scholarly journals L. KARSAVINO ISTORIOSOFINIS MESIANIZMAS IR EURAZIJOS IDĖJA

Problemos ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 73 ◽  
pp. 25-41
Author(s):  
Gintautas Mažeikis
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Religious Faith ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Left Wing ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Political Movement ◽  
State Culture ◽  
Old Believers ◽  
French School ◽  
The Individual

Straipsnyje analizuojamos Karsavino Eurazijos ir simfoninės asmenybės teorijos ir jų įtaka asmeniniam Karsavino likimui, jo sofiologinėms mesianistinėms nuostatoms. Aptariama svarbiausių filosofinių Karsavino idėjų genezė: gyvo religingumo ir bendrojo religinio fondo, gnostinės pleromos interpretacijos, Šv. Trejybės dialektika ir jos santykis su N. Kuziečio filosofija, simfoninės asmenybės teorija. Pagrindinis teiginys apie Karsavino ir Kuziečio filosofijų skirtumą yra pagrįstas kristologiniais Karsavino argumentais apie Kuziečio filosofijos nepakankamumą aiškinant Dievo kaip Possest eksplikacijos ir komplikacijos problematiką. Karsavinas, remdamasis ortodoksiniais kristologiniais teiginiais, simfoninės asmenybės bei ideokratijos teorija bei tipologine, istoriosofine civilizacijų klasifikacija, pagrindžia kairiąją Eurazijos sąjūdžio ideologiją, kuri išliko aktuali ir šiandienos Rusijos politinei situacijai. Straipsnyje parodomos lietuviškosios filosofijos ir Karsavino samprotavimų paralelės ir keliamas klausimas dėl Eurazijos ideologijos nesvarstymo tarpukario Lietuvoje. Straipsnio pabaigoje grįžtama prie filosofinio Karsavino apsisprendimo, saikingų, asmeninių mesianistinių jo nuostatų ir sokratiško likimo tardymų, įkalinimo Abezės lageryje laikotarpiu. Pagrindiniai žodžiai: gyvasis religingumas, simfoninė asmenybė, panteizmas, gnoticizmas, mesianizmas.Historiosophical Messianism of L. Karsavin and the Idea of Eurasia Gintautas Mažeikis SummaryThe historiosophical and messianistic ideas of L. Karsavin and his ideology of left Eurasia were based on the theological and gnostic symbolism of the early 20th century, F. Schelling’s philosophy of Myth and Universality, Vl. Solovjov’s Philosophy of Universality, Mystics of Christology, the Orthodox understanding of Saint Trinity, typological theory of civilizations. At the beginning of his mediaeval researches Karsavin investigated sacral events in rural areas in the 17th–18th centuries, especially in Italy, magic activities and popular beliefs in Christian Saints, based on uncritical, natural, live religious feelings and spontaneous faith. He maintained live religious faith to be the background for the significance and utility of all canonical religious rules and churches. These ideas are similar to the French school of Annales and to the M. Bakhtin’s theory of Carnival issues of the Mediaeval tradition of laughter. However, Karsavin re lated his consideration of spontaneous hierophany to the gnostic tradition of Divine Pleroma. It is important to them in order to interpret the philosophy of Nicolaus Cusanus, especially his conception of God as Possest and a permanent and contradictory process of explicatio and complicatio. On the basis of Cusanus’ philosophy, Karsavin developed his personal idea of dialectics of Saint Trinity as a union of Divine personalities. Karsavin maintained that the conception of Cusanus is insufficient because Cusanus didn’t explain the role of Christ in the full reunification of sinful human beings with God. By Karsavin, Cusanus avoided pantheistic tendencies and therefore couldn’t develop the theory of divination of personality. On the contrary, Karsavin develops the idea of divination of oneself in his theory of Symphonic personality. Every personality is a form of free solution and responsibility, love and self-sacrifice. Therefore, the personality develops itself from an autonomous individual into the personality as a family, the personality as a nation, as a state, and finally the personality transforms into a cosmic human being, or Adam Kadmon. The hierarchic growth of personality, his ontology presupposes his essential responsibility for the development of nation, state, culture and civilization. It was the basis of Karsavin’s messianism. The nation or culture couldn’t be developed in the necessary direction, towards divinity, without creative and self-sacrificing activity of the individual. The hierarchical conception of the world personality presupposes the ideocratic form of government. The idea of the ideocratic power makes Karsavin’s political considerations similar to the Soviet system of power. Karsavin from 1925 until 1929 was the leader of the left wing of the Eurasia movement which was located in Paris. He initiated and supported a dialog with Bolsheviks’ representatives. However, Karsavin strongly criticized communism and Bolsheviks from the Orthodox point of view. Karsavin was a deep believer and couldn’t support the destruction of churches by the Soviet regime. However, today it is possible to say that Karsavin’s political visions are very similar to the modern Vl. Putins’ regime in contemporary Russia. Eurasia and Symphonic Personality ideas became important motives for Karsavin’s coming to Lithuania in 1928. However, after arrival he didn’t participate in any political movement and developed his civilization ideas, the conception of ideocratic power and Symphonic Personality there. In the Lithuanian period, he becomes closer to the Russian Orthodox tradition of Old Believers and its ideas of self-sacrifice to populace. Karsavin didn’t emigrate from Lithuania in the threat of Soviet occupation. On the contrary, he spread his ideas of Symphonic Personality, dialectics of Trinity, self-sacrificing after the War and even in the concentration camp in Abeze until his death in 1952. Keywords: live religions, Symphonic Personality, pantheism, gnosticism, messianism.-size: 11pt;">   

scholarly journals Political mediation and participation in the Czech rural areas

2008 ◽  
Vol 54 (No. 12) ◽  
pp. 575-581
Author(s):  
J. Čmejrek
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
Rural Community ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Local Politics ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Fragmented Population ◽  
Rural Municipalities ◽  
Election Results ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Municipal Election

The objective of this paper is to show the mediation between citizens and political power by political parties in Czech rural areas. The position of political parties in rural municipalities is demonstrated in two perspectives. The top-down perspective is based on the distribution of several tens of thousands mandates in local municipal councils between political parties. The opposite perspective provides the bottom-up point of view – from the level of the individual municipalities, their party systems and party organisational structures. The analysis of the municipal election results reveals clearly that the role of political parties in local politics depends namely on the size of the given municipality. In this sense, the Czech Republic represents a very interesting example as it is characterised by a dense and heavily fragmented population settlement with a large number of small rural municipalities. In rural municipalities, we encounter incomplete party spectra and the absence of political parties in the smallest municipalities. Besides, the lists of candidates in rural municipalities reveal the weakness of the local party organisations that cannot avoid cooperating with the independent candidates. The small distance between the citizen and the elected body in a rural community significantly determines the forms of the local politics; the ideological and party mediation is superfluous, in fact, it is often seen as something harmful which divides the rural community.

Genocide and Memory

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Stone
Keyword(s):  
Western Culture ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Life Narratives ◽  
Collective Memories ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Traumatic Memories ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Individual ◽  
With Memory

This article explores the history of genocide by looking at collective memories, from the point of view of Western culture. Western culture is suffused with autobiographies, especially with traumatic life narratives about the legacies of abusive childhoods. For the individual victims of genocide, traumatic memories cannot be escaped; for societies, genocide has profound effects that are immediately felt and that people are exhorted never to forget. The discussion shows how genocide is bound up with memory, on an individual level of trauma and on a collective level in terms of the creation of stereotypes, prejudice, and post-genocide politics. Despite the risks of perpetuating old divisions or reopening unhealed wounds, grappling with memory remains essential in order to remind the victims that they are not the worthless or less than human beings that their tormentors have portrayed them as such.

scholarly journals Divine Light and Melodies Lead the Way: The Santmat Tradition of Bihar

Religions ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 230
Author(s):  
Veena Howard
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
The State ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Moral Conduct ◽  
Close Analysis ◽  
Personal Experiences ◽  
Structural Principles ◽  
Bihar State

This paper focuses on the branch of Santmat (thus far, unstudied by scholars of Indian religions), prevalent in the rural areas of Bihar, India. Santmat—literally meaning “the Path of Sants” or “Point of View of the Sants”—of Bihar represents a unique synthesis of the elements of the Vedic traditions, rural Hindu practices, and esoteric experiences, as recorded in the poetry of the medieval Sant Tradition. I characterize this tradition as “Santmat of Bihar” to differentiate it from the other branches of Santmat. The tradition has spread to all parts of India, but its highest concentration remains in Bihar. Maharishi Mehi, a twentieth-century Sant from Bihar State, identifies Santmat’s goal as śānti. Maharishi Mehi defines Śānti as the state of deep stillness, equilibrium, and the unity with the Divine. He considers those individuals sants who are established in this state. The state of sublime peace is equally available to all human beings, irrespective of gender, religion, ethnicity, or status. However, it requires a systematic path. Drawing on the writings of the texts of Sanātana Dharma, teachings of the Sants and personal experiences, Maharishi Mehi lays out a systematic path that encompasses the moral observances and detailed esoteric experiences. He also provides an in-depth description of the esoteric practices of divine light (dṛṣti yoga) and sound (surat śabda yoga) in the inner meditation. After providing a brief overview of the history and distinctive features of Santmat of Bihar, this paper will focus on the specifics and unique interpretations of the four structural principles of the tradition: Guru (spiritual teacher), dhyān (inner path of mediation), satsaṅg (spiritual discourses or congregating practitioners for meditation or study), and sadācār (moral conduct). Through a close analysis of textual sources, Sants’ oral discourses that I translated, as well as insights from my participant-observant experiences, I will examine how the four elements reorient the practitioner from the mundane world to the sacred inner experience of śānti.

Social Subsystems in the Social Ecological and Economic System «Agriculture»

2020 ◽  
pp. 60-62
Author(s):  
P.M. Pershukevich ◽  
I.P. Pershukevich ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic System ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Life Experience ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Social Ecological ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Village ◽  
Labor Potential

Agricultural production is considered as a social ecological and economic system (SEES). The purpose of the research is to study the social subsystem of SEES from the point of view of its formation. The social structures of the village (which are the individual with his physical, social and spiritual needs, the family and the village as components of a whole) form the way of life of the peasants. The social subsystem has a significant reverse effect, “pressure” on the ecosystem and the state. The degree of development of the individual in rural areas is characterized by the level of development of its needs, motivational complex, potential, including labor, and its orientation. The labor potential of an employee is formed by the characteristics of a person that determine their capabilities in the course of work, and depends on their education, natural data, life experience, and upbringing. Labor potential includes the following components: health, morality, creativity, activity, organization, education, professionalism, working time resources. Human labor can be regulated and innovative (creative). As a rule, the cost of regulated labor increases the cost, but does not create surplus value. It is formed by innovative work as a result of the manifestation of creative abilities of a person.

Betekent de monteerbare mens de antropologische heilstaat? Systematisch-theologische vragen

2009 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 102-115
Author(s):  
Luco van den Brom
Keyword(s):  
Medical Technology ◽  
Religious Faith ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Mind And Brain ◽  
The Individual ◽  
God Machine ◽  
The Brain

Developments in medical technology summon the image of a novel ‘bionic’ humanity of the cyborg. Is it possible to entirely reproduce human beings and retain their identity? This technological enhancement aims at improving the physical make-up of the human phenomenon as an individual. Mankind thus assumes control over their mental evolution, creating a techno-sapiens. This prompts the question whether religious faith, emotion, intention or responsibility are physiological reproducible. Experiments with a ‘God Machine’ seem to evoke religious impressions and to deny the individual meaning of God and the human mind. Hick’s dualism of mind and brain as dancing partners is unsuccessful by actually personalizing the brain. This article proposes to describe mental and brain functions as complementary instead of tracing their physiological origin. Then, religious faith is not reduced to fides quae, as merely physiological reproducible information, but remains an existential attitude to life, as fides qua, by itself within the context of a community of believers.

scholarly journals The antinomy "man-woman" in the personal perspective of the formation of the individual religiosity of the Orthodox believer

2018 ◽  
pp. 16-23
Author(s):  
Hanna Kulagina-Stadnichenko
Keyword(s):  
Gender Roles ◽  
Gender Identity ◽  
Religious Pluralism ◽  
Religious Faith ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Personal Perspective ◽  
Religious Traditions ◽  
Scientific Approach ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship

In this article "The antinomy "man-woman" in the personal perspective of the formation of the individual religiosity of the Orthodox believer" by Anna Kulagina-Stadnychenko explores the antinomy of the phenomenon of "manwoman" from the point of view of theology and secular science, examines the peculiarities of its functioning at the level of individual religiosity of the Orthodox believer and in the Ukrainian context. Attention is drawn to several challenges that have always been the cornerstone of the collision of alternative thoughts in solving the antinomy "man-woman." The significance of the latter for the Orthodox believer in view of finding the meaning of life, which is due to awareness of the individual finale of the person. It is shown that the category of reciprocity remains universal for the phenomenological understanding of the meaning of gender. However, unlike secular approaches, apologists of Christianity prefer to talk about the formation of gender identity, and not to look for differences between sexes. Instead, a scientific approach clearly distinguishes the gender identities. It was investigated that the distribution of gender roles is significantly influenced by cultural and religious traditions. Regarding the influence of Orthodoxy on the solution of antinomy "man - woman" in the formation of the individual religious faith of a believer in Ukraine, here the author defines certain features. Finally, it is argued that religious pluralism, the temporary integration of certain parts of Ukraine into other Western European states, led to the inclusion of different ideological models into the individual religiosity of an Orthodox believer, practically made it impossible for a strict patriarchal dependence, and thus, reduced the relationship between "man-woman" through more partnerships.

Invincible Knowledge

1993 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 51-62
Author(s):  
Renford Bambrough
Keyword(s):  
Mental State ◽  
Religious Faith ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Iris Murdoch ◽  
Important Work ◽  
Human Understanding ◽  
Fundamental Understanding ◽  
Invincible Ignorance ◽  
The Individual

As there is a condition of mind which is characterized by invincible ignorance, so there is another which may be said to be possessed of invincible knowledge; and it would be paradoxical in me to deny to such a mental state the highest quality of religious faith,—I mean certitude. (J. H. Newman, Grammar of Assent, 138–139)‘She's an artist. She keeps saying the same thing without repeating herself. (Iris Murdoch, The Good Apprentice, 66)In being initiated into our life as human beings we are subject to causal influences; guiding, teaching, restraint, compulsion, incentives, rewards, warnings, penalties. Until such influences have achieved their most important work we do not share the human understanding within which there can be ratiocination, evidence, argument. So there is and must be a causal story of how we come to acquire a human understanding; a causal story for the species as a whole and a causal story for each of us; and there is not and could not be any acceptable account, either for the species or for the individual, of how we reasoned or argued our way into our initial and fundamental understanding. I say the same thing without repeating myself if I call such knowledge and understanding invincible. It is not possible to Overthrow it by reasoning any more than it is possible to establish it by reasoning.

A Turning-Point in Political Thought

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 292-320
Author(s):  
Isaiah Berlin
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Political Thought ◽  
Turning Point ◽  
Fourth Century ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Distinctive Character ◽  
The Third ◽  
Fourth Century Bce ◽  
The Individual

Berlin discerns three great crises in Western political thought, each challenging one of its three primary tenets. The three tenets are (1) that questions about correct human actions are answerable, whether the answers are yet known or not; (2) that the answers to those questions, insofar as they are true, cannot contradict each other; and (3) that human beings have a distinctive character, which is essentially social. Each of these tenets has been attacked, the first by the German Romantics of the late eighteenth century, the second by Machiavelli in sixteenth-century Florence, and the third by the Epicureans and Stoics in the late fourth-century BCE. Berlin’s extended examination of this third case demonstrates both how firmly established was the idea that human beings found meaning only in relation to others in the polis and how great and sudden was the transition toward focus on the individual fostered by the Cynics, Epicureans, and Stoics. The suddenness and irruptive nature of this transition cannot be satisfactorily understood as a reflection of political changes alone, but its deeper roots are obscured by the dominance of Plato, Aristotle, and others who subscribed to the polis-centered point of view and regarded possible precursors of the transition as their philosophical opponents.

scholarly journals URDU: رہائشی علاقوں کی انتظامی منصوبہ بندی: سیرت طیبہ کی روشنی میں تجزیاتی مطالعہ

ĪQĀN ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (03) ◽  
pp. 27-38
Author(s):  
Dr. Muhammad Mansha Tayyab ◽  
Yasir Farooq
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Management System ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Strong Recommendation ◽  
The Government ◽  
Modern Era ◽  
Day By Day

 In the modern era, where the population is increasing day by day, many problems regarding cleanliness and Residential areas management system are growing accordingly. In which a significant amount of these problems are related to the management of better facilities of living, providing best necessities to human beings, creating and extending reliable infrastructure and better environment for growing. It is very sad to know that, in third world countries these problems are worst then other developed countries. Pakistan is among those countries which are facing a large number of these kind of problems. According to a survey, the ratio of population increasing has been doubled due to migration from rural areas to big cities. There is a huge need to solve these problems in appropriate way, with consistency and basic management. The government should have to pay a great attention toward these problems with a devoted management system in the light of Islamic teachings. The topic of this study is selected for this kind of signification. Author(s) selected many teachings through the Seerat Perspectives and as Islamic point of view. In the light of that teaching, number of suggestion have been given and strong recommendation has been made for the development of better infrastructure and management system to resolve these problems. 

scholarly journals The basic function of happiness and vivacity from Rumi's point of view

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (SPE3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Asghar Dalili Saleh ◽  
Mohammad Shah Badizadeh
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Basic Function ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Human Existence ◽  
Effective Characteristics ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Human Soul ◽  
Emotional Aspect ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Individual

Happiness is one of the effective characteristics in human existence that the human soul and body have received many effects from this emotional aspect of human beings. Although psychologists' definitions of the causes and factors of happiness are different, but everyone agrees on one basis, and that is the essential need of the individual and society to strengthen the dimension of happiness and vitality in human beings, and that this feature can lead to prosperity and growth. Provide progress in the individual and society. This article confirms that the teachings of Jalaluddin Mohammad Rumi seek to provide a bed of happiness, with the difference that happiness is different from the view of Rumi as a religious mystic with the views of other greats. This research intends to study happiness and vitality on the basis of spiritual Masnavi. Access to Rumi's thoughts and ideas is important because his ideas can be considered as a great Muslim poet and mystic and a representative of Islamic mysticism and can be generalized to the thoughts of many of his followers. Our method in this paper is a library based on documentary study and content analysis. According to Rumi, sorrow is one of the means of conduct and the seeker can not be painless and sorrow, and sorrow that is not in the path of growth is unpleasant and sorrow that is in the direction of excellence is valuable and pleasant. Sadness and happiness cause human mental moderation. Wise sorrows should be welcomed and irrational joys should be avoided. Wise sorrows are the path to happiness, and as a result, the dynamism and mobility of the soul destroys many of the sorrows and daily joys and gives true clarity to the human soul.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document