scholarly journals Oestrogen receptor α and β, androgen receptor and progesterone receptor mRNA and protein localisation within the developing ovary and in small growing follicles of sheep

Reproduction ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 131 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer L Juengel ◽  
Derek A Heath ◽  
Laurel D Quirke ◽  
Kenneth P McNatty
Keyword(s):  
Granulosa Cells ◽  
Ovarian Development ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Surface Epithelium ◽  
Fetal Life ◽  
Follicular Growth ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Thecal Cells ◽  
Protein Localisation ◽  
Type 3

A first step to elucidating the roles that steroids may play in the processes of ovarian development and early follicular growth is to identify the cell types that are likely to be receptive to steroids. Thus, cell types expressing receptors for oestrogen (α and β form; ERα and ERβ respectively), androgen (AR) and progesterone (PR) were determined by in situ hybridisation and immunohistochemistry in ovine ovarian tissues collected during ovarian development and follicular formation (days 26–75 of fetal life) as well as during the early stages of follicular growth. Expression of ERβ was observed early during ovarian development and continued to be expressed throughout follicular formation and also during the early stages of follicular growth. ERβ was identified in germ cells as well as in the granulosa cells. At the large preantral stage of follicular growth, expression of ERα was also consistently observed in granulosa cells. AR was first consistently observed at day 55 of fetal life in stroma cells throughout the ovary. Within the follicle, expression was observed in granulosa and thecal cells from the type-2 to -3 stage of follicular growth. PR mRNA did not appear to be expressed during ovarian development (days 26–75 of gestation). However, PR (mRNA and protein) was observed in the theca of type-3 (small preantral) and larger follicles, with mRNA – but not protein – observed in granulosa cells of some type-4 and 5 follicles. Expression of ERβ, ERα and AR, as well as PR, was also observed in the surface epithelium and ovarian stroma of the fetal, neonatal and adult ovary. Thus, in sheep, steroid hormones have the potential to regulate the function of a number of different ovarian cell types during development, follicular formation and early follicular growth.

scholarly journals TGIF1 is required for chicken ovarian cortical development and generation of the juxtacortical medulla

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Andres Estermann ◽  
Claire E Hirst ◽  
Andrew T Major ◽  
Craig A Smith
Keyword(s):  
Granulosa Cells ◽  
Interstitial Cell ◽  
Ovarian Development ◽  
Cell Lineage ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Surface Epithelium ◽  
Cell Populations ◽  
Supporting Cells ◽  
Over Expression ◽  
Steroidogenic Cells

During early embryogenesis in amniotic vertebrates, the gonads differentiate into either ovaries or testes. The first cell lineage to differentiate gives rise to the supporting cells; Sertoli cells in males and pre-granulosa cells in females. These key cell types direct the differentiation of the other cell types in the gonad, including steroidogenic cells. The gonadal surface epithelium and the interstitial cell populations are less well studied, and little is known about their sexual differentiation programs. Here, we show the requirement of the transcription factor gene TGIF1 for ovarian development in the chicken embryo. TGIF1 is expressed in the two principal ovarian somatic cell populations, the cortex and the pre-granulosa cells of the medulla. TGIF1 expression is associated with an ovarian phenotype in sex reversal experiments. In addition, targeted over-expression and gene knockdown experiments indicate that TGIF1 is required for proper ovarian cortical formation. TGIF1 is identified as the first known regulator of juxtacortical medulla formation. These findings provide new insights into chicken ovarian differentiation and development, specifically in the process of cortical and juxtacortical medulla formation, a poorly understood area.

scholarly journals Estrogen Receptors and Estrogen-Metabolizing Enzymes in Human Ovaries during Fetal Development

2005 ◽  
Vol 90 (6) ◽  
pp. 3752-3756 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tommi E. Vaskivuo ◽  
Minna Mäentausta ◽  
Svea Törn ◽  
Olayiwola Oduwole ◽  
Annika Lönnberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Estrogen Receptors ◽  
Granulosa Cells ◽  
Ovarian Development ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Ovarian Follicles ◽  
Fetal Life ◽  
Female Reproduction ◽  
Estrogen Action ◽  
Metabolizing Enzymes ◽  
Human Life Span

Estrogen action plays a crucial role in many processes throughout the human life span, including development. Estrogens are pivotal in the regulation of female reproduction, but little is known about their role during ovarian development. To better understand estrogen action during ovarian development, the expression of estrogen receptors (ERs)-α and -β and key enzymes regulating estradiol production, 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (17HSDs) types 1, 2, and 7, were analyzed in human fetal ovaries. The expression of ERs was related to the development of ovarian follicles. Before the 26th week of fetal life ERα was only occasionally detected, but from then onward, its expression was detected in ovarian follicles. Consistent expression of ERβ was seen from the 20th week until term. Both ERα and ERβ were localized to the granulosa cells and oocytes. Expression of 17HSD1 and 17HSD7 enzymes, catalyzing the conversion of estrone to more active estradiol, was detected as early as at the 17th week of fetal life. The expression of 17HSD1 displayed a pattern similar to that of ERs and increased toward term, whereas that of 17HSD7 decreased and was negative by the 36th week. 17HSD1 was localized to the granulosa cells, whereas 17HSD7 expression was more diffuse and was found in both granulosa and stromal cells. 17HSD2, converting estradiol to less potent estrone, was negative in all samples studied. The simultaneous appearance of estrogen-converting enzymes and ERs at the time of follicle formation indicates that the machinery for estrogen action exists in fetal ovaries and suggests a possible role for estrogens in the developing ovary.

scholarly journals The homeobox gene, TGIF1, is required for chicken ovarian cortical development and generation of the juxtacortical medulla

Development ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Andres Estermann ◽  
Claire Elizabeth Hirst ◽  
Andrew Thomas Major ◽  
Craig Allen Smith
Keyword(s):  
Granulosa Cells ◽  
Interstitial Cell ◽  
Cell Lineage ◽  
Homeobox Gene ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Surface Epithelium ◽  
Cell Populations ◽  
Supporting Cells ◽  
Homeobox Transcription Factor ◽  
Steroidogenic Cells

During early embryogenesis in amniotic vertebrates, the gonads differentiate into either ovaries or testes. The first cell lineage to differentiate gives rise to the supporting cells; Sertoli cells in males and pre-granulosa cells in females. These key cell types direct the differentiation of the other cell types in the gonad, including steroidogenic cells. The gonadal surface epithelium and the interstitial cell populations are less well studied, and little is known about their sexual differentiation programs. Here, we show the requirement of the homeobox transcription factor gene TGIF1 for ovarian development in the chicken embryo. TGIF1 is expressed in the two principal ovarian somatic cell populations, the cortex and the pre-granulosa cells of the medulla. TGIF1 expression is associated with an ovarian phenotype in estrogen-mediated sex reversal experiments. Targeted mis-expression and gene knockdown indicate that TGIF1 is required, but not sufficient, for proper ovarian cortex formation. In addition, TGIF1 is identified as the first known regulator of juxtacortical medulla development. These findings provide new insights into chicken ovarian differentiation and development, specifically cortical and juxtacortical medulla formation.

332. GYCOMIC ANALYSES OF THE GRANULOSA AND THECA OF BOVINE OVARIAN FOLLICLES

2010 ◽  
Vol 22 (9) ◽  
pp. 132
Author(s):  
N. Hatzirodos ◽  
J. Nigro ◽  
A. V. Vashi ◽  
H. F. Irving-Rodgers ◽  
B. Caterson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Granulosa Cells ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Chondroitin Sulphate ◽  
Heparan Sulphate ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Ovarian Follicles ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Thecal Cells ◽  
Theca Externa

Development of ovarian follicles involves changes in cell function and remodelling of the follicular wall. Remodelling necessitates changes in the extracellular matrix, including proteoglycans (PGs). PGs contain glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) covalently bound to a protein core. The length of GAG chains in PGs and the degree and pattern of sulphation differs between cell types and change as cells alter their phenotype. PGs that have been identified in follicles include the chondroitin sulphate (CS) PG, versican and inter-a trypsin inhibitor, and the heparan sulphate (HS) PGs, perlecan and type XVIII collagen. The latter two are found in focimatrix, the follicular and the thecal subendothelial basal laminas. To examine GAGs composition in follicles, bovine antral follicles of various sizes were collected. Follicles were dissected and a biopsy taken for histological classification of health. Theca layers and granulosa cells were collected separately and analysed by fluorophore-assisted carbohydrate (FACE) analysis of GAGs following digestion to disaccharides with chondroitinase ABC, hyaluronidase, heparinase, and heparitinases I and II. Four non GAG sugars and 12 different GAG derived disaccharides were identified and quantitated on a per DNA basis. Healthy versus atretic follicles for each cell type were compared and correlation analyses were also undertaken. Immunohistochemistry using CS specific antibodies was also conducted. There was no effect of size on the GAG content for either granulosa or theca cells. The 4- and 6- sulphated CS sugars were the most abundant following digestion in all tissues. Theca had higher levels than granulosa cells of HS derived disaccharides and also of un- or 4- or 6- N-sulphated CS derived disaccharides. Some sulphated CS moieties localised uniquely to the stroma surrounding blood vessels in the theca externa. Atretic follicles had lower amounts of disaccharides derived from HS in both granulosa and thecal cells, suggesting that heparanase may be activated upon atresia.

scholarly journals Aberrant and constitutive expression of FOXL2 impairs ovarian development and functions in mice

2020 ◽  
Vol 103 (5) ◽  
pp. 966-977
Author(s):  
Barbara Nicol ◽  
Karina Rodriguez ◽  
Humphrey H-C Yao
Keyword(s):  
Ovarian Development ◽  
Constitutive Expression ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Primary Ovarian Insufficiency ◽  
Fetal Life ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Ovarian Insufficiency ◽  
Ovarian Cell ◽  
Theca Cells ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Development and functions of the ovary rely on appropriate signaling and communication between various ovarian cell types. FOXL2, a transcription factor that plays a key role at different stages of ovarian development, is associated with primary ovarian insufficiency and ovarian cancer as a result of its loss-of-function or mutations. In this study, we investigated the impact of aberrant, constitutive expression of FOXL2 in somatic cells of the ovary. Overexpression of FOXL2 that started during fetal life resulted in defects in nest breakdown and consequent formation of polyovular follicles. Granulosa cell differentiation was impaired and recruitment and differentiation of steroidogenic theca cells was compromised. As a consequence, adult ovaries overexpressing FOXL2 exhibited defects in compartmentalization of granulosa and theca cells, significant decreased steroidogenesis and lack of ovulation. These findings demonstrate that fine-tuned expression of FOXL2 is required for proper folliculogenesis and fertility.

scholarly journals Ultrastructure and morphometry of ovarian follicles in the armadillo Chaetophractus villosus (Mammalia, Dasypodidae)

2001 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 485-496 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. CODÓN ◽  
S. G. ESTECONDO ◽  
E. J. GALÍNDEZ ◽  
E. B. CASANAVE
Keyword(s):  
Granulosa Cells ◽  
Intercellular Junctions ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Follicular Growth ◽  
Follicular Cells ◽  
Follicle Growth ◽  
Biphasic Pattern ◽  
Secondary Stage ◽  
Mitochondrial Number ◽  
Morphometrical Study

Ultrastructural and morphometric changes in oocyte and surrounding granulosa cells during armadillo follicular growth are described. Primordial, intermediary, early and late primary, secondary, tertiary and preovulatory Graafian follicles were found. From primordial to Graafian follicle, granulosa cells increase in height, become multilayered while fluid-filled spaces arise among them in the tertiary follicle stage. As the follicle expands the oocyte is located eccentrically and grows in size. From primordial to secondary stage organelles develop in number and complexity and many vesicles start arising in the cytoplasm at the secondary stage. From tertiary follicle stage the number of mitochondria decreases. In follicular cells, secreting-related organelles expand, but mitochondrial number decreases according to the follicle expansion. Intercellular junctions between both cell types increase. The morphometrical study shows a biphasic pattern of oocyte and follicle growth. The morphological baseline here provided will be essential for further comprehension of the reproductive biology in armadillos.

Expression of IGF-I mRNA in the ovine ovary

1995 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 251-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
B R Leeuwenberg ◽  
P R Hurst ◽  
K P McNatty
Keyword(s):  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Ovarian Function ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Northern Blotting ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Follicular Growth ◽  
Steroidogenic Cell ◽  
Thecal Cells ◽  
Igf I

ABSTRACT IGF-I has been implicated as a local and/or systemic regulator of ovarian function by acting alone or as an amplifier of the actions of gonadotrophins, thereby influencing follicular growth and ovulation. In the sheep it is uncertain as to whether IGF-I can fulfil an autocrine or paracrine role, since mRNA expression and peptide synthesis have not previously been demonstrated. Using in situ hybridization with ovine and human riboprobes, IGF-I mRNA was found in all major steroidogenic cell types of the sheep ovary, namely the granulosa, theca and luteal cells and, to a lesser extent, the stroma. IGF-I mRNA was found to be expressed in the granulosa and thecal cells of early antral follicles and thereafter in these cell types as the follicles increased in diameter. Evidence for IGF-I mRNA expression in preantral follicles could not be demonstrated. No obvious differences in the levels of expression were observed in ovaries recovered during the luteal phase, follicular phase, anoestrus or after exogenous FSH treatment. IGF-I expression was confirmed by Northern blotting and PCR. These findings are consistent with the notion that IGF-I may have an autocrine or paracrine role in enhancing ovarian function in the sheep.

scholarly journals Single-cell atlas of early human brain development highlights heterogeneity of human neuroepithelial cells and early radial glia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ugomma C. Eze ◽  
Aparna Bhaduri ◽  
Maximilian Haeussler ◽  
Tomasz J. Nowakowski ◽  
Arnold R. Kriegstein
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Brain Development ◽  
Single Cell ◽  
Radial Glia ◽  
Cortical Development ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Human Cortex ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Human Brain Development ◽  
Neuroepithelial Cells

AbstractThe human cortex comprises diverse cell types that emerge from an initially uniform neuroepithelium that gives rise to radial glia, the neural stem cells of the cortex. To characterize the earliest stages of human brain development, we performed single-cell RNA-sequencing across regions of the developing human brain, including the telencephalon, diencephalon, midbrain, hindbrain and cerebellum. We identify nine progenitor populations physically proximal to the telencephalon, suggesting more heterogeneity than previously described, including a highly prevalent mesenchymal-like population that disappears once neurogenesis begins. Comparison of human and mouse progenitor populations at corresponding stages identifies two progenitor clusters that are enriched in the early stages of human cortical development. We also find that organoid systems display low fidelity to neuroepithelial and early radial glia cell types, but improve as neurogenesis progresses. Overall, we provide a comprehensive molecular and spatial atlas of early stages of human brain and cortical development.

scholarly journals The role of IGFs in the regulation of ovarian follicular growth in the brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula)

Reproduction ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 140 (2) ◽  
pp. 295-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer L Juengel ◽  
Lisa J Haydon ◽  
Brigitta Mester ◽  
Brian P Thomson ◽  
Michael Beaumont ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Granulosa Cell ◽  
Granulosa Cells ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Antral Follicle ◽  
Brushtail Possum ◽  
Follicular Growth ◽  
Theca Cells ◽  
Ovarian Follicular Growth

IGFs are known to be key regulators of ovarian follicular growth in eutherian mammals, but little is known regarding their role in marsupials. To better understand the potential role of IGFs in the regulation of follicular growth in marsupials, expression of mRNAs encoding IGF1, IGF2, IGF1R, IGF-binding protein 2 (IGFBP2), IGFBP4 and IGFBP5 was localized by in situ hybridization in developing ovarian follicles of the brushtail possum. In addition, the effects of IGF1 and IGF2 on granulosa cell function were tested in vitro. Both granulosa and theca cells synthesize IGF mRNAs, with the theca expressing IGF1 mRNA and granulosa cell expressing IGF2 mRNA. Oocytes and granulosa cells express IGF1R. Granulosa and theca cells expressed IGFBP mRNAs, although the pattern of expression differed between the BPs. IGFBP5 mRNA was differentially expressed as the follicles developed with granulosa cells of antral follicles no longer expressing IGFBP5 mRNA, suggesting an increased IGF bioavailability in the antral follicle. The IGFBP protease, PAPPA mRNA, was also expressed in granulosa cells of growing follicles. Both IGF1 and IGF2 stimulated thymidine incorporation but had no effect on progesterone production. Thus, IGF may be an important regulator of ovarian follicular development in marsupials as has been shown in eutherian mammals.

scholarly journals Differential distribution of gelatinases and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 in the rat ovary

1998 ◽  
Vol 158 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Bagavandoss
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Corpus Luteum ◽  
Tissue Inhibitor Of Metalloproteinase ◽  
Neonatal Rat ◽  
Luteal Cell ◽  
Surface Epithelium ◽  
Tissue Inhibitor ◽  
Differential Distribution ◽  
Thecal Cells ◽  
Rat Ovary

The distribution of gelatinases/matrix metalloproteinases-2 and -9 (MMP-2 and MMP-9) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) in neonatal and gonadotropin-primed immature rat ovaries was studied by immunofluorescent microscopy. Immature female Long-Evans rats were primed with 15 IU pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin (PMSG) in 100 microliters PBS. Two days later, to induce ovulation, the rats were injected with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG, 5 IU/100 microliters PBS). The animals were killed at appropriate times and the ovaries removed and processed for cryostat or paraffin sectioning. Ovaries were also obtained from 7-day-old neonatal rats and processed as above. In the neonatal rat ovary, MMP-2 was present in the follicle and in the ovarian surface epithelium. MMP-9 was not detectable in the neonatal ovary. TIMP-1 was present in the oocyte and in the surface epithelium. In the PMSG-primed ovary, MMP-2 was present in the granulosa and thecal cells of the ovary. MMP-9 distribution, however, was restricted to the interstitial and thecal cells. TIMP-1 was mainly present in the blood vessels and thecal cells, with minor staining in the granulosa cells. In the developing corpus luteum, luteal and endothelial cells were positive for MMP-2. MMP-9 localization was restricted to the plasma membrane of the luteal and interstitial cells. TIMP-1 was clearly observed in the luteal capillaries and, to a lesser extent, in the luteal cell plasma membrane. This distribution of MMP-2, MMP-9, and TIMP-1 in the corpus luteum persisted throughout the life span of the corpus luteum. The spatial and temporal distribution of the gelatinases and TIMP-1 suggests unique roles for these proteins in the rat ovary.

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