from two herds showed a peak in the third month, the levels went steeply down at the 5th-month observation. The general average trend was a steady and steep decrease in milk-whey antibody titer through the 11-month postvaccinal observation period, with a very feeble response after the annual booster dose.

LIME AND DAIRY PRODUCTION

1982 ◽  
pp. 93-103
Author(s):  
N.A. Thomson
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Dairy Production ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
The Third ◽  
One Year ◽  
Plasma Magnesium

In a four year grazing trial with dairy cows the application of 5000 kg lime/ ha (applied in two applications of 2500 kg/ha in winter of the first two years) significantly increased annual pasture production in two of the four years and dairy production in one year. In three of the four years lime significantly increased pasture growth over summer/autumn with concurrent increases in milk production. In the last year of the trial lime had little effect on pasture growth but a relatively large increase in milkfat production resulted. A higher incidence of grass staggers was recorded on the limed farmlets in spring for each of the four years. In the second spring immediately following the second application of lime significant depressions in both pasture and plasma magnesium levels were recorded. By the third spring differences in plasma magnesium levels were negligible but small depressions in herbage magnesium resulting from lime continued to the end of the trial. Lime significantly raised soil pH, Ca and Mg levels but had no effect on either soil K or P. As pH levels of the unlimed paddocks were low (5.2-5.4) in each autumn and soil moisture levels were increased by liming, these factors may suggest possible causes for the seasonality of the pasture response to lime

Bankruptcy Model Construction and its Limitation in Input Data Quality

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-125
Author(s):  
Dana Kubíčková ◽  
◽  
Vladimír Nulíček ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Data Quality ◽  
Normal Distribution ◽  
Input Data ◽  
Model Construction ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Discriminant Analyses ◽  
One Year ◽  
The University ◽  
Multivariate Discriminant

The aim of the research project solved at the University of Finance and administration is to construct a new bankruptcy model. The intention is to use data of the firms that have to cease their activities due to bankruptcy. The most common method for bankruptcy model construction is multivariate discriminant analyses (MDA). It allows to derive the indicators most sensitive to the future companies’ failure as a parts of the bankruptcy model. One of the assumptions for using the MDA method and reassuring the reliable results is the normal distribution and independence of the input data. The results of verification of this assumption as the third stage of the project are presented in this article. We have revealed that this assumption is met only in a few selected indicators. Better results were achieved in the indicators in the set of prosperous companies and one year prior the failure. The selected indicators intended for the bankruptcy model construction thus cannot be considered as suitable for using the MDA method.

The Return of N’Guyen Van Binh

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 25-42
Author(s):  
Geoff Read
Keyword(s):  
Third Republic ◽  
Forced Labor ◽  
Political Prisoner ◽  
Second Empire ◽  
Indentured Servitude ◽  
The Third ◽  
Original Sentence ◽  
French Colonial ◽  
One Year

This article explores the case of N’Guyen Van Binh, a South Vietnamese political prisoner exiled for his alleged role in “Poukhombo’s Rebellion” in Cambodia in 1866. Although Van Binh’s original sentence of exile was reduced to one year in prison he was nonetheless deported and disappeared into the maw of the colonial systems of indentured servitude and forced labor; he likely did not survive the experience. He was thus the victim of injustice and his case reveals the at best haphazard workings of the French colonial bureaucracy during the period of transition from the Second Empire to the Third Republic. While the documentary record is entirely from the perspective of the colonizers, reading between the lines we can also learn something about Van Binh himself including his fierce will to resist his colonial oppressors.

Cost Avoidance and Clinical Benefits Derived from a Pharmacy-Managed Anemia Program

2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A. Quercia ◽  
Ronald Abrahams ◽  
C. Michael White ◽  
John D'Avella ◽  
Mary Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Cost Savings ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Hemodialysis Patients ◽  
Cost Avoidance ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Epoetin Alpha ◽  
Clinical Benefits ◽  
Unit Dose ◽  
One Year ◽  
Alpha Therapy

A pharmacy-managed anemia program included distribution and clinical components, with the goal of making epoetin alpha therapy for hemodialysis patients more cost-effective. The Pharmacy Department prepared epoetin alpha doses for patients in unit-dose syringes, utilizing and documenting vial overfill. Pharmacists dosed epoetin alpha and iron (oral and intravenous) per protocol for new and established patients. Baseline data were obtained in 1994, one year prior to implementation of the program, and were re-evaluated in 1995 and 1998. Cost avoidance from utilization of epoetin alpha vial overfill in 1995 and 1998 was $83,560 and $91,148 respectively. In 1995 and 1998, cost avoidance from pharmacy management of anemia was $191,159 and $203,985 respectively. The total cost avoidance from 1995 through 1998 was estimated at $1,018,638. The number of patients with hematocrits under 31% decreased from 32% in 1994 to 21% and 14% in 1995 and 1998 respectively. We conclude that a pharmacy-managed anemia program for hemodialysis patients results in significant cost savings and better achievement of target hematocrits.

Percutaneous needle aspiration and sclerotherapy with rolitetracycline in the treatment of hydrocele

1992 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 63-64
Author(s):  
M. De Siati ◽  
D. Grassi ◽  
E Marzoli ◽  
N. Franzolin
Keyword(s):  
Needle Aspiration ◽  
The Third ◽  
One Year

Thirty-one patients with unilateral or bilateral hydrocele were treated by percutaneous needle aspiration and subsequent sclerotherapy with rolitetracycline. Thirty patients were considered cured after a follow-up of one year. In 20 pts. the procedure proved to be definitive after the first sitting, in 6 cases the treatment was repeated twice and in 4 cases three times. Only in 1 a recurrence was observed after the third treatment. No complications related to the procedure were recorded.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document