scholarly journals Independent States: A Perspective from International Relations

2021 ◽  
Vol 94 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-160
Author(s):  
Carlos Murillo-Zamora
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
International System ◽  
The State ◽  
Basic Step ◽  
Independent State ◽  
American Experience ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
The Status ◽  
State Actor ◽  
The 19Th Century

According to the nature of the Westphalian system, the independent state is the central actor in international relations. However, the discipline has not developed theoretical approaches regarding the independence process, which is considered more a concern of the international law and the political interests of state actors. Then, in this article, the issue of independence is analyzed as a basic step for political entities to access statehood, becoming a basisfor understanding the role of the independent state in the Westphalian order. It is necessary to observe the variations in the conception of independence, especially regarding self-determination and recognition principle, acknowledging the existence of deep changes in the international system. This principle has had greater relevance since the 1990s due to the disintegration processes of some countries, particularly the case of Kosovo. Taiwan is also a relevant experience. Another key point is the weakening process of the state, with the appearance of variants that question the status and existence of the state actor. At the end of this paper, a brief reference is made to the Latin and Central American experience, which shows particularities since the 19th century. 

The position of the State in the international system from the perspective of major schools of thought in international relations

2019 ◽  
pp. 79
Author(s):  
Salah Hassan Mohammed ◽  
Mahaa Ahmed Al-Mawla
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
International Politics ◽  
International System ◽  
International Order ◽  
The State ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Status ◽  
Future Vision

The Study is based on the state as one of the main pillars in international politics. In additions, it tackles its position in the international order from the major schools perspectives in international relations, Especially, these schools differ in the status and priorities of the state according to its priorities, also, each scholar has a different point of view. The research is dedicated to providing a future vision of the state's position in the international order in which based on the vision of the major schools in international relations.

scholarly journals The status of the state and its relationship to the concept of force in international relations

2019 ◽  
pp. 215-245
Author(s):  
م.د.احمد مشعان نجم
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Political System ◽  
International System ◽  
The State ◽  
Social Interests ◽  
Political Forces ◽  
The Status ◽  
Hierarchical Nature ◽  
International Status

The concept of power despite its implications unclear and unknown was one of the most standards in international relations ambiguity and lack of clarity, however was more standards important and influential in the conduct of international relations, and since that time until today since that ambiguity in the meaning of power and use it as a factor of international relations factors and drive the engines were very different and irony from case to case and from researcher to another, but it may be classified force as the international status enjoyed by the state in the international ocean and here is a structure formed of forces posed by the state, such as economic and political nature of the political system and military power and concepts ideology and the international system and the hierarchical nature of international political shifts and then added to cognitive abilities and technical inventions and the combination of civil society and the extent of the homogeneity of society and the state's ability to represent local social interests and their ability to express their social, cultural and political forces in its foreign policy.

scholarly journals Reflections of International Relations theories in selected TV series distributed by Netflix

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 59-76
Author(s):  
Alexandra Madarászová ◽  
Michaela Zemanová
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Critical Reflection ◽  
International System ◽  
Cultural Exchange ◽  
International Affairs ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Mass Entertainment

This article demonstrates how Netflix, the current leading SVOD provider, can be a plat­form of global cultural exchange, which not only provides entertainment, but also offers a critical reflection on international affairs to its subscribers. Despite the fact that most Netflix content is fic­tional, its distributed and produced films and TV series still portray various theoretical approaches of international relations. This claim is based on the premises of critical discourse, which see our reality in terms of the social context.The aim of the article is to reveal what principles of main international relations theories (name­ly realism, liberalism, feminism, constructivism, or other critical theories) can Netflix subscribers find in the selected TV series. Using a visual qualitative analysis as a research method, the authors study five TV series, specifically Traitors (UK), 1983 (PL), Nobel (NOR), Pine Gap (AU) and Homeland (US). These TV series were selected with regard to their diverse origins of production, the topic’s central focus being politics, security or international relations, and their high ratings and numbers of viewers.The analysis of each TV series is based on answering three questions, which are used in defining basic premises of the portrayed theories. The following questions are: What role does the state play as an actor in the international system? What is the dominant cultural identity of the society? What is the status of an individual in a country? Processes of forming opinions and building images of social reality are influenced by the context in which the individual acts. As such, cultural exchange can influence the evolution of contemporary media society and thus affect viewers who are indirectly led to critical reflection. The results indicate that the global cultural exchange through the medium of mass entertainment is still driven mainly by traditional theoretical premises.

scholarly journals Head of State: Function of the President of the Republic of Belarus

Lex Russica ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 148-160
Author(s):  
I. G. Skorokhod
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
International Relations ◽  
The State ◽  
State Function ◽  
Organizational Forms ◽  
Head Of State ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Legitimate State ◽  
State Body

According to the author of the paper, the head of state is not a position, not a title, not any state body, but the function of the President of the Republic of Belarus, along with the function of the guarantor of the Constitution, human and civil rights and freedoms. The function of the head of state is unchanged and is due to his position in the system of state authorities. This function manifests the nature and essence of the institution of the presidency, which cannot be reduced to specific actions or practices, therefore, it is implemented through the exercise of powers in various organizational forms. In this regard, the concept of “president”, unlike “head of state”, is not static, but dynamic, since the list of rights and duties of the President of the Republic of Belarus is open.Powers are unambiguous, substantive rights and duties of the President, legitimized from the functions and expressed in various organizational forms of his activities. At the same time, the characteristics of the President’s powers can only show the external side of his activities. The powers of the President, in contrast to the functions, are a variable value. The President through representative, legitimation, arbitration, control, rulemaking, personnel, integration, symbolist and ceremonial state powers carries out the function of the head of state.The function of the head of state is the superiority and precedence of the President over all state officials. In accordance with it, the idea of the Republic of Belarus is personified. This function allows the President of the Republic of Belarus to be the main public representative and act on behalf of the Belarusian state both within it and in international relations. This is the result of the state obtaining the status of a legitimate state, the continuity and interaction of state authorities, mediation between them. The constitutional function of the head of state makes it necessary for the President to have instruments of power-state bodies operating within this function.

scholarly journals INTERNATIONAL LEGAL ORDER: ON THE ISSUE OF ITS PROPERTIES (THEORETICAL ASPECTS)

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (127) ◽  
pp. 115-122
Author(s):  
I. Zabara
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
The State ◽  
Legal Order ◽  
General Context ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Ability To Act ◽  
The Status ◽  
International Legal Order ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Internal And External Factors

The article deals with one of the theoretical aspects of international legal order issues – the question of its properties. The author summarizes the doctrinal views of international law and regards the basic properties of the phenomenon of international legal order as its ability to act as system complexity, dynamism, orderliness, the reality and legitimacy of actions of subjects. The author notes that there is a common position in the doctrine, according to which the international legal order is a system. However, he notes that the difference in views on the international legal order as a system consists in the components the researchers include in its composition; the author examines two theoretical approaches. The complexity of the international legal order is determined from the standpoint of the number of its elements and components, as well as the number of their connections. This opinion highlights the fact that the predominant role is played by the quantity of links between elements and components, and indicates the international legal order capacity for permanent changes under the influence of the relevant internal and external factors. The dynamism of the international legal order is characterized from the point of capacity for the development and modification. It is stated that the state of the dynamics is effected by several circumstances. The author concludes that this international legal order’s property as a dynamism is one of the qualities that characterizes its condition as a system. The orderliness of the international legal order is considered from a consistency point, the interaction of parts of the whole, due to its structure. The author notes that the ordering of the international legal order displays its internal relationships and emphasizes its status as a system. The reality of the international legal order is characterized from the point of objectively existing phenomenon. The author concludes that the allocation of the international legal order of reality as one of its properties is intended to emphasize the status of one of its most important components - the state of international relations. Separately, the author considers the question of the legality of actions of subjects of international law, which are discussed in the doctrine from the standpoint of the conditions necessary for its maintenance. The author points out that in the general context of the properties that characterize the international legal order, it can be considered as an aspect wich together with other characterizes the state of the international legal order.

Sovereignty under attack: the international society meets the Al Qaeda network

2005 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barak Mendelsohn
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
International Society ◽  
International System ◽  
Al Qaeda ◽  
English School ◽  
State Actor

This article examines the complex relations between a violent non-state actor, the Al Qaeda network, and order in the international system. Al Qaeda poses a challenge to the sovereignty of specific states but it also challenges the international society as a whole. This way, the challenge that Al Qaeda represents is putting the survival of the system under risk. Consequently it requires that the international society will collectively respond to meet the threat. But challenges to both the practical sovereignty of states and to the international society do not have to weaken the system. Instead, such challenges if handled effectively may lead to the strengthening of the society of states: a robust international society is dynamic and responsive to threats. Its members could cooperate to adapt the principles and the institutions on which the system is founded to new circumstances. Through its focus on the preservation qualities of the international society this article also reinforces the significance of the English School to the study of international relations. It raises important questions that could be answered in the framework of the English School.

Theorising the international system: perspectives from Historical Sociology

1999 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
STEPHEN HOBDEN
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
State Formation ◽  
International System ◽  
Historical Sociology ◽  
The State ◽  
Historical Account ◽  
International Context ◽  
Recent Interest ◽  
State Context ◽  
Inter State

Recent interest in the work of Historical Sociologists has concentrated on their renewed interest in the state. There is considerable regard for the historical account of state formation and development produced by writers such as Mann, Skocpol and Tilly. Surprisingly there has been less attention paid to another feature of their writings—the locating of states in an inter-state context. This article examines the international context envisioned by four historical sociologists. It argues that, although these writers have been successful at historicising state formations, this powerful account has not been matched with a historical account of international relations. If this project is to move forward, a complementary historical account of international contexts, or global structures, is required.

scholarly journals Mapping of ukraine’s international relations during the ukrainian revolution (1917-1921)

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Information Transfer ◽  
100Th Anniversary ◽  
The State ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
Independent State ◽  
Political Forces ◽  
Education Culture ◽  
Main Material ◽  
The Revolution

As part of the 100th anniversary celebration of the events of the Ukrainian revolution, a series of historical reference maps «Ukrainian revolution. 1917-1921» have been developed. The purpose of this article is to highlight the mapping features of origin and formation of the national diplomatic service; disclose the state of international relations of the independent state of Ukraine at all stages of the events in 1917-1921 in a series of historical reference maps «Ukrainian revolution. 1917-1921»; justify the choice of mapping indicators and symbols. Main material. As part of the events devoted to the Ukrainian revolution’s 100th anniversary, a series of historical reference maps «The Ukrainian revolution. 1917-1921» has been developed. The series consists of four editions: «Ukrainian Central Rada», «Ukrainian State (Hetmanate)», «Western Ukrainian People’s Republic», and «Directory», covering the main stages of the Ukrainian revolution development. The maps of the series show different aspects of revolutionary events and national state formation - political forces, military action, international relations, science, education, culture, etc. The maps are popular scientific publications for educational purposes. They contain wide textual and illustrative materials in addition to cartographic images. The article highlights the national diplomatic service’s formation and beginning of mapping features, which is implemented on the maps of this series. Individual maps for each of the four stages of the revolution show the international relations and diplomacy status of the young Ukrainian state: international agreements and treaties, diplomatic representation (embassies, consulates, diplomatic missions), and more. The content of international relations and diplomacy maps, their designing features are presented, the mapping indicators and symbols choice is justified. The thematic content of maps is shown on the political maps of Europe and America. The cartographic method of information transfer made it possible to display the typing of countries on the map which have different types according to the historical situation on different maps. The map «Ukrainian State (Hetmanate)» shows the location of foreign diplomatic institutions on the Ukraine capital’s plan, which is a certain evidence of the Ukrainian State’s stability during the kaleidoscope events of Ukrainian revolution. Conclusions. Thus, the series of maps «Ukrainian revolution. 1917-1921» refl ects the formation of Ukrainian national diplomacy at all stages of the Ukrainian revolution. Cartographic images revealed information about the fi rst steps in the development of the diplomatic service of Ukraine. Separate maps for each of the four stages of the revolution show the state of international relations and diplomacy of the young Ukrainian State. Features of designing the maps content are considered, mapping and symbols indicators used to create cartographic works of such subjects, are substantiated.

scholarly journals Mass Media and International Relations

2009 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-55
Author(s):  
Elias Papadopoulus
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Cold War ◽  
Mass Media ◽  
International Relations ◽  
National Interest ◽  
Policy Formulation ◽  
Black Box ◽  
The State ◽  
Post Cold War ◽  
State Actor

In the modern theories in the science of International Relations, the traditional pillar of the school of Realism that considered the state as the only actor in the international scene, actor who took every decision in a monolithic and rational way, taking into consideration only the national interest, has now been rejected. The metaphor of the "black box", indicative of this monolithic way of operation and the rejection of every non-state, but also intra-state and out-of-state actor, even if it was valid once, has definitely been weakened by the events of the post-cold war era, and especially with the advent of globalization. New parameters have been inserted in the process of foreign policy formulation and politicians (and all those responsible for a country‘s foreign policy) have to take them into consideration.

scholarly journals Theoretical approaches towards the steps of nongovernmental actors in world politics: global paradiplomacy of the Iraqi Kurdistan (KRI).

2021 ◽  
pp. 31-41
Author(s):  
Dalsooz Jalal Hussein
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Theoretical Approach ◽  
International Politics ◽  
World Politics ◽  
Political Actors ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Iraqi Kurdistan ◽  
State Actor ◽  
The Subject ◽  
State Actors

This article presents a theoretical approach towards the global political steps of non-state actors. Particular attention is given to a number of theories of international relations, such as neorealism, international liberalism, and constructivism, which are able to encompass current global actions of non-state political actors. For a clearer perspective on the subject matter, the article employs the example of Iraqi Kurdistan (KRI); as a non-state actor, KRI has recently become a vivid example for the theories of international relations. The conclusion is made that security, economy, culture, religion and identity are the key and post powerful instruments of non-state actors of international politics. The example of KRI demonstrates that international relations of non-state actors focus on security, economy and culture, as well as serve as the instruments of interaction with both, state and non-state actors. The article reviews such activity within the framework of neorealism, international liberalism, and constructivism. It is underlines that the example of Iraqi Kurdistan (KRI) fully meets all the criteria of a non-state actor of international politics. It is also a brilliant example for the theories of international relations.

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