Vertical Specialization and Trade Surplus in China

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wang Wei
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Specialization ◽  
Trade Surplus

Food and Water Security in West Asia

2018 ◽  
pp. 512-529
Author(s):  
Eckart Woertz
Keyword(s):  
Role Model ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Water Security ◽  
Virtual Water ◽  
Agricultural Trade ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
Trade Surplus ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Water Scarce ◽  
Policy Solutions

West Asia is one of the most water-scarce regions of the world and one of its foremost importers of virtual water despite sustained efforts at self-sufficiency, especially in cereal production. Technology-oriented policy solutions eye a reorientation of agriculture towards fruit and vegetables that are less water-intensive than cereals and provide more value added per water unit consumed. Turkey is a role model here; the country has an agricultural trade surplus and ranks among the top ten agricultural economies globally in value terms. Yet technology-oriented policy prescriptions overlook the sociopolitical ‘problemsheds’ that emerge (along with new agro-lobbies) and agriculture as the main water consumer has to compete with other economic sectors and sprawling urbanization. This article looks at the different categories of countries and their specific challenges.

An Analysis of the Structure of Trade Between Australia and China: An Australian Perspective

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Marks
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Employment Growth ◽  
Strategic Trade Policy ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Trade Surplus ◽  
Strategic Trade ◽  
Primary Products ◽  
The World ◽  
Balance Of Trade ◽  
Structure Of Trade

AbstractThe structure of exports from Australia to China reveals the dominance of primary products with the structure of imports from this country reflecting the over-reliance on manufacturing goods. This has restrained and led to fluctuations in the balance of trade surplus in Australia thereby leading to lower than otherwise and more volatile output and employment growth. The pattern of trade between Australia and China is representative of trade between Australia and the rest of the world thereby magnifying these adverse effects. Strategic trade policy has the potential to alleviate these negative effects on output and employment growth in Australia.

International Supply Chains in APR

2015 ◽  
pp. 48-55
Author(s):  
V. Sokolov
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chains ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Computer Industry ◽  
Vertical Specialization ◽  
Industrial Countries ◽  
International Production ◽  
Computing Machinery ◽  
Labor Division ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Made In China

The article considers the problem of international supply chains in machinery-building. The meanings of appropriate terms are specified (outsourcing, international production sharing, vertical specialization). It is clarified (following D. Hummels et al.) the definition of vertical specialization as a structure of supply chain when a country is using imported inputs to produce goods for exports. It is emphasized that countries exporting raw materials usually show high share of vertical specialization-based trade in their exports but not in imports. Developed industrial countries (excluding Japan) usually show high content of vertical specialization-based trade in both exports and imports. Statistical analysis of the intra-industry labor division in the office, accounting and computing machinery of Asia and Pacific is made. In China and Japan most inputs consumed by office, accounting and computing machinery are of domestic origin. The larger share of intermediate production of the office, accounting and computing machinery, consumed by the same branch, in China is of domestic origin, too. It means that a queue of successive components of supply chains is placed on the territory of China. At the same time, what concerns the territory of Korea assembling industries are prevailing. In USA and Japan the branch is using as inputs mostly intermediate production of domestic origin. Still, a larger fraction of the intermediate production of the computer industry itself is imported. In the four from five countries reviewed (USA, Japan, Republic of Korea, Thailand) the imported intermediate production for computer industry used by the respective industry as inputs is larger than the domestic production. This proves high degree of internationalization of this industry in Asia and Pacific.

Czechoslovak Tariffs in the 1920s: An Example of Historical Specificity in Economic Policy

Slavic Review ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 523-543
Author(s):  
Oldřich Krpec ◽  
Vít Hloušek
Keyword(s):  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Policy Decision ◽  
Exchange Rate Policy ◽  
Heterogeneous Structure ◽  
Trade Surplus ◽  
Transportation Equipment ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Historical Specificity ◽  
Rate Policy ◽  
Trade And Exchange

Czechoslovakia was the first industrialized economy to substantially increase tariffs after the First World War. At that time, Czechoslovakia was highly export-oriented, with a large trade surplus in industrial goods. We argue that the introduction of tariffs was a consequence of the ethnically heterogeneous structure of the economy. German capital controlled the highly export-oriented light and consumer goods industries; Czech capital dominated in industries that were far less export-oriented or even import-competing, such as machinery, transportation equipment, and electrical goods. Trade and exchange-rate policy preferences of both groups clearly differed; however, the policy decision-making process (at least until 1926) was completely controlled by Czechoslovaks and Czech capital, explicitly committed to a nationalist takeover of Czechoslovakia's economy. This is why it was possible to implement an exchange rate and trade policy that ran contrary to theoretical expectations based on the general (national aggregate) indicators of the national economy.

Accounting of gross exports and tracing foreign values in the global pharmaceutical value chain

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 348-363
Author(s):  
Chang-soo Lee ◽  
Mikyung Yun
Keyword(s):  
Value Chain ◽  
Decomposition Method ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Value Chains ◽  
Vertical Specialization ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Second Tier ◽  
First Time ◽  
European Regional

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to document for the first time the vertical specialization structure of the global pharmaceutical value chain. Design/methodology/approach The paper adopts Wang et al.’s (2013) gross exports decomposition method to trace foreign values in bilateral trade between major pharmaceutical producers, using the 2014 WIOT database. Findings The paper shows that as in other sectoral value chains, the pharmaceutical value chain is heavily regional. The paper identifies a strong European regional value chain, and a less intensive, Asian regional value chain. Korea is positioned in the middle of the Asian value chain, and is connected to the European regional value chain as a second-tier supplier. Originality/value The paper documents the vertical specialization structure of the global pharmaceutical value chain through gross exports decomposition method, making use of the World Input–Output Table Database 2014 which disaggregates pharmaceuticals in its industry classification for the first time.

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