scholarly journals Derivation of nominal verbs with the suffix -(i)auti, that belong to the categorial value ʿto be something/ someone or such as what is denoted by the base word’

2012 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Anželika Gaidienė
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Version ◽  
Base Word ◽  
Standard Language ◽  
Part Of Speech ◽  
First Category ◽  
Electronic Dictionary ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Derivatives Of ◽  
Living Being

  The article deals with nominal verbs with the suffix -(i)auti that have common categorical meaning ‘to be something/someone or such as what is denoted by the base word.' The object of the research consists of 239 verbs found in the electronic Dictionary of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language and 236 corresponding verbs from the electronic version of the Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language. According to the derivational meaning (darybos reikšmė), the verbs under investigation are classified into two groups: 1) verbs that mean ‘to be what is denoted by the base word' (they constitute 83% of all verbs that are analysed here) and 2) verbs, meaning ‘to be such as denoted by the base word' (17%). The verbs of the first category are further subdivided into four subclasses: 1) ‘to be someone denoted by the base word (not in the sense of work)' (they make up 69% of all the verbs of the first group), 2) ‘to work as what is denoted by the base word' (25%), 3) ‘to behave as behaves a person or another living being denoted by the base word' (5%) and 4) verbs denoting ‘states, processes that arise from the thing denoted by the base word' (only 1%).The derivatives of these subclasses are further divided according to the part of speech of the base words (nouns, adjectives or numerals) and the type of derivation (simple forms or derivatives: suffix, prefix, inflection or compounds). The investigation carried out has demonstrated that the verbs derived from nominals by adding the suffix -(i)auti which belong to the category meanings ‘to be something/someone or such as what is denoted by the base word' in standard language have few suffix and stem variants, they are not very characteristic of root vowel and consonant change, their base words do not vary a lot. 

Bis(diphenylphosphido) Derivatives of the Heavier Group 2 Elements

2007 ◽  
Vol 46 (24) ◽  
pp. 10410-10415 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark R. Crimmin ◽  
Anthony G. M. Barrett ◽  
Michael S. Hill ◽  
Peter B. Hitchcock ◽  
Panayiotis A. Procopiou
Keyword(s):  
Group 2 ◽  
Derivatives Of

scholarly journals The Level of Reactive Carbonyl Derivatives of Proteins, Malondialdehyde, and Catalase Activity in the Brain of Rats after Therapy Following Chronic Unpredictable Moderate Stress

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (A) ◽  
pp. 691-698
Author(s):  
Yelena Valerievna Yepifantseva ◽  
Mayra Galimzhanovna Abdrakhmanova ◽  
Yelena Vladimirovna Pozdnyakova ◽  
Polina Sergeyevna Semenikhina ◽  
Ruslan Andreevich Belyayev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Disorders ◽  
Oxidative Metabolism ◽  
Protein Carbonylation ◽  
Carbonyl Derivatives ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Derivatives Of ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Group 1

BACKGROUND: Understanding the mechanisms of the behavioral disorders’ emergence under the influence of chronic stress is the most important aspect of the subsequent development of a strategy for its therapy and prevention. Changes in the oxidative metabolism processes can be decisive in the development of the pathogenetic cascade in the brain. Information about these processes can be obtained by studying protein carbonylation, lipid peroxidation, and catalase activity (CA). The complexity of the therapeutic impact in various behavioral disorders implies the search for new pharmacological substances and the study of the previously known drugs’ effects based on the available scientific data. AIM: The aim of the study was to study the reactive carbonyl derivatives of proteins (RCDP), malondialdehyde (MDA), and CA in the brain of rats after therapy following chronic unpredictable moderate stress (CUMS). METHODS: Forty male outbred rats weighing 450–500 g were used in this study. For 21 days, all animals were exposed to the diverse stress factors for developing the CUMS. The animals were divided into four groups of 10 rats, each using randomized selection. The rats of one group were euthanized by decapitation with subsequent brain harvesting (Group 4). Remaining three groups of rats were treated with placebo (Group 1), harmine hydrochloride (Group 2), and amitriptyline (Group 3) for 21 days. Upon completion of therapy, all rats were also euthanized by decapitation with subsequent brain harvesting. The levels of RCDP, MDA, and CA were studied in their brain, and after that, we compared the multiple studied indicators in four groups. RESULTS: The results of the rat brain examinations in four groups showed that RCDP level in Group 2 was significantly lower than in Group 4 (p = 0.000). Similarly, in Group 1, it was lower than in Group 4 (p = 0.021), plus, it did not differ statistically from the harmine hydrochloride group (p = 1,000). Indicators of Groups 3 and 4 did not have any significant differences in RCDP level, too, (p = 0.799); however, the RCDP level in Group 2 was significantly lower than in Group 3 (p = 0.040). MDA indicators did not show significant differences; however, a tendency for lower values was revealed in Group 1 (p = 0.233) and Group 2 (p = 0.151). CA in Group 4 was lower than that in Group 1 (p = 0.000), Group 2 (p = 0.001), and Group 3 (p = 0.003) contemporaneously, while all treatment groups were comparable (p = 1.000). CONCLUSION: The result of exposure to chronic stress can be reproduced with the best quality in the CUMS model. The neurobiological foundations of the model make it possible to assess biochemical markers of oxidative metabolism and evaluate the possibilities of pharmacological correction of stress-induced behavioral disorders. To assess the mechanisms of autoregulation of oxidative metabolism, this study included a placebo group (Group 1), the level of RCDP in which was significantly higher in comparison with Group 3 and Group 4 and slightly lower than in Group 2. In this study, harmine hydrochloride demonstrated activity exceeding amitriptyline, particularly limiting the process of protein carbonylation, not noted for amitriptyline. According to the results of the RCDP assessment in the CUMS model, the process of protein carbonylation can be considered to be one of the significant factors in the deactivation of neurotransmitters. The CA levels determined in all groups allowed us to consider this marker as the most sensitive to the effects of stress, which possibly has an inhibitory effect on catalase, as its activity in all groups after therapy was more than two-fold higher than in animals right after CUMS. We can assume that CA plays an important role in starting the processes of autoregulation of oxidative metabolism. The study was carried out as a part of the implementation of the scientific and technical program No. BR05236584 “Development of new herbal preparations and their pharmacological and clinical studies” (O.0820). (2018–2020) in the priority area, “Life and Health Sciences.”

scholarly journals Grammatical Interference in the Aceh Language in the Use of Indonesian Writing Variety of 7th Grade Students of Junior High School 1 Indrapuri Aceh Besar District and Their Utilization as Teaching Materials in Learning to Write Narrative Texts

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 478-486
Author(s):  
Jannati Wardah
Keyword(s):  
Junior High School ◽  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Narrative Text ◽  
Base Word ◽  
Teaching Materials ◽  
Narrative Texts ◽  
Teaching Language ◽  
Basic Word ◽  
Sentence Patterns ◽  
Derivatives Of

This study aims to describe: (1) forms of basic word interference and derivatives of Acehnese language in Indonesian narrative essays, (2) forms of Acehnese sentence pattern interference in narrative essays, (3) their use as teaching language in learning to write narrative texts. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative method. The subjects of this study were students of class VII-A and students of class VII-Byang totaling 65 people. The results showed there were grammatical interference and their use as teaching materials in learning to write narrative texts. As for the morphological interference form in the base word there are 15 data and in the word derivative (affixation) there are 37 data consisting of: prefix (prefix) meu- 6 data, data peu- 2, data te-6, data si-5, and financial - 1 data. Inserts (infix) consist of -eun- 2 data, -eum- 3 data and -eul- 1 data. The suffix consists of –an 2 data, and -kon 2 data. The prefix and suffix consist of data 2 and data 2 data. While for the form of repetition (reduplication) there are 3 data. Form of interference at the level of syntax (sentence patterns) there are 9 data consisting of S-P 3 data, S-P-O 1 data, S-P-Pel 1 data, S-P-O-Pel 1 data, S-P-O-K 1 data, and S-P-K 2 data. For its use as teaching material in learning to write narrative text, the writer makes a hand out.

Формальна і семантична структури дериватів y говорах української мови: проблема кореляції

2021 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 209-230
Keyword(s):  
Coordinate System ◽  
Semantic Structure ◽  
Base Word ◽  
The South ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
The World ◽  
Collective Experience ◽  
Semantic Evolution ◽  
Derivatives Of

У статті порушено проблему кореляції формальної і семантичної структур дериватів. Дослідження здійснено на прикладі прикметників, дериватів із коренем -гор- (-гір-, -гур-), які входять до складу словотвірного гнізда з вершиною гора ‘гора’, ‘верхня частина’ і репрезентують семантичну опозицію ‘верx’ ↔ ‘низ’.Корпус прикметників із коренем -гор- (-гір-, -гур-) формує понад 60 одиниць, які описують орієнтацію об’єктів у просторі, окреслюють просторову кваліфікацію об’єкта та моделюють си-стему координат мовної (а радше діалектної) картини світу. Детально проаналізовано семантику прикметників першого та другого ступенів деривації (гíрний / гóрний, горáвий, горúстий, горíшний, гірськúй, гóряний, горíський тощо); префіксально-суфіксальних форм (згíрний, згірнúстий, загíрний, нагíрний, пагористий та ін.) та композитів (крутогóрий, плоскогíрний, простогíрний тощо). Семан-тичну структуру прикметників проаналізовано в межах двох семантичних субкомплексів, а саме: ‘верхня / нижня частина об’єкта’ та ‘верхня / нижня межа’. Значення прикметників структурова-но єрархічно. Усі значення (компоненти семантичної структури) ілюструють приклади, засвідчені в говірках української мови. Зафіксовані значення представляють різні аспекти життя українців.Проаналізовані мовні одиниці відтворюють діалектні особливості, зокрема семантичні, харак-терні для говорів південно-західного наріччя української мови. Джерелами дослідження слугували історичні та регіональні словники (Є. Желехівський, С. Недільський, П. Білецький-Носенко, Д. Яворницький, Б. Грінченко та ін.), а також діалектні тексти та лінгвістичні атласи. Семантичні зміни, виявлені на підставі аналізу історичних джерел і пам’яток української мови від ХІ ст., зафік-совано на різних історичних етапах. Це дало змогу не тільки окреслити особливості діалектної кар-тини світу діалектоносіїв, відмінності у їхньому світогляді, знаннях та колективному досвіді, а й репрезентувати особливості діалектної номінації, деривації та семантики.Діалектні відомості подано в семи порівняльних таблицях, які фіксують деривацію та семантику аналізованих лексем, а також семантичні зміни прикметників гíрськúй / гóрський, горíшний. Задоку-ментовано найдавніші фіксації дериватів від ХІ ст. та семантичну еволюцію слів. Аналіз формальних і семантичних структур дериватів підтвердив, що семантика базового слова є основою для форму-вання семантики дериватів.This paper deals with the problem of correlation between the formal and semantic structure of derivatives. The paper suggests examples of derivative of the root -гор- (-гір-, -гур-) and represents the semantic opposition ‘top’ ↔ ‘bottom’ – fragments of the derivative clusters of the base words of the opposition гора ‘mountain’, ‘top’.The corpus of adjectives with the root -гор- (-гір-, -гур-) amounts to more than 60 units. It describes the orientation of objects in the space as well as identifies the spatial qualification of an object and models the coordinate system of the linguistic (resp. dialectal) worldview. The author scrutinizes the semantics of the adjectives: unprefixed derivatives of the 1st and 2nd degrees of derivation (гíрний / гóрний, горáвий, горúстий, горíшний, гірськúй, гóряний, горíський, etc.); prefixal-suffixal formations (згíрний, згірнúстий, загíрний, нагíрний, пагористий, etc.), and compounds (крутогóрий, плоскогíрний, простогíрний, etc.). The semantic structure of adjectives is analyzed within two semantic subcomplexes: ‘the top of the object’ and ‘high / low limit’. The subcomplexes unite the meanings of the adjectives, which are structured hierarchically. All meanings (components of the semantic structure) are illustrated by examples of dialectal speech. These meanings represent different aspects of the Ukrainians’ life.The analysed units represent semantic and typical features for the south-western dialects of the Ukrainian language. The sources of the study are historical and regional dictionaries (by Ye. Zhelekhivskyi, S. Nedilskyi, P. Biletskyi-Nosenko, D. Yavornytskyi, B. Hrinchenko, etc.) and texts as well as linguistic atlases. Semantic changes, as based on the analysis of historical sources and manuscripts of the Ukrainian language from the 11th century, were recorded at different historical stages. It is possible to identify the specific features of the perception of the world and differences in the worldview of dialect speakers, their knowledge, and collective experience, and represent the specific features of dialect nomination, derivation, and semantics.The dialectal data provided in the 7 comparative tables of the lexeme’s derivation and semantics, and what is more, semantic changes of the adjectives гíрськúй / гóрський and горíшний. The oldest fixations of derivatives from the 11th century and the semantic evolution of the words are documented. The analysis of the formal and semantic structures of derivatives proved that the semantics of the base word is the basis for the formation of the semantics of derivatives.

How to tag non-standard language: Normalisation versus domain adaptation for Slovene historical and user-generated texts

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 651-674 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katja Zupan ◽  
Nikola Ljubešić ◽  
Tomaž Erjavec
Keyword(s):  
Domain Adaptation ◽  
Training Data ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Standard Language ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Standard Data ◽  
Pos Tagging ◽  
Part Of Speech ◽  
Versus Domain ◽  
Pos Tagger

AbstractPart-of-speech (PoS) tagging of non-standard language with models developed for standard language is known to suffer from a significant decrease in accuracy. Two methods are typically used to improve it: word normalisation, which decreases the out-of-vocabulary rate of the PoS tagger, and domain adaptation where the tagger is made aware of the non-standard language variation, either through supervision via non-standard data being added to the tagger’s training set, or via distributional information calculated from raw texts. This paper investigates the two approaches, normalisation and domain adaptation, on carefully constructed data sets encompassing historical and user-generated Slovene texts, in particular focusing on the amount of labour necessary to produce the manually annotated data sets for each approach and comparing the resulting PoS accuracy. We give quantitative as well as qualitative analyses of the tagger performance in various settings, showing that on our data set closed and open class words exhibit significantly different behaviours, and that even small inconsistencies in the PoS tags in the data have an impact on the accuracy. We also show that to improve tagging accuracy, it is best to concentrate on obtaining manually annotated normalisation training data for short annotation campaigns, while manually producing in-domain training sets for PoS tagging is better when a more substantial annotation campaign can be undertaken. Finally, unsupervised adaptation via Brown clustering is similarly useful regardless of the size of the training data available, but improvements tend to be bigger when adaptation is performed via in-domain tagging data.

scholarly journals Semantic and grammatical parameters of the homocomplex as

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Features ◽  
Lexical Unit ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
Part Of Speech ◽  
Syntactic Position ◽  
Morphological Status ◽  
Typical Function ◽  
Syntactic Relations ◽  
Compound Sentence ◽  
Derivatives Of

The relevance of the research is due to the increased attention of linguists to grammatical homonymy. Within the framework of grammatical homonymy, morphological, interpart-of-speech and syntactic homonyms are distinguished. The focus is on the problems of part-of-speech homonymy, in particular on the phenomenon of morphological syncretism due to the ambiguity of structural and semantic features of parts of speech and changes of the morphological status of certain words in different syntagmatic environments. Changes in the categorical-semantic meaning of the lexical unit as, synonymous series of components of the specified sound complex, the nature of the syntagmatic environment, syntactic functions, positional fixation in a certain syntax unit, functional phraseology in compound conjunctions and particles are described. The conceptual scope of the term „homocomplex” is considered, it is defined as a sound complex, which is used to denote the title of a group of functional homonyms and words of the zone of syncretism. It is established that the homocomplex as is represented by three grammatical homonyms such as adverb, conjunction and particle. The source word for the formation of derivatives of the conjunction and particle is the adverb as. In the syntactic position of the adverb, this lexical unit appears in the adverbial position, expressing the following meanings: the question of manner (how?); the degree of detection of an action, state (very, extremely); mode of action (how); time of action (when); indefinite way (somehow). In the syntactic sphere of the conjunction, losing the ability to express a sign, the lexical unit „how” often serves as a means of expressing comparative semantic-syntactic relations; forming phraseologized compounds, it can act as an expression of clauses of condition, time and concession. Not denoting defining and adverbial meanings and not combining parts of a compound sentence, the lexical unit as belongs to the class of particles. A typical function of this particle is an amplifying one. It is complemented by additional semantic shades of meaning, such as „very”, „extremely”, „suddenly”, etc., which serve to express the speaker’s surprise, indignation, dissatisfaction, surprise, and others.

scholarly journals An Exploration of the Effects of Electronic Dictionaries on Iranian Intermediate EFL Learners’ Reading Comprehension

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 253-258
Author(s):  
Sara Tavakoli ◽  
Omid Akbari
Keyword(s):  
Reading Comprehension ◽  
Electronic Version ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Attitudes And Beliefs ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cd Rom ◽  
Efl Learners ◽  
Electronic Dictionary ◽  
Dictionary Use

This research examined the L2 learners’ use of electronic dictionaries compared to printed dictionaries. Nowadays, with the advancement and growth of technology, there has been a shift of trend from traditional paper dictionaries to online and electronic dictionaries. In this study the learners’ questionnaire, a reading textbook, a paper dictionary, an electronic dictionary, a reading comprehension test, and the semi-structured interviews were employed as instruments. At first, two questionnaires and the semi-structured interviews were conducted to identify the attitudes and beliefs of EFL learners in relation to the effectiveness of paper and electronic dictionaries on Iranian intermediate EFL learners’ reading comprehension. TOEFL Reading Flash: The Quick Way to Build Reading Power by Milada Broukal (1997) was used as the reading textbook. The Seventh edition of the Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary authored by Hornby (2005) was chosen as the paper dictionary. The other dictionary used in this study was an equivalent electronic version of Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary on a CD-ROM as the electronic dictionary. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS, 20) was used in order to analyze required statistics. A series of paired-sample t tests were run to examine the learners' reading comprehension scores. In addition, a series of chi-square tests were run to analyze the questionnaires. As results showed, electronic dictionary use has positive effect on learners’ reading comprehension skills and also electronic dictionaries help learners’ vocabulary learning. The implications of the findings are discussed and suggestions are made for future research.

NAMES OF THE ETHNOGRAPHIC GROUPS IN THE DICTIONARY OF CONTEMPORARY LATVIAN LANGUAGE

Via Latgalica ◽  
2017 ◽  
pp. 66
Author(s):  
Antra Kļavinska
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Origin ◽  
Electronic Version ◽  
Word Use ◽  
Plural Form ◽  
Electronic Dictionary ◽  
The Media ◽  
General Meaning ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Main Component

Determination of the ethnonymic lexical semantics can be considered as one of the aspects of ethnic studies in linguistics. Who are the Latgalians, Latgals, Suits, Selonians and other ethnographic groups, according to the modern concepts? The answer to this question can be found in the Dictionary of Contemporary Latvian Language (MLVV), which is fully available on the Internet since 2014.The aim of the paper is to analyse the names of Latvian ethnographic groups and the principles of defining meanings in MLVV, especially focusing on issues related to names of Latgalian Latvians. Lexicographic data analysis and contextual approach are applied in this research with the help of which extralinguistic factors (linguistic and situative context) are revealed.One of the most important tasks in lexicographic work is the inventory of the material, in other words, selection of word entries, illustrative texts, collection and classification of information from preceding dictionaries. In the present paper, the electronic version of the eight-volume Dictionary of the Literary Latvian Language (1972–1996) has been used for comparison. The Balanced Corpus of Modern Latvian, consisting of ~4.5 million word use cases, is applied to determine the contextual semantics and the usage frequency of the names of ethnographic groups.MLVV materials show that there is a lack of consequence in the designation of ethnographic groups and definition of their meaning. The names of ethnographic groups (as well as other ethnonyms) as entries are mostly provided in the plural, for instance, latgalieši, suiti, zemgalieši (Latgalians, Suits, inhabitants of Zemgale), etc., some of them in singular forms: kurzemnieks, vidzemnieks (inhabitant of Kurzeme, inhabitant of Vidzeme). In the previously published Dictionary of the Literary Latvian Language, the names are provided in the plural, and the data of the modern Latvian language corpus show that all the analysed lexemes are used in plural form more often.The definitions of the meanings are lacking consistency. Firstly, the scope of definitions is broad: the territorial belonging to a certain Latvian ethnographic region is taken as a basis for all the explanations of the meaning; some definitions have references to linguistic and cultural peculiarity. Secondly, none of definitions has a reference that it is an ethnographic group of Latvians; only in one case, the designation of ethnic origin latvieši (Latvians) is provided. The explanation ‘inhabitants’ (of the region) is applied most often, which indicates the belonging of the lexeme to katoikonyms, not ethnonyms; also, the explanation ‘indigenous inhabitants’ (of the region) indicates indirectly that they might be Latvians.The novelty of the dictionary is that there are two meanings for the lexemes latgaļi (Latgalians) and sēļi (Selonians): the first one characterizes the Baltic tribes, the second – inhabitants/ natives of the cultural historical region (more precisely – ethnographic group of the Latvian nation). At the same time, it is not considered that lexemes latgalieši, kurzemnieki, vidzemnieki, zemgalieši (Latgalians, inhabitants of Kurzeme, Vidzeme, Zemgale) in contemporary Latvian also have at least two meanings: the meaning of ‘ethnographic group of the nation’ in modern texts, especially in the media, is complemented by a more general meaning of ‘inhabitant of the region’, in other words, the ethnonym becomes a katoikonym.The advantage of the electronic dictionary of contemporary Latvian is the possibility to edit it constantly; therefore, it is worth to pay attention to separate lexical semantic groups when developing the dictionary. In that way, it will be possible to avoid inconsistency in definitions of meanings. In order to separate ethnonyms from katoikonyms, in the definitions of the ethnonyms analysed in the paper, the designation of ethnic community ‘ethnographic group of Latvian nation’ can be applied as the main component, supplemented by semes indicating the connection with a certain territory, and possibly, the characterization of cultural, religious and linguistic peculiarity. 

scholarly journals Protein chromatography on adsorbents with hydrophobic and ionic groups. Some properties of N-(3-carboxypropionyl)aminodecyl-sepharose and its interaction with wheat-germ aspartate transcarbamoylase

1975 ◽  
Vol 151 (2) ◽  
pp. 281-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
R J Yon ◽  
R J Simmonds
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Germ ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Sodium Deoxycholate ◽  
Exchange Chromatography ◽  
Aspartate Transcarbamoylase ◽  
Protein Chromatography ◽  
Ionic Groups ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Derivatives Of

1. The charge state of two derivatives of Sepharose prepared by the CNBr activation method were studied by acid-base titration and by ion-exchange chromatography. Dodecyl-Sepharose exhibited cationic groups (21mumol/ml of settled gel; pKa=9.6) that were tentatively assigned to the coupling isourea group. 2. CPAD-Sepharose [N-(3-carboxypropionyl)aminodecyl-Sepharose] has anionic (carboxyl) groups (pKa=4.5) and cationic groups (pKa=9.6) in roughly equal concentrations (e coupling group. CPAD-Sepharose is slightly negatively charged at pH 7.0 and substantially negatively charged at pH 8.5. 3. The pKa values of dodecyl-Sepharose and CPAD-Sepharose are unaffected by a 100-fold increase in the concentration of KCl. 4. CPAD-Sepharose has considerable affinity for wheat-germ aspartate transcarbamoylase at pH 8.5 when the adsorbent and enzyme are both negatively charged. The interaction involves the C10 chain but is relatively moderate compared with C10 chains associated only with positive charge. 5. Desorption of the enzyme adsorbed to CPAD-Sepharose can be achieved by raising the pH to increase the electrostatic repulsion, or by introducing the detergent sodium deoxycholate. Acetone and butan-1-ol also weaken the adsorption at pH 8.5. 6. High concentrations of sodium acetate or sodium phosphate induced the enzyme to bind more tightly to CPAD-Sepharose. 7. These results are discussed in terms of a ‘repulsion-controlled’ model or hydrophobic chromatography.

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