scholarly journals Evidential adverbials in Lithuanian: a corpus-based study

Kalbotyra ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 67 (67) ◽  
pp. 104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Ruskan
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Speech Act ◽  
Common Knowledge ◽  
Academic Discourse ◽  
Word Class ◽  
Pragmatic Markers ◽  
Pragmatic Function ◽  
Functional Distribution

The present study examines the functional distribution of the adverbials akivaizdžiai ‘evidently’, aiškiai ‘clearly’, ryškiai ‘visibly/clearly’, tariamai ‘allegedly/supposedly’ and aišku ‘clearly/of course’ in Lithuanian fiction and academic discourse. The aim of the study is to identify the evidential and/or pragmatic functions of perception and communication-based adverbials which can be traced synchronically to different syntactic environment (a predication manner adverbial and a CTP clause). The paper examines the frequency of these adverbials, their position, scope, functions, co-occurrence with argumentative markers, word class (adverb or non-agreeing adjective) and the type of discourse they occur in. The research is conducted by applying a corpus-based methodology and the data are obtained from the Corpus of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language, namely from the subcorpus of fiction, and the Corpus of Academic Lithuanian. The perception-based adverbials akivaizdžiai ‘evidently’, aiškiai ‘clearly’, ryškiai ‘clearly/visibly’ and aišku ‘clearly/of course’ denote inferences drawn from perceptual and conceptual evidence and contribute to persuasive authorial argumentation, while the communication-based adverbial tariamai ‘allegedly/supposedly’ functions as a hearsay marker. The latter may also be used as an epistemic marker which refers to unreal or imagined situations. In contexts of common knowledge, the adverbial aišku ‘clearly/of course’ acquires interactional and textual functions and thus reveals traces of pragmaticalisation. In academic discourse, it signals interaction with the addressee and links units of discourse, while in fiction it functions as a speech act modifier in a variety of emotive contexts. The pragmaticalisation of aišku ‘clearly/of course’ is also marked by its high frequency, positional mobility (initial, medial, final) and scopal variability (clausal, phrasal). Alongside its discrete evidential and pragmatic functions, the adverbial aišku ‘clearly/of course’ displays the merger of the two functions. The adverbials akivaizdžiai ‘evidently’, aiškiai ‘clearly’, ryškiai ‘visibly/clearly’ and tariamai ‘allegedly/supposedly’ do not acquire a pragmatic function, which is indicated by their frequency and position. The results of the present study corroborate the findings of previous studies that common sources of evidential adverbials and pragmatic markers in Lithuanian are verb-based, adjective-based and noun-based CTP clauses.

A Study of Pragmatic Function of Speech Acts in Mission Statements on the Basis of Adaptation Theory

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 80
Author(s):  
Zhang Mengqi ◽  
Xu Zhanghong ◽  
Wan Muchun
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Culture ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Speech Acts ◽  
Speech Act ◽  
Writing Skills ◽  
Mission Statements ◽  
Adaptation Theory ◽  
Parallel Structures ◽  
Pragmatic Function ◽  
Core Part

orporate mission, a core part of corporate culture, plays an important role in the development and competition of companies. The study of mission statements is beneficial to both companies and stakeholders. This paper explores corporate mission from the perspective of linguistics on the basis of speech act theory and adaptation theory and reveals that assertives account for a large proportion with a small proportion of commissives and zero proportion of directives, expressives and declarations. Some skills can be used to polish the language of mission statements, like pun, personification and parallel structures. And some high frequency words are summarized. Several characteristics and writing skills are summarized about mission statements. The criteria of judging whether the mission statements are good or not are given in this paper.

Vi snakker sådan: An analysis of the Danish discourse-pragmatic marker sådan

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-37
Author(s):  
Christian Schoning ◽  
Jørn Helder ◽  
Chloé Diskin-Holdaway
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Preliminary Investigation ◽  
Analytic Approach ◽  
Spoken Discourse ◽  
Pragmatic Markers ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Self Repair ◽  
Interactional Discourse

Abstract The last three decades have witnessed increasing interest in discourse-pragmatic markers (DPMs), both with regards to their high frequency in spoken discourse and their multifunctionality in interaction. Most studies have centered on English, with studies on Danish restricted to a handful of previous interactional discourse analyses. This paper is a preliminary investigation of the Danish word sådan (commonly glossed as ‘such’ or ‘like this/that’). A qualitative, form-based, discourse analytic approach is undertaken on over 40 minutes of naturally occurring Danish talk to argue that sådan qualifies as a DPM. In service of textual, subjective, and intersubjective macro-functions, sådan illustrates; exemplifies; marks hesitation; approximates a quantity; mitigates, hedges, or softens; and allows self-correction or self-repair. These findings are discussed in terms of their implications for sådan’s place in the Danish DPM system and our understanding of DPMs across languages.

scholarly journals ANALISIS KONTRASTIF KOTOWARI HYOUGEN ANTARA PEMBELAJAR BAHASA JEPANG DAN PENUTUR ASLI

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Novia Hayati
Keyword(s):  
Language Learners ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Speech Act ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Mother Tongue ◽  
Japanese Language ◽  
Contrastive Analysis ◽  
Completion Test ◽  
Unpleasant Feeling ◽  
Japanese Learners

 Abstrak Analisis Kontrastif Kotowari Hyougen  antara Pembelajar Bahasa Jepang dan Penutur Asli. Di antara beberapa aktifitas berbahasa, tindakan menolak sering dianggap sebagai tindakan yang cukup sulit karena memberikan perasaan tidak menyenangkan terhadap lawan tutur. Tindak tutur menolak tidak terlepas dari latar belakang tindak tutur berbahasa oleh pengguna bahasa tersebut. Pembelajar yang berbahasa ibu bahasa Sunda memiliki kemiripan dengan penutur asli dalam membuat tindak tutur penolakan dikarenakan adanya kedekatan aturan undak usuk bahasa sunda dengan tainguu hyougen dalam bahasa Jepang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui ungkapan penolakan yang digunakan oleh pembelajar bahasa Jepang kemudian melalui perbandingan dengan penutur asli diketahui persamaan dan perbedaanya serta permasalahan dalam ungkapan penolakan oleh pembelajar. Instrumen yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Discourse Completion Test (DCT). Hasil analisis data menunjukan terdapat persamaan diantara pembelajar dan penutur asli dalam pengguna {wabi} terhadap dosen akrab (penggunanya lebih rendah). Sebagai permasalahan dalam ungkapan penolakan yakni pembelajar menggunakan {fuka} dalam bentuk futsuu no hiteikei, dan {koshou} dalam frekuensi yang cukup tinggi. Sebaliknya, penutur asli menggunakan fukanoukei, dikarenakan apabila menggunakan futsuu no hiteikei akan diterima sebagai arti penolakan yang kuat/keras.Kata kunci: Kotowari hyougen, DCT, Taiguu hyougen, penutur asli, konstraktif  Abstract Contrastive Analysis of Kotowari Hyougen between Learners of Japanese Language and Japanese Native Speakers. Among several speaking activities, action of refusal is often considered a difficult act as it gives an unpleasant feeling againts interlocutors. Refusal speech act cannot be separated from the background of the speech act by the user of the language. Learners whose mother tongue is Sundanese language has similarities with Japanese native speakers in making the speech act of refusal due to the proximity of the undak usuk in Sundanese with tainguu hyougen in Japanese. This study aims to determine the expressions of refusal used by Japanese learners then, through comparison with native speakers, to determine the similarities, differences and problems in the expression of rejection by the learners. The instrument used in this study is Discourse Completion Test (DCT). Form the analysis of the data it was found that there were similarities between learners and native speakers that {riyuu/iiwake}, {wabi}, {fuka} were used as the main semantic formula. There are similarities between learners whose mother tongue is Sundanese and native speakers in using language {wabi} to professors considered familiar (lower usage). The problem of expressions of refusal used by learners {fuka} in the form Futsuu fuka no hiteikei and {koshou} was in a fairly high frequency. In contrast, native speakers use fukanoukei, because using Futsuu no hiteikei will be considered as a strong/hard sense of refusal.Keywords: Kotowari hyougen, DCT, Tainguu hyougen

scholarly journals ANALISIS SOSIOPRAGMATIK PADA TINDAK TUTUR KOMUNITAS PEMAIN GAME ONLINE DI KOTA SOLO

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Raymonda ◽  
Djatmika Djatmika ◽  
Edi Subroto
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Speech Act ◽  
Word Class ◽  
Online Game ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Context Analysis ◽  
Specific Term

<p><em>This paper was aimed to discuss speech act patterns in online gamer community and to uncover the details of specific terms used by that community, especially those found in Solo. Some approaches and theories about sociopragmatics were used for data analysis dealing with the types and functions of speech act as well as the specific terms used by that online gamer community stayed in Solo. By implementing context analysis method, data collected from participation observation technique, unstructured interview, and elicitation, speech act types from that community could be specified based on the frequency of usage. The highest to the lowest usage speech act types were directive, assertive, expressive, commisive, verdictive, and declarative. Noun was found as the most used class of words in specific terms and followed by the emerge of smaller percentage word class of verb, adjective, and adverb.</em></p><p><em> </em></p><p><em>Key words: sosiopragmatics, speech act, specific term, online game community</em></p>

scholarly journals Decoding the wordplay: Speech act analysis of headlines predicting the future

2021 ◽  
Vol Volume 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 303-314
Author(s):  
Rabiah Rustam ◽  
Mian Shah Bacha
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Speech Acts ◽  
Speech Act ◽  
News Story ◽  
Pragmatic Markers ◽  
Future State ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Speech Act Analysis

Present article attempts to analyze the role of the pragmatic markers or illocutionary force indicating devices in the speech acts of prediction. The headlines play a significant role in making a news story readable and approaching large number of audience. The headlines used in the present article were taken from CNN website. These headlines cover a variety of stories related with Pakistan. As the headlines communicate more than what is said they have been treated as speech acts. Searle (1969) defines speech act as a minimum unit of communication which is illocutionary in nature and creates an impact on the mind of the reader. Keeping, this definition in view, the headlines are speech acts that affect the readers. Current study is limited to the headlines that are related to prediction or forecasting the future state of affairs.The detailed analysis of the speech acts finds that the interpretation of the headlines depends on the language devices which help in shaping the illocutionary functions of the speech acts in collaboration with the context. It has also been found that the headlines use negative words more often than the positive ones in an attempt to take the reeaders to the detailed stories.

Whence subject-verb agreement? Investigating the role of topicality, accessibility, and frequency in Vera’a texts

Linguistics ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 735-780 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Schnell
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Speech Act ◽  
Relevant Factor ◽  
Subject Pronouns ◽  
Verb Agreement ◽  
Overt Pronouns ◽  
Functional Factors ◽  
Subject Agreement ◽  
Reduced Forms

Abstract While the grammaticalization of subject agreement appears to be a diachronic near-universal, there has been little agreement on usage-based motivations for this crosslinguistic tendency. Three usage-based approaches – Givón’s NP detachment under topicalization, Ariel’s accessibility theory, and a set of accounts in terms of frequency-driven morphologization – are examined here in the light of corpus data from the Oceanic language Vera’a. The high frequency of overt pronouns in 1st and 2nd person subjects, as well as formal reduction in some 1st-person pronouns, observed in the corpus seem suggestive of grammaticalization of subject agreement in speech-act participants (SAPs). Yet, the remaining variation between pronominal and zero forms and the distribution of reduced forms do not appear to reflect functional factors in the way of topicalization or accessibility. Overall, frequency-driven accounts appear to fare better in explaining the Vera’a facts, in particular the distribution of 1st person zero subjects and the formal reduction of 1st person subject pronouns. The overall high levels of subject pronouns, however, are not fully accounted for by any of the three approaches; I suggest that, in addition to genre effects, the deictic and shifting nature of reference to speech-act participants may be a relevant factor.

scholarly journals Illocutionary Strategies in Digital Advertisement Campaign as Found in Coca-Cola’s #Makeithappy

Lexicon ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dhenok Wulandari
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Speech Acts ◽  
Speech Act ◽  
Online Bullying ◽  
Indirect Speech ◽  
Digital Era ◽  
Interesting Study

Language used in a campaign is an interesting study, moreover if it is used in a campaign which targets adolescent audience who are known with their own dynamics. The study uses the sample of advertisement campaign from The Coca-Cola Company entitled #MakeItHappy which aims to fight the increasing online bullying in the digital era nowadays, especially to American's adolescents. The data are taken from five videos containing thoughts and testimonials from celebrities, experts, and some adolescents who experience and/or having a concern with the issue. The language used there is identified by Austin's illocutionary speech acts then analyzed by the theory of Searle. The study shows that the type of speech act which is seen in high frequency is assertive-directive indirect speech (66,7%). This result implies that assertive-indirect directive indirect strategy is the most appropriate strategy to be used towards teenagers in the context of advertisement campaign.

scholarly journals Towards a constructional approach to discourse-level phenomena: The case of the Spanish interpersonal epistemic stance construction

2018 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renata Enghels
Keyword(s):  
Speech Act ◽  
Spanish Speakers ◽  
Frequency Data ◽  
Epistemic Stance ◽  
Pragmatic Markers ◽  
Central Argument ◽  
Diachronic Analysis ◽  
Formal Properties

Abstract This study contributes to a better understanding of how constructional models can be applied to discourse-level phenomena, and constitute a valuable supplement to previous grammaticalization accounts of pragmatic markers. The case study that is presented concerns the recent development of the interpersonal epistemic stance construction in Spanish. The central argument is that the expanding use of sabes as a pragmatic marker can best be fully understood by taking into account the composite network of related expressions which Spanish speakers have at their disposal when performing a particular speech act. The diachronic analysis is documented with spoken corpus examples collected in recent decades, and is mainly informed by frequency data measuring the productivity, as well as formal properties of the construction and its instantiations.

(Inter)subjectification and Korean honorifics

2010 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 122-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chongwon Park
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Traditional Approach ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Function Change ◽  
Pragmatic Function ◽  
Contextual Restriction ◽  
Three Stages

The traditional diachronic treatment of the Korean honorific marker LsupL is that LsupL was originally used as a referent honorific marker from the subject’s point of view. It then underwent changes to become a speaker-addressee-oriented (S-A) marker. Diverging from this traditional approach, I claim, based on a large-scale corpus-based study, that LsupL was used as a speaker-oriented marker as early as the fifteenth century. To account for Lsup-’s function change, I posit three stages for the evolution of the modern usage of LsupL. In Stage I (fifteenth century), LsupL was used to establish an honorific relation between a speaker and a referent. In a later transition stage (Stage II, sixteenth century), LsupL began to be used with the contextual restriction that the referent be the same as the addressee. Due to its high frequency, this use of speaker-addressee honorification was coded as a new standard (Stage III). This paper shows that the pragmatic function change of the Korean honorific marker is adequately accounted for by Traugott’s (2003, 2007) (inter)subjectification theory.

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