scholarly journals Synthesis and properties of nanocomposites based on zinc phosphate and fumed silica

Surface ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12(27) ◽  
pp. 179-192
Author(s):  
V. M. Bogatyrov ◽  
◽  
M. V. Borysenko ◽  
M. V. Galaburda ◽  
O. I. Oranska ◽  
...  

The aim of the work was to synthesize nanocomposites based on pyrogenic silica and zinc phosphate by a simple method without using a large amount of solvent and to study the characteristics and properties of the obtained materials. The dual systems of zinc phosphate/pyrogenic silica with the different ratio of components were synthesized via mechanical grinding in a porcelain drum ball mill of fumed silica (Orysyl A-380), zinc acetate (Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O) and phosphoric acid with distilled water, followed by air-drying in an oven at 125 °C (2 h) and calcination in a muffle oven at 450 °C for 2 h. The zinc phosphate content was 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 mmol per 1 g of SiO2. The control sample (ZP-K) was synthesized by thermal treatment of the precipitate, formed after mixing on a magnetic stirrer an aqueous solution of zinc acetate with the addition dropwise of phosphoric acid, without the use of SiO2. X-ray diffraction studies of the nanocomposites confirmed the formation of the crystalline phase of Zn3(PO4)2·4H2O (orthorhombic modification) both in the silica-containing and control ZP-K samples after air drying at 125 °C, while heat treatment at 450 °C leaded to the formation of the anhydrous monoclinic Zn3(PO4)2 phase. The content of the zinc phosphate in the dual composites was 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 mmol per 1 g of SiO2. The IR spectra of the nanocomposites indicated the presence of absorption bands in the range of 3760-3600 cm-1, which were attributed to the unequal structural ‒OH groups of silicon and phosphorus atoms. It was found that the presence of zinc phosphate on the SiO2 surface does not cause the chemical interaction with silica during heat treatment of composites in air even at 900-1000 °C. It was shown that the ability of Zn3(PO4)2/SiO2 composites to adsorb water vapor decreases with increasing amount of modifying compound. The effect of the obtained phosphorus-containing nanocomposite on the thermal stability of an alkyd polymer matrix was considered.

1989 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 263-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. Wood ◽  
E. M. Rabinovich

The infrared spectra of silica gels made from alkoxides are different from those made from fumed silica, and from the infrared spectra of other amorphous silicas in which the SiO2 network is relatively complete. One important feature of these spectra is the occurrence of an absorption band at 960 cm−1 due to the vibration of dangling -Si-OH bonds in the alkoxide gels, which is not present in many other silicas. There also are less well-defined absorption bands due to structural defects for the alkoxide gels, but their interpretation is speculative. Dried gels made with more concentrated reactants contain more defects, and heat treatment reduces the concentration of dangling bonds, especially above 900°C. For gels containing fluorine, two absorption bands appear at 932 and 980 cm−1, and these are interpreted as arising from terminal -SiF and -SiF2 groups, respectively.


2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (36) ◽  
pp. 18933-18944 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhaoyuan Liu ◽  
Lidong Wang ◽  
Guizhi Ma ◽  
Yinan Yuan ◽  
Henan Jia ◽  
...  

Self-assembled reduced graphene oxide was prepared by a phosphoric acid heat-treatment method and exhibited an ultra-high volumetric capacitance.


1976 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abraham Abramovich ◽  
Ricardo L. Macchi ◽  
Lucía M. Ribas

The surface of tooth enamel that had been left in contact with a phosphoric acid solution or a zinc phosphate cement mix was studied by scanning electron microscopy. Both treatments modified enamel surface topography. The modifications were represented by cavities of varying extension and depth.


2009 ◽  
Vol 1219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ken Tokuyasu

AbstractRice straw is among the most abundant herbaceous biomass, and regarded as the central feedstock for bioethanol production in Japan. We found that significant amounts of soft carbohydrates (SCs), defined as carbohydrates readily recoverable by mere extraction from the biomass or brief enzymatic saccharification, exist in rice straw in the form of free glucose, free fructose, sucrose, starch, and β-1,3-1,4-glucan. Based on the finding, we proposed a simple method for bioethanol production from rice straw samples with SCs, by a heat treatment for sterilization and starch gelatinization, followed by simultaneous saccharification/fermentation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This method would offer an efficient process for bioethanol production without the aid of harsh thermo/chemical pretreatment step.


1947 ◽  
Vol 15 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 57-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Stiven

The value of the phosphatase reaction for controlling the heat treatment of milk is unquestioned, but the accepted method of estimating phosphatase activity, namely, the colorimetric method of Kay using the phenol reagent of Folin, has three disadvantages:(1) The number of estimations that can be performed in a given time is limited.(2) Errors in matching the tints may occur.(3) Samples of milk may be accidentally contaminated with traces of phenol, and this will lead to too high a Lovibond value.


1990 ◽  
Vol 180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wolfram Beier ◽  
Ivan Odler

ABSTRACTDifferent multicomponent solutions have been developed by which building materials were coated. After drying and annealing, the coatings convert into silicate based glassy films. TEOS or fumed silica were used as silica carriers and by adding lead compounds also low melting compositions were prepared. In some cases it proved to be convenient to adjust the viscosity of the solutions by additions of suitable organic polymers. The heat treatment was done either in an electric furnace or by means of a special acetylene burner. The produced films can protect building materials against corrosion, may reduce the absorption and permeation of water or improve abrasion resistance.


Author(s):  
И.А. Латышевич ◽  
Е.И. Гапанькова ◽  
А.Ю. Клюев ◽  
Н.Г. Козлов ◽  
А.В. Барановский ◽  
...  

Представлен способ синтеза продуктов взаимодействия основных компонентов терпеноидномалеиновых аддуктов с ацетатом цинка. На основании полученных данных ЯМР-спектроскопии можно утверждать, что химическая трансформация в результате взаимодействия малеопимаровой кислоты с модификатором наблюдается при С-18, а ангидридное кольцо не затронуто. ИК- и атомно-эмиссионная спектроскопия, элементный анализ и компьютерное моделирование методом квантовой химии подтверждают структуру синтезированного продукта. Сравнение химических сдвигов в спектрах ЯМР 13С малеопимаровой кислоты и ее соли показывают, что существенные изменения наблюдаются для ядер углерода С-3, С-5, С-18 и С-19. Наибольшая разница в химическом сдвиге наблюдается для ядра С-18, причем этот сигнал сильно уширен. Для остальных ядер Δδ составляет менее 0,3 м.д. В спектре ЯМР 1Н продукта сигналы уширены и тонкая структура не наблюдается, а разница в химических сдвигах, по сравнению с малеопимаровой кислотой, незначительна и для большинства протонов находится в пределах ошибки измерения (0,02 м.д.). Наибольшие изменения зафиксированы для протонов при С-24, что несколько неожиданно и требует дальнейшего изучения. Из-за значительного уширения линий в спектре ЯМР 1Н продукта спектральные данные экспериментов COSY и HMBC оказались малоинформативны, и отнесение некоторых сигналов выполнено путем сравнения с данными, полученными в результате анализа спектров малеопимаровой кислоты. Для подтверждения установленной структуры проведен элементный анализ, %: С – 66,63; Н – 7,19; О – 18,38; Zn – 7,8. Наличие цинка доказано методом атомно-эмиссионной спектрометрии с индуктивно- связанной плазмой. В ИК-спектре синтезированного продукта обнаружены полосы поглощения, характерные для –С=О-групп: 1697 и 1558 см–1. Сделан вывод о том, что реакция идет по карбоксильной группе у С-18. Из расчетов следует, что атом цинка локализуется в некотором «серединном» состоянии между четырьмя атомами кислорода при атомах С-18 и С-18', при этом расстояния Zn–O согласуются со значением суммы ионных радиусов цинка и кислорода – 2,06Å. При этом рассчитанные значения величин порядков связи, характеризующие силу каждой связи, указывают на то, что атом цинка одинаково связан со всеми кислородами в указанной структуре. Установлено, что при данных условиях аддукт α-терпинена не вступает в реакции с ацетатом цинка. A method for the synthesis of reaction products of the main components of terpenoid-maleic adducts with zinc acetate is presented. Based on the obtained NMR spectroscopy data, it can be stated that chemical transformation as a result of the interaction of maleopimaric acid with the modifier is observed at C-18, and the anhydride ring is not affected. IR and atomic emission spectroscopy, elemental analysis and computer simulation by quantum chemistry confirm the structure of the synthesized product. Comparison of chemical shifts in the 13C-NMR spectra of maleopimaric acid and the salt shows that significant changes are observed for the carbon nuclei C-3, C-5, C-18 and C-19. The greatest difference in the chemical shift is observed for the C-18 nucleus, and this signal is strongly broadened. For the remaining nuclei, Δδ is less than 0,3 ppm. In the NMR spectrum of the 1H product, the signals are broadened, a fine structure is not observed, and the difference in chemical shifts is insignificant in comparison with the maleopimaric acid and for most protons is within the measurement error (0,02 ppm). The greatest changes were recorded for protons at C-24, which is somewhat unexpected and requires further study. Because of the considerable broadening of the lines in the NMR spectrum of the 1H product, the spectral data of the COSY and HMBC experiments turned out to be poorly informative and the assignment of some signals was performed by comparison with the data obtained from the analysis of the spectra of the maleopimaric acid. To confirm the established structure, elemental analysis was carried out, %: С – 66,63; H – 7,19; О – 18,38; Zn – 7,8. The presence of zinc was proved by atomic-emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma. In the IR spectrum of the synthesized product, absorption bands characteristic of the –C=О groups are found: 1697 and 1558 cm–1. This led to the conclusion that the reaction proceeds along the carboxyl group at C-18. It follows from the calculations that the zinc atom is localized in a certain «middle» state between the four oxygen atoms at C-18 and C-18' atoms, while the Zn–O distances agree with the value of the sum of the ionic zinc and oxygen radii – 2,06Å. In this case, the calculated values of the magnitudes of the bond orders, characterizing the strength of each bond, indicate that the zinc atom is equally connected with all the oxygen in this structure. It was found that, under given conditions, the α-terpenene adduct does not react with zinc acetate.


2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 2697-2710
Author(s):  
Arne Babenhauserheide ◽  
Frank Hase ◽  
Isamu Morino

Abstract. We present a simple statistical approach for estimating the greenhouse gas emissions of large cities using accurate long-term data of column-averaged greenhouse gas abundances collected by a nearby FTIR (Fourier transform infrared) spectrometer. This approach is then used to estimate carbon dioxide emissions from Tokyo.FTIR measurements by the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) derive gas abundances by quantitative spectral analysis of molecular absorption bands observed in near-infrared solar absorption spectra. Consequently these measurements only include daytime data.The emissions of Tokyo are derived by binning measurements according to wind direction and subtracting measurements of wind fields from outside the Tokyo area from measurements of wind fields from inside the Tokyo area.We estimate the average yearly carbon dioxide emissions from the area of Tokyo to be 70±21±6 MtC yr−1 between 2011 and 2016, calculated using only measurements from the TCCON site in Tsukuba (north-east of Tokyo) and wind-speed data from nearby radiosondes at Tateno. The uncertainties are estimated from the distribution of values and uncertainties of parameters (±21) and from the differences between fitting residuals with polynomials or with sines and cosines (±6).Our estimates are a factor of 1.7 higher than estimates using the Open-Data Inventory for Anthropogenic Carbon dioxide emission inventory (ODIAC), but when results are scaled by the expected daily cycle of emissions, measurements simulated from ODIAC data are within the uncertainty of our results.The goal of this study is not to calculate the best possible estimate of CO2 emissions but to describe a simple method which can be replicated easily and uses only observation data.


1984 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 798-800
Author(s):  
Kazuhiko Adachi ◽  
Nobuyuki Ohokuni ◽  
Takao Mitsuhashi

Abstract A rapid and simple method is developed for the determination of organophosphorus pesticides in unpolished rice. The new method incorporated acetonitrile-water (1 + 1) extraction, removal of fats by zinc acetate, and further cleanup on an activated charcoal chromatographic column. The higher fatty acids in the extract react rapidly with zinc acetate to form insoluble zinc carboxylates, which precipitate. Additional interferences were cleaned up on an activated charcoal chromatographic column, and organophosphorus pesticides adsorbed on the activated charcoal were eluted with acetone-hexane. Dimethoate is not retained on the activated charcoal and must be extracted with dichloromethane from the first acetonitrile-water eluate. Pesticides are measured by flame photometric gas chromatography. Recoveries from 50 g unpolished rice samples fortified with 5-50 μg diazinon, 6-30 μg parathion, 8-40 μg fenitrothion and IBP, 10-50 μg dimethoate and fenthoate, 20-100 μg malathion, or 40-200 μg EPN ranged from 75.7 to 95.8%.


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