scholarly journals NEW DATA ON SEASONAL MINERALS OF MUD VOLCANOES IN AZERBAIJAN

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 14-18
Author(s):  
O.M. Rybak ◽  
O.O. Paryshev ◽  
N.O. Grishchenko

The article discusses the morphology and material composition of seasonal minerals of mud volcanoes in Azerbaijan Mud volcanism is a complex and rather unexplored geological phenomenon. Mud volcanoes are known in Turkmenistan, Dagestan, Georgia, Sakhalin, Taman Peninsula, Crimea, Azerbaijan and many regions of the World. In the geological literature, this phenomenon has been widely reflected. The bibliography of scientific works on mud volcanism has hundreds of titles. One of the classic areas of mud volcano development is Azerbaijan. In the process of geological research in recent decades, a huge geological material has been accumulated on the mud volcanism of Azerbaijan. The described types of mud volcanoes eruptions and the material composition of the mound breccia, it was possible to discover new interesting facts of unusual mineralogical finds. Of particular interest are authigenic minerals formed directly from the water phase of mud volcanoes and are seasonal. Their formation indicates that mineral formation processes are active in these natural sites. The occurrence of seasonal minerals is controlled by several factors, including the climatic conditions of the region. Main part of such minerals crystallizes only in dry and warm weather, which makes their systematic research much more difficult. The sodium hydroxide described in the article, which is very unstable under natural conditions, is a confirmation of this. However, even for a short interval of the existence of seasonal minerals, studying the features of their composition, one can obtain important information for genetic constructions. In addition to exogenous minerals of the weathering zone, the article also describes molybdenite associated with hydrothermal processes. The study of the mineral component of both endogenous and exogenous processes makes it possible to assess their evolution, the direction of the geological development of mud volcanoes in the region.

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 327
Author(s):  
Nicolás Verdugo-Vásquez ◽  
Gastón Gutiérrez-Gamboa ◽  
Emilio Villalobos-Soublett ◽  
Andrés Zurita-Silva

In the 90s, as in other countries, transformation of Chilean viticulture brought about the introduction and spread of European grapevine varieties which has resulted in a massive loss of minor local and autochthonous grapevine varieties traditionally grown in several wine growing regions. Fortunately, in recent years, autochthonous and minority varieties have been revalued due to their high tolerance to pests and diseases and because of their adaptation to thermal and water stress triggered by global warming. In this study, we assessed the nutritional status of two autochthonous grapevines grafted onto four different rootstocks under the hyper-arid climatic conditions of Northern Chile over three consecutive seasons. The results showed that R32 rootstock induced high N, P, Ca, Mg and Mn levels in blades compared to Harmony rootstock. R32 rootstock and to a lesser extent, 1103 Paulsen and 140 Ruggeri rootstocks kept balanced levels of nutrients in blades collected from Moscatel Amarilla and Moscatel Negra grapevine varieties. Additionally, Harmony presented slight nutritional imbalance compared to the rest of studied rootstocks due to its low absorption of Mg, Mn, Ca and P, and its high K absorption, which was exacerbated under warm weather and salinity soil conditions. These results may provide a basis for specific cultivar/rootstock/site combinations, a nutritional guide for the viticulturists of Northern Chile, and options to diversify their production favoring the use of minority and autochthonous varieties that adapt well to hyper-arid conditions of Northern Chile.


PEDIATRICS ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 838-847
Author(s):  
John H. Read

The two papers that follow report the results of painstaking epidemiological work on pedestrian accidents involving children. Because these papers relate the age of the child to specific behavior patterns that result in accidents and to specific injury patterns that result from such accidents, they would appear to offer a sound empirical base for the development of a variety of countermeasures, whether such countermeasures are intended to reduce accidents or to limit the severity of the resulting injuries. Unfortunately, however, the ability to generalize such data is extremely limited. A given pattern of child-pedestrian behavior is the result of a highly complex set of variables: the social class and ethnicity of the child, the ecological characteristics of the neighborhood and the broader community, the characteristics of the traffic pattern and the types and density of the vehicles that make it up, the current enforcement policy, climatic conditions, road and highway characteristics, and a host of other conditions that combine and interact in various ways. Consequently, few localities are sufficiently similar to justify the application of data from one to another. The injury patterns described by Ryan, for example, are those produced by Australian vehicles on children walking, playing, and cycling in a specific Australian city. It seems quite unlikely that the injury patterns produced in an American urban environment would resemble those that Ryan reports. Indeed, data from another Australian city might show striking differences. For the same reasons, such data as Read presents cannot be used reliably as a before-and-after measure to assess the effectiveness of a specific countermeasure. Any significant changes in the data after the introduction of a countermeasure might well be attributable not to the countermeasure itself but to changes in traffic patterns, ecology, the weather, or other events which operated to reinforce or counteract the countermeasure in question. The overwhelming obstacle to systematic research in vehicular accidents and on the assessment of countermeasure effectiveness is the investigator's inability to control the numerous variables that affect both the incidence and the consequences of accidents. The present papers, despite their inherently interesting data, are seriously limited by this problem.


2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-74
Author(s):  
V.A. Nesterovskyi ◽  
N.O. Hryshchanko ◽  
M.A. Deiak

The work is devoted to the results of many years of research and observations of mud volcanoes on the Kerch Peninsula. It aims to reveal the most important factors and aspects related to their origin, activity and impact on the geological history of the region. About 50 fossil and modern mud volcanoes have been defined on the Kerch Peninsula and the adjacent part of the water area. Their activity is consistent with the phases of activation of the alpine tectogenesis of the Crimean-Caucasian segment and is intermittent and impulsive. In the geological history of the peninsula, four main bursts of mud volcanic activity are clearly recorded: in the Upper Maikop, Chokrak-Karagan, Sarmatian and Cimmerian. Its greatest activity is manifested in the late Miocene and early Pliocene. Favorable factors for the development of mud volcanoes within the peninsula are the presence of a thick layer of plastic clays enriched in water and gas fluids, the widespread development of brachyanticlinal folds in the Neogene structural surface and a network of deep faults and fractures. The activity of mud volcanoes is associated with the formation of specific compensation structures – depressed synclines, which have become widespread on the Kerch Peninsula. The latter, depending on the paleogeographic conditions (sea, land) and the structural position of volcanoes in the anticlines, have acquired different specifics of structure and filling. Some depressed synclines are associated with iron ore deposits, which differ from typical iron ores of the mulde type by significant capacity, structural and textural features and material composition. Components of hydrothermal and exogenous origin have been defined in the products of mud volcanism: mud gases, mud waters, mud breccias, which indicates the genetic connection of this phenomenon with deep and near-surface processes. In addition, liquid, solid and gaseous hydrocarbons are often detected in volcanic eruptions. The latter are a criterion for searching for oil and gas at depth. Mud volcanoes of the Kerch Peninsula are a unique testing ground for monitoring the processes of modern mineral formation, the dynamics of deep processes and seismic activity in the region.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter Kurz ◽  
Irena Miladinova ◽  
Arianna V. Del Gaudio ◽  
Werner Piller ◽  
Kurt Krenn

<p>Serpentine seamounts located in the forearc region of a subduction zone setting represent an excellent natural laboratory for studying the geochemical processes acting along convergent plate margins and the associated natural hazards as well as the forearc structure and fault patterns. Active serpentinite mud volcanoes are currently restricted only to the Izu-Bonin-Mariana system, where old (presumably Cretaceous) oceanic lithosphere is subducting in the absence of an accretionary prism.</p><p>IODP Expedition 366 recovered cores from three serpentinite mud volcanoes at increasing distances from the Mariana trench (Yinazao, Fantangisña and Asùt Tesoru). Most of the material consists of serpentinite mud containing lithic clasts from the underlying forearc crust and mantle as well as from the subducting Pacific plate. A thin cover of pelagic sediments and volcanic ash deposits underlying the mud volcanos were also recovered. Recycled materials from the subducted slab are found at all three mud volcanoes and consist of metavolcanics rocks, metamorphosed pelagic sediments including cherty limestone as well as fault rocks.</p><p>Preliminary investigation of recovered sedimentary clasts from the summit of Fantangisña Seamount revealed that they contain primary calcite veins, whereas the latest veins are composed of aragonite (CaCO₃) and barite (BaSO₄).</p><p>Recovered clasts from the flank consist mainly of ultramafic rocks with various degrees of serpentinization. The serpentinite veins consist of lizardite and chrysotile, which suggests rather low temperatures of serpentinization (below 200 °C). Petrological analysis of metabasalt clasts from the same drilling hole shows changes in the mineral composition within the different intervals of the core. The composition of clinopyroxene varies between aegirine-augite and omphacite, but augite is also present. The presence of phengite with Si content of 3.5-3.8 a.p.f.u. indicates minimum pressure of 0.7 GPa at ~250 °C.</p><p>Furthermore, providing a detailed characterization of the fluids composition and transport would allow the better constraining of the tectonic and metamorphic history as well as the physical properties of the subducting Pacific Plate. Obtaining data on that point is in progress and will be presented additionally.</p>


2004 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-36
Author(s):  
M. Gut ◽  
A. Bichoński ◽  
W. Mikulski

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of atmospheric precipitation on the yield of spring malting barley. The plant height and heading of the studied forms were observed as additional indicators of their reaction to variable water conditions. The plant material for this study consisted of spring barley breeding lines in generations F6-F7 evaluated at 7 locations in 1996-2001. The highest yield was observed with precipitation within the range 258-321 or 356-382 mm per growing season in years with colder or warm weather, respectively. These results were obtained using abundant plant material highly differentiated genetically, so it may be inferred that the above values are the rainfall levels optimal for spring barley cultivation under Polish climatic conditions. The experimental locations could be divided into four classes according to observations on mean yields and on total rainfall before heading and between heading and full maturity. the optimal class included locations where the highest yield was observed; in the second there was a high precipitation level but a lower yield was obtained; in the third class there was a shortage of rainfall before heading, and in the fourth class there was a shortage of rainfall between heading and maturity. The observation of yields lower than those obtained in optimal locations led to the assumption that stress factors at these locations did not allow the yield potential of the studied genotypes to be fully expressed. The studied genotypes showed good adaptation to the variable conditions of the Polish climate, which is characterized by periods with a shortage or excess of rainfall.


2021 ◽  
Vol 946 (1) ◽  
pp. 012029
Author(s):  
O A Nikitenko ◽  
V V Ershov

Abstract The paper reports the results of a comparative analysis of the chemical and isotope composition (δ180 and δD) of mud volcanic waters and formation waters from oil and gas fields. Studies show that the waters discharged by mud volcanoes in most cases are very similar to formation waters. The most characteristic geochemical traits of both waters are elevated concentrations of hydrocarbonate ions, iodine, boron, bromine, and a low content of sulfate ions.


2021 ◽  
Vol 946 (1) ◽  
pp. 012030
Author(s):  
G V Ustyugov ◽  
V V Ershov

Abstract The research dwells on the danger of mud volcanism for human economic activity, namely, oil and gas production. We performed quantitative assessment of mud volcanoes activities, using Azerbaijan and Kerch-Taman region as examples. Average annual number of mud volcanoes eruptions is 3–4 for Azerbaijan and 1–2 for Kerch-Taman region. We estimate the catalogues of mud volcanic eruptions for those areas to be 52 % and 39 % complete, respectively. Mud volcanoes eruptions are quite frequent. In both regions, over 50 % of all recorded eruptions occur within ten years of the latest eruption. Analysis of mud volcanic eruptions catalogues shows that the volume of breccia ejected during an eruption is practically not related to how long the mud volcano was quiescent. Analysis of potential impact of seismicity on mud volcanic activity shows that the probability of mud volcanoes responding to an earthquake is 6 % and 10 % for Azerbaijan and Kerch-Taman region, respectively.


2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
pp. 3407-3419
Author(s):  
Alessandro Gattuso ◽  
Francesco Italiano ◽  
Giorgio Capasso ◽  
Antonino D'Alessandro ◽  
Fausto Grassa ◽  
...  

Abstract. The Santa Barbara and Aragona areas are affected by mud volcanism (MV) phenomena, consisting of continuous or intermittent emission of mud, water, and gases. This activity could be interrupted by paroxysmal events, with an eruptive column composed mainly of clay material, water, and gases. They are the most hazardous phenomena, and today it is impossible to define the potential parameters for modelling the phenomenon. In 2017, two digital surface models (DSMs) were performed by drone in both areas, thus allowing the mapping of the emission zones and the covered areas by the previous events. Detailed information about past paroxysms was obtained from historical sources, and, with the analysis of the 2017 DSMs, a preliminary hazard assessment was carried out for the first time at two sites. Two potentially hazardous paroxysm surfaces of 0.12 and 0.20 km2 for Santa Barbara and Aragona respectively were defined. In May 2020, at Aragona, a new paroxysm covered a surface of 8721 m2. After this, a new detailed DSM was collected with the aim to make a comparison with the 2017 one. Since 2017, a seismic station was installed in Santa Barbara. From preliminary results, both seismic events and ambient noise showed a frequency of 5–10 Hz.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nori Miyake ◽  
Ryo Ishimaru ◽  
Goro Komatsu ◽  
Takafumi Matsui

Abstract Submarine mud volcanoes (MVs) have attracted significant interest in the scientific community for obtaining clues on the subsurface biosphere. On-land MVs, which are much less focused in this context, are equally important and they may provide insights also for astrobiology of extraterrestrial mud volcanism. Hereby, we characterized microbial communities of the two active methane-seeping on-land MVs, Murono and Kamou, in central Japan. Metataxonomic 16S rRNA sequencing analysis of those sites recovered the dominant archaeal taxa affiliated with methanogens. Anaerobic methanotrophs (ANME), with the subgroups ANME-1b and ANME-3, were also recovered from the Murono site albeit a greatly reduced abundance compared to typical submarine MVs. ANME-3 was in fact identified for the first time for land-based MVs. The bacterial sequences affiliated to Atribacteria, sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB), and Fe(III)-reducing bacteria were recovered. SRB and ANME form a syntrophic consortium, which is often found at the sulfate-methane transition zone of submarine MVs where diffused sulfate (SO42-) is constantly enriched from the ocean. Previous investigations speculate that the erupted materials from Murono are originated from the Miocene marine strata, and we hypothesize that the old sea-related juvenile water is the source of additional sulfur-related components for the SRB-ANME consortium at Murono.


2021 ◽  
pp. 37-40
Author(s):  
Л.А. Чистякова ◽  
О.В. Бакланова

Представлены результаты экспериментального исследования четырех партенокарпических гетерозисных гибридов огурца в условиях необогреваемых теплиц весенне-летнего оборота в разных климатических зонах. Проблема адаптации теплолюбивых культур при возделывании их в промышленных условиях и личных подсобных хозяйствах возникает на территории Российской Федерации повсеместно. Выращивание огурца усложняют высокие требования растений к уровню освещения и температурному режиму. Поиск путей решения этого вопроса при селекции огурца – один из важных этапов научных исследований. Цель работы – оценка и подбор перспективных партенокарпических гибридов огурца для товаропроизводителей овощной продукции с высокими адаптационными качествами при их возделывании в различных почвенно-климатических условиях. Исследования проводили в ВНИИО – филиале ФГБНУ ФНЦО Кировской области (II световая зона, cумма ФАР – 400-580 кал/см2), в агрофирме «Поиск» Московской области (III световая зона, cумма ФАР – 610-970 кал/см2), в ССЦ «Ростовский» Ростовской области (VI световая зона, сумма ФАР – 1770-2080 кал/см2) в условиях необогреваемых теплиц в 2018-2020 годах. В результате оценки по хозяйственно полезным признакам в условиях необогреваемых теплиц весенне-летнего оборота в трех световых зонах определены адаптационные способности партенокарпических гетерозисных гибридов селекции агрофирмы «Поиск»: F1  Новатор, F1 Пилигрим, F1 Реванш, F1 Экспресс. Отмечено существенное влияние климатических условий на продолжительность периода плодоношения культуры огурца. Установлена средняя урожайность огурца в условиях необогреваемых теплиц весенне-летнего оборота в зависимости от региона выращивания, которая составила в Московской области 25,3 кг/м2; в Кировской области – 14,2 кг/м2; в Ростовской области - 31,9 кг/м2. Определена средняя урожайность гибридов в трех регионах: F1 Новатор – 24,8 кг/м2; F1 Пилигрим – 25,1 кг/м2; F1 Реванш – 22,1 кг/м2; F1Экспресс – 23,2 кг/м2. По результатам исследовательской работы для рационального выращивания овощной продукции в условиях необогреваемых теплиц весенне-летнего оборота Южного и Центрального федеральных округов с.-х. товаропроизводителям рекомендованы партенокарпические раннеспелые гетерозисные гибриды огурца F1 Новатор, F1 Пилигрим, F1Экспресс; северных регионов – гибриды F1 Новатор, F1Пилигрим и F1 Реванш. The results of an experimental study of four parthenocarpic heterotic cucumber hybrids under the conditions of unheated greenhouses of spring-summer rotation in different climatic zones are presented. The problem of adaptation of warm-weather crops at cultivating in industrial conditions and personal subsidiary farms arises everywhere on the territory of the Russian Federation. The cultivation of cucumber is aggravated by high requirements of plants for lighting level and temperature conditions. The search for solution for this issue in cucumber breeding is one of the most important stages of scientific research. The aim of the research is to evaluate and select promising parthenocarpic cucumber hybrids for vegetable producers with high adaptive qualities in various soil and climatic conditions. The research was carried out in ARRIVG – a branch of FSBSI “Federal Scientific Vegetable Centre” in the Kirov region (II light zone, the amount of PAR – 400-580 сal/cm2), in the Poisk agrofirm in the Moscow region (III light zone, the amount of PAR – 610-970 cal/cm2), in the Rostov SBC in the Rostov region (VI light zone, the amount of PAR – 1770-2080 cal/cm2), under the conditions of unheated greenhouses during 2018-2020. The adaptive abilities of parthenocarpic heterotic hybrids bred by the Poisk agrofirm – F1  Novator, F1Piligrim, F1 Revansh, F1 Express – were determined under the conditions of unheated greenhouses of spring – summer rotation in the III light zones. The significant influence of climatic conditions on the duration of fruiting period of cucumber was noted. The average yield of the cucumbers under the conditions of unheated greenhouses of spring–summer rotation, depending on the growing region, was established, which was 25.3 kg/m2in the Moscow region; 14.2 kg / m2 in the Kirov region; 31.9 kg/m2in the Rostov region. The average yield of the hybrids in the three regions was stated: F1 Novator – 24.8 kg/m2; F1 Piligrim – 25.1 kg/m2; F1  Revansh – 22.1 kg/m2; Express F1 – 23.2 kg/m2. As a result of the research work, parthenocarpic early-maturing heterotic cucumber hybrids F1 Novator, F1 Piligrim, F1 Express are recommended for rational cultivation under the conditions of unheated greenhouses of spring-summer rotation for agricultural producers in the Southern and Central Federal Districts; hybrids F1 Novator, F1 Piligrim and F1 Revansh – in the Northern regions.


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