scholarly journals Forms of address in TV series from the 1960s to the present day as part of informalisation processes of late modern Lithuanian and Danish societies

2020 ◽  
pp. 259-291
Author(s):  
Vilija Schoroškaitė ◽  
Loreta Vaicekauskienė
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Public Communication ◽  
The West ◽  
Address Forms ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Formal Communication ◽  
Everyday Communication ◽  
Late Modern ◽  
Over Time

By focusing on public communication, the current study aims to investigate how the concepts of solidarity and equality have influenced the norms of public communication in the West (Scandinavia) and what differences can be found in the context of Lithuania, where the late modernity did not follow the same patterns as in Western societies. This comparative study takes a diachronic approach to the use of the pronouns du/De and tu/Jūs and other address forms in Danish and Lithuanian. We examine these forms in view of democratization processes and the decreasing level of formality in the two societies. The question in focus is how address forms are used in Lithuanian and Danish dialogues in TV-series, which represent everyday communication between strangers in the second half of the 20th century and the 21st century. The empirical data for the research consists of two Danish series ”Ka' De li' østers?” (1967) and ”Bedrag” (2016-2019), as well as two Lithuanian TV-series ”Petraičių šeimoje” (1964-1972) and ”Giminės. Gyvenimas tęsiasi 3” (2017). The study covers almost six last decades and analyzes different forms of address that speakers use to meet the appropriate level of formality in daily conversations. The results have revealed significant differences in  the development of Lithuanian and Danish societies and formal communication. The data indicates that Danish dialogues have become less formal over time, public communication emphasizes equality of interlocutors and does not mark differences in social status. Communication between Lithuanians remains formal; the results suggest that the choice of strategies in Lithuanian dialogues between strangers correspond to those used by Danes in the second half of the 20th century. However, it may be assumed that the process of informalisation in Lithuanian public communication is still in progress.

scholarly journals Regime transitions of Australian climate and climate extremes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorgen Segerlund Frederiksen ◽  
Stacey Lee Osbrough
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Climate Extremes ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
Australian Climate ◽  
Average Maximum ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Maximum Temperatures ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Regime Transitions

Abstract. Systematic changes, since the beginning of the 20th century, in average and extreme Australian rainfall and temperatures indicate that Southern Australian climate has undergone regime transitions into a drier and warmer state. South-west Western Australia (SWWA) experienced the most dramatic drying trend with average streamflow into Perth dams, in the last decade, just 20 % of that before the 1960s and extreme, decile 10, rainfall reduced to near zero. In south-eastern Australia (SEA) systematic decreases in average and extreme cool season rainfall became evident in the late 1990s with a halving of the area experiencing average decile 10 rainfall in the early 21st century compared with that for the 20th century. The shift in annual surface temperatures over SWWA and SEA, and indeed for Australia as a whole, has occurred primarily over the last 20 years with the percentage area experiencing extreme maximum temperatures in decile 10 increasing to an average of more than 45 % since the start of the 21st century compared with less than 3 % for the 20th century mean. Average maximum temperatures have also increased by circa 1 °C for SWWA and SEA over the last 20 years. The climate changes are associated with atmospheric circulation shifts and are indicative of second order regime transitions, apart from extreme temperatures for which the dramatic increases are suggestive of first order transitions.

scholarly journals Rehabilitation of Utopia as a Symptom of the Crisis of the Russian and Western Civilizations

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 7-26
Author(s):  
Rimma I. Sokolova
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Positive Attitude ◽  
Negative Attitude ◽  
The West ◽  
System A ◽  
History Of ◽  
New Ideas ◽  
Reduction Of Uncertainty ◽  
The Ideal

The article discusses such a new phenomenon of modernity as the rehabilitation of utopia, which has not yet become widespread, but it is a serious symptom of the crisis of civilization in Russia and in the West. It is shown that attempts to rehabilitate utopia are associated with the situation of crisis, uncertainty, unpredictability caused by the ongoing transformations of the modern epoch. Under these conditions, the utopia is not only a reflection of the existing situation but also an opportunity for the formation of new ideas and the reduction of uncertainty. Many astute researchers in both the West and Russia demonstrate a positive attitude towards utopia, as they see the opportunities offered by utopia, especially in times of crisis. It is noted that in Russia there is a gradual overcoming of the negative attitude to utopia, which was associated with the collapsed socialist system. A summary history of utopia shows that utopia is a significant factor in history that accompanies the development of mankind throughout history. Despite this, in the earlier decades of the 20th century and the beginning of 21st century the “death of utopia” was declared, it was driven by ideological and political reasons and by globalization in general. Meanwhile, at present its importance is again actualized in relation to the complex international situation. Therefore, both in the West and in Russia there is a growing demand for the ideal concepts of the future of human existence in the form of utopia.

Orientalism Revisited

2021 ◽  
pp. 214-230
Author(s):  
Elvan Ozkavruk Adanir ◽  
Berna Ileri
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Social Structures ◽  
Positive Contribution ◽  
The West ◽  
Eastern Culture ◽  
The Social ◽  
Definition Of

Orientalism is a Western and Western-centric broad field of research that studies the social structures, cultures, languages, histories, religions, and geographies of countries to the east of Europe. The term took on a secondary, detrimental association in the 20th century which looks down on the East. However, this chapter will not dwell on the definition of Orientalism that is debated the most; instead, it will discuss the positive contribution of Orientalism to Western culture. Even though the West otherizes the East in daily life, when it comes to desire, vanity, luxury, and flamboyance without hesitating a moment it adopts these very elements from the Eastern culture. It could be said that this adaptation brings these societies closer in one way or another. The highly admired fashion of Orientalism in the West starting from the 17th century until the 21st century will be the focus of this study.

Technology and Disabilities in the Century Ahead

2011 ◽  
pp. 2077-2081
Author(s):  
Ray Kurzweil
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Current Level ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Disabled ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
Technology Trends ◽  
Over Time

I have been involved in inventing since I was five, and I quickly realized that for an invention to succeed, you have to target the world of the future. But what would the future be like? To find out, I became a student of technology trends and began to develop mathematical models of different technologies: computation, miniaturization, evolution over time. I have been doing that for 25 years, and it has been remarkable to me how powerful and predictive these models are. Now, before I show you some of these models and then try to build with you some of the scenarios for the future—and, in particular, focus on how these will benefit technology for the disabled—I would like to share one trend that I think is particularly profound and that many people fail to take into consideration. It is this: the rate of progress—what I call the “paradigmshift rate”—is itself accelerating. We are doubling this paradigm-shift rate every decade. The whole 20th century was not 100 years of progress as we know it today, because it has taken us a while to speed up to the current level of progress. The 20t h century represented about 20 years of progress in terms of today’s rate. And at today’s rate of change, we will achieve an amount of progress equivalent to that of the whole 20th century in 14 years, then as the acceleration continues, in 7 years. The progress in the 21st century will be about 1,000 times greater than that in the 20th century, which was no slouch in terms of change.

scholarly journals Islamism, the West and Our Concern: A Social Reflection

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 2403-2411
Author(s):  
TI Aisyah ◽  
Herdi Sahrasad ◽  
Muhammad Ridwan ◽  
Muhamad Asrori Mulky ◽  
Dedy Tabrani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Political Power ◽  
The Political ◽  
Central Theme ◽  
Islamic Fundamentalism ◽  
The West ◽  
Islamic World ◽  
Terror Attacks ◽  
The Us

This article argues that a number of Western orientalists tried to impress that Islam and the West could not meet, imaged that all the Islamic ones seemed to be unable to meet all the nuances of the West, as all the western images imaged always contradict Islam. Such tensions continue to this day. Towards the end of the 20th century, Islamism or Islamic fundamentalism has retreated or failed in maintaining political power in the Islamic world. But the enforcement of Shari'ah in society, remains a central theme of the demands of these Islamic fundamentalists. Thus, their target as a group is no longer just a country, but also a society. The political experiments of Islam, however, as shown in Algeria, Sudan, Iran and Afghanistan have failed and are out of date, but anyway, by the beginning of the 21st century Islamism or Islamic fundamentalism has been revived, marked by the WTC bomb 9/11 and other terror attacks in Indonesia, Europe, the US etc.

scholarly journals Střet kontinentální a analytické filozofie

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 3-19
Author(s):  
Filip Tvrdý
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Continental Philosophy ◽  
Philosophical Methodology ◽  
Honorary Doctorate ◽  
History Of ◽  
Nazi Past ◽  
Continental Tradition ◽  
Intellectual Environment ◽  
Over Time

Článek se zabývá dějinami střetu mezi analytickou a kontinentální tradicí, který dominoval filozofii 20. století. I když obě tradice vzešly ze stejného intelektuálního prostředí a byly výrazně ovlivněny novokantovstvím, přesto se jejich vzájemné neporozumění postupem času prohlubovalo a při několika příležitostech situace přerostla v otevřené nepřátelství. V článku je popsáno deset nejzávažnějších konfliktů: Russell vs. Bergson, Schlick vs. Husserl, Carnap vs. Heidegger, Ryle vs. Heidegger, Popperova kritika pseudovědy, konference v Royaumont, Searle vs. Derrida, odhalení Heideggerovy nacistické minulosti, Derridův čestný doktorát z Cambridge a Sokalův podvrh. Na počátku 21. století se ukazuje, že rozepře analytické a kontinentální filozofie se vyčerpala. Mnohem podstatnější je spor o samotnou metodologii filozofie, jenž se projevuje v rozhraní mezi naturalisticky a antinaturalisticky zaměřenými mysliteli.The article focuses on the history of the conflict between analytic and continental tradition, which dominated the philosophy of the 20th century. Although both traditions originated from the same intellectual environment and were heavily influenced by Neo-Kantianism, their mutual lack of understanding progressed over time and, on several occasions, the situation grew into open hostility. The article describes the ten most serious conflicts: Russell vs. Bergson, Schlick vs. Husserl, Carnap vs. Heidegger, Ryle vs. Heidegger, Popper's critique of pseudoscience, conference in Royaumont, Searle vs. Derrida, the revelation of Heidegger's Nazi past, Derrida's Honorary Doctorate from Cambridge, and Sokal's scam. At the beginning of the 21st century it turns out that the conflict between analytic and continental philosophy has been exhausted. What is more substantial is the dispute over the philosophical methodology, which is reflected in the division into naturalistic and anti-naturalistic thinkers.

scholarly journals EVALUATION MODELS IN EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM: STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vo Thi Kim Anh
Keyword(s):  
Program Evaluation ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Educational Program ◽  
Educational Evaluation ◽  
Evaluation Models ◽  
Free Model ◽  
Objective Model ◽  
Educational Program Evaluation ◽  
Over Time

In the 21st century, evaluation in education has been paid great attention and the evaluation models in education which were created in the 20th century have been further developed and widely applied in educational evaluation. The paper provides readers with comprehensive discussions on the four well-known evaluation models in education: Tyler’s objective model, Stake’s responsive model, Scriven’s goal free model and Stufebeam’s CIPP model. These models have a long history and have been thoroughly developed over time. The application of these four models is found in many felds of evaluation, but mostly in educational program evaluation. In order to help educational evaluators have better and deeper understandings of the four models, the paper presents the nature of the models, the characteristics of the models, as well as discusses strengths and weaknesses of each model.

scholarly journals The age gender structure of population of Goc and its foothill at the end of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st century

2010 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 237-256
Author(s):  
Tamara Kovacevic ◽  
Branislav Djurdjev ◽  
Aleksandra Dragin
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Age Structure ◽  
The West ◽  
Structure Of Population ◽  
Age Structure Of Population

The analysis of the age structure of population of Goc Mountain and its foothill is elaborated in the paper. Data in the paper refer to the second half of 20th century and to the beginning of the 21st century. There are many tasks of the paper. The first task is to represent and to compare the parameters of age structure of Goc and his foothill. The task of this paper is to present the parameters of the age structure of Goc Mountain and its foothill. Then, comparing them to identify and interpret trends in their movements. The paper shows the spatial distribution of the index of aging by cadastral municipalities. Factors that have influenced it are highlighted. Special attention is given to problems, which appear as a consequence of aging of population. Paper will contribute to enriching the knowledge about population and settlements of the Goc Mountain and the West Morava valley. .

scholarly journals FUNCTIONAL TRANSFORMATION OF WEST MORAVA VALLEY DISTRICT SETTLEMENTS

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivana Penjisević ◽  
Jovan Dragojlović
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
The West ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
Demographic Situation ◽  
Functional Transformation ◽  
Rural Space ◽  
Selective Transformation ◽  
Rural Part

The existing territorial layout and the current demographic situation in the settlements of West Morava Valley District during the late 20th century and at the beginning of the 21st century are the result of the synchronized action of the process of industrialization, deagrarization and urbanization. They conditioned the selective transformation of urban and rural space, which led to the concentration of the population in urban and suburban settlements and the depopulation of the rural part of the West Morava Valley District. Within the studied region, the hierarchy of municipal centers, subcenters and communities of settlements was observed. Based on important theoretical and methodological assumptions and indicators, the paper analyzes the functional transformation of the settlements of West Morava Valley in the period between 1971- 2011. It was determined by certain quantitative methods that the changes went in the direction of reducing the share of purely agrarian settlements and increasing the share of industrial and service settlements.

scholarly journals Abraham Bids Farewell to Hagar and Ishmael. Continuity and Variation of the Iconographic Type

Religions ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 1107
Author(s):  
Rafael García Mahíques
Keyword(s):  
The West ◽  
Analytical Basis ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
The One ◽  
Late Modern ◽  
Over Time

In traditional Christian artistic visualization, the episode of Hagar and Ishmael in the desert has given rise to various iconographic types: “The feast for the weaning of Isaac and Sara’s protests,” “Abraham bids farewell to Hagar and Ishmael,” “Hagar and Ishmael in the desert” and “Divine salvation for Hagar and Ishmael”. This study looks into the continuity and variation over time of the second of these types: “Abraham bids farewell to Hagar and Ishmael,” the one most depicted out of this entire biblical topic or episode. Since the Byzantine Octateuch in the East (11th century.) and the Canterbury Hexateuch (ca. 1025–1049) in the West, this iconographic type has remained into the Late Modern period, with some variations over time. This study is exclusively iconographic or descriptive; it only verifies the codification of the type in order to set out an analytical basis prior to future hermeneutic or iconological studies.

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