2020 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 283-287
Author(s):  
A. I. Matveev ◽  
E. S. L’vov

1995 ◽  
Vol 59 (6) ◽  
pp. 887-902 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.P Ivanov
Keyword(s):  

Holzforschung ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Brischke ◽  
Christian Robert Welzbacher ◽  
Andreas Otto Rapp

Abstract The suitability of a previously described high-energy multiple impact (HEMI) test for the detection of early fungal decay was examined. The HEMI test characterises the treatment severity of thermally modified wood by stressing the treated material by thousands of impacts of pounding steel balls. This method differentiates between heat treatment intensities, which are manifest as structural changes in the wood. Similar changes in wood structure are known for wood decayed by fungi. Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) decayed by brown rot and beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) decayed by white rot were tested. Mass loss caused by fungal decay and resistance to impact milling (RIM) determined in HEMI tests were found to be highly correlated. Testing of non-degraded pine, beech, and ash (Fraxinus exelsior L.) showed only marginal effects of wood density on RIM. Furthermore, annual ring angles and RIM of spruce (Picea abies Karst.) were not correlated. Accordingly, the detection of RIM reduction in decayed wood is not masked by variations in density and orientation of the annual rings. Previous results showed no adverse effects of weathering on RIM. Thus, the detection of fungal decay with HEMI tests is feasible not only for laboratory purposes, but also for wood in outdoor applications that has already undergone weathering.


2012 ◽  
Vol 39 (8) ◽  
pp. 3611-3630 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shibing Hou ◽  
Yunxia He ◽  
Deming Yang ◽  
Zhenming Xu

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (9) ◽  
pp. 917-931
Author(s):  
Jafar Arkani-Hamed

The core dynamos of Mars and the Moon have distinctly different histories. Mars had no core dynamo at the end of accretion. It took ∼100 Myr for the core to create a strong dynamo that magnetized the martian crust. Giant impacts during 4.2–4.0 Ga crippled the core dynamo intermittently until a thick stagnant lithosphere developed on the surface and reduced the heat flux at the core–mantle boundary, killing the dynamo at ∼3.8 Ga. On the other hand, the Moon had a strong core dynamo at the end of accretion that lasted ∼100 Myr and magnetized its primordial crust. Either precession of the core or thermochemical convection in the mantle or chemical convection in the core created a strong core dynamo that magnetized the sources of the isolated magnetic anomalies in later times. Mars and the Moon indicate dynamo reversals and true polar wander. The polar wander of the Moon is easier to explain compared to that of Mars. It was initiated by the mass deficiency at South Pole Aitken basin, which moved the basin southward by ∼68° relative to the dipole axis of the core field. The formation of mascon maria at later times introduced positive mass anomalies at the surface, forcing the Moon to make an additional ∼52° degree polar wander. Interaction of multiple impact shock waves with the dynamo, the abrupt angular momentum transfer to the mantle by the impactors, and the global overturn of the core after each impact were probably the factors causing the dynamo reversal.


2009 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 220-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Unland ◽  
Y. Al-Khasawneh

1955 ◽  
Vol 19 (7) ◽  
pp. 349-355
Author(s):  
Yuzo Nakagawa ◽  
Kunio Matsui ◽  
Junzi Tokunaga
Keyword(s):  

2005 ◽  
Vol 24 (14) ◽  
pp. 1457-1477 ◽  
Author(s):  
Debabrata Chakraborty ◽  
Munesh Kumar

2001 ◽  
Vol 74 (5) ◽  
pp. 908-915 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pieter J. Mosterman

A typical assumption for rigid body collisions with multiple impact points is that all collisions occur simultaneously and are synchronized in their compression/expansion behavior, a useful assumption given the microscopic time scale at which collisions occur. In the case in which collisions are dependent upon one another, however, there is interaction between and within compression and expansion phases. Instead of treating the collisions as separate consecutive impacts or by activating all constraints at the same time, a rule is presented that orders the collisions as a sequence of interacting events at a point in time to handle the normal component of the collisions.


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