scholarly journals On central automorphisms of crossed modules

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 288-295
Author(s):  
M. Dehghani ◽  
B. Davvaz

A crossed module $(T,G,\partial)$ consist of a group homomorphism $\partial:T\rightarrow G$ together with an action $(g,t)\rightarrow{}^{\,g}t$ of $G$ on $T$ satisfying $\partial(^{\,g}t)=g\partial(t)g^{-1}$ and $\,^{\partial(s)}t=sts^{-1}$, for all $g\in G$ and $s,t\in T$. The term crossed module was introduced by J. H. C. Whitehead in his work on combinatorial homotopy theory. Crossed modules and its applications play very important roles in category theory, homotopy theory, homology and cohomology of groups, algebra, K-theory etc. In this paper, we define Adeny-Yen crossed module map and central automorphisms of crossed modules. If $C^*$ is the set of all central automorphisms of crossed module $(T,G,\partial)$ fixing $Z(T,G,\partial)$ element-wise, then we give a necessary and sufficient condition such that $C^*=I_{nn}(T,G,\partial).$ In this case, we prove $Aut_C(T,G,\partial)\cong Hom((T,G,\partial), Z(T,G,\partial))$. Moreover, when $Aut_C(T,G,\partial)\cong Z(I_{nn}(T,G,\partial)))$, we obtain some results in this respect.

2017 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Phillips ◽  
Yuji Takeda

AbstractWe provide a mathematical category theory account of the size and location of the authors' Functional View Field (FVF). Category theory explains systematic cognitive ability via universal construction, that is, a necessary and sufficient condition for composition of cognitive processes. Similarly, FVF size and location is derived from a (universal) construction called a fibre (pullback) bundle.


2015 ◽  
Vol 22 (spec01) ◽  
pp. 969-974 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Mohsen Ghoraishi

A necessary and sufficient condition for the equality of class preserving and central automorphisms of a finite group is given.


2003 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 257-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark H. Taylor ◽  
F. Todd DeZoort ◽  
Edward Munn ◽  
Martha Wetterhall Thomas

This paper introduces an auditor reliability framework that repositions the role of auditor independence in the accounting profession. The framework is motivated in part by widespread confusion about independence and the auditing profession's continuing problems with managing independence and inspiring public confidence. We use philosophical, theoretical, and professional arguments to argue that the public interest will be best served by reprioritizing professional and ethical objectives to establish reliability in fact and appearance as the cornerstone of the profession, rather than relationship-based independence in fact and appearance. This revised framework requires three foundation elements to control subjectivity in auditors' judgments and decisions: independence, integrity, and expertise. Each element is a necessary but not sufficient condition for maximizing objectivity. Objectivity, in turn, is a necessary and sufficient condition for achieving and maintaining reliability in fact and appearance.


Author(s):  
Thomas Sinclair

The Kantian account of political authority holds that the state is a necessary and sufficient condition of our freedom. We cannot be free outside the state, Kantians argue, because any attempt to have the “acquired rights” necessary for our freedom implicates us in objectionable relations of dependence on private judgment. Only in the state can this problem be overcome. But it is not clear how mere institutions could make the necessary difference, and contemporary Kantians have not offered compelling explanations. A detailed analysis is presented of the problems Kantians identify with the state of nature and the objections they face in claiming that the state overcomes them. A response is sketched on behalf of Kantians. The key idea is that under state institutions, a person can make claims of acquired right without presupposing that she is by nature exceptional in her capacity to bind others.


2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 134-142
Author(s):  
Alberto Bueno-Guerrero

Purpose This paper aims to study the conditions for the hedging portfolio of any contingent claim on bonds to have no bank account part. Design/methodology/approach Hedging and Malliavin calculus techniques recently developed under a stochastic string framework are applied. Findings A necessary and sufficient condition for the hedging portfolio to have no bank account part is found. This condition is applied to a barrier option, and an example of a contingent claim whose hedging portfolio has a bank account part different from zero is provided. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first time that this issue has been addressed in the literature.


Physics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 352-366
Author(s):  
Thomas Berry ◽  
Matt Visser

In this paper, Lorentz boosts and Wigner rotations are considered from a (complexified) quaternionic point of view. It is demonstrated that, for a suitably defined self-adjoint complex quaternionic 4-velocity, pure Lorentz boosts can be phrased in terms of the quaternion square root of the relative 4-velocity connecting the two inertial frames. Straightforward computations then lead to quite explicit and relatively simple algebraic formulae for the composition of 4-velocities and the Wigner angle. The Wigner rotation is subsequently related to the generic non-associativity of the composition of three 4-velocities, and a necessary and sufficient condition is developed for the associativity to hold. Finally, the authors relate the composition of 4-velocities to a specific implementation of the Baker–Campbell–Hausdorff theorem. As compared to ordinary 4×4 Lorentz transformations, the use of self-adjoint complexified quaternions leads, from a computational view, to storage savings and more rapid computations, and from a pedagogical view to to relatively simple and explicit formulae.


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