scholarly journals Effect of hypothyroidism on hormone profiles in virgin, pregnant and lactating rats, and on lactation

Reproduction ◽  
2003 ◽  
pp. 371-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
MB Hapon ◽  
M Simoncini ◽  
G Via ◽  
GA Jahn
Keyword(s):  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Mammary Development ◽  
Serum Prolactin ◽  
Pregnant Rats ◽  
Stunted Growth ◽  
Igf I ◽  
Milk Ejection Reflex ◽  
Thyroid Dysfunctions ◽  
Serum Tsh

Thyroid dysfunctions can produce reproductive problems. Untreated maternal hypothyroidism has serious consequences on development of offspring, resulting in stunted growth and mental retardation. The effects of propylthiouracyl-induced hypothyroidism (0.1 g l(-1) in drinking water starting 8 days before mating, or given to virgin rats for 30 or 50 days) on the serum profiles of hormones related to reproduction and mammary function (prolactin, growth hormone (GH), progesterone, corticosterone, oestradiol, insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), triiodothyronine and tetraiodothyronine), and on mammary function in virgin, pregnant and lactating rats, were investigated. Propylthiouracyl treatment severely decreased circulating triiodothyronine and tetraiodothyronine concentrations, and increased serum TSH concentrations. Virgin rats showed prolonged periods of vaginal dioestrus, increased circulating progesterone concentrations and afternoon peaks of prolactin concentration, which are indicative of prolactin-induced pseudopregnancy. Propylthiouracyl-treated virgin rats had mammary development comparable to that of midpregnancy, and half of these rats had increased mammary casein and lactose concentrations. Serum prolactin concentrations were decreased on the afternoon of day 5 of pregnancy, increased during late pregnancy (days 15-21) and were normal during lactation. Circulating GH concentrations decreased on days 15-21 of pregnancy, whereas progesterone concentrations increased during late pregnancy and early lactation. Circulating oestradiol (measured in late pregnancy and in virgin rats), IGF-I and corticosterone concentrations were decreased. Although assessment of mammary histology showed no differences in extent of development, casein content was increased in propylthiouracyl-treated rats on day 21 of pregnancy; litter growth was severely reduced and at day 20 of age the pups were hypothyroid, with decreased GH serum concentrations. An acute suckling experiment was performed on days 10-12 of lactation to determine whether some impairment in mammary function or the suckling reflex might account for these differences. After an 8 h separation of mothers from their litters and 30 min of suckling, circulating prolactin values were not affected by propylthiouracyl treatment, but serum oxytocin concentration and milk excretion were reduced. In conclusion, hypothyroidism induces various alterations in the hormone profiles of virgin and pregnant rats, and induces pseudopregnancies and mammary development in virgin rats. These alterations do not appear to have an overt impact on the outcome of pregnancy and on mammary function during lactation, with the exception of the milk ejection reflex, which may account at least partially for the reduced litter growth.

scholarly journals Hypothyroidism and hyperprolactinemia in women with primary and secondary infertility

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-46
Author(s):  
Shamima Bari ◽  
Rokeya Begum ◽  
Qazi Shamima Akter
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Serum Prolactin ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Secondary Infertility ◽  
Overnight Fasting ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Altered Thyroid ◽  
Serum Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Serum Tsh ◽  
Fertile Women

Background and objectives: Infertility is a global health problem including Bangladesh. Altered thyroid and prolactin levels have been implicated as a cause of infertility. The study was undertaken to find out the serum thyroid hormones and prolactin status in women with primary and secondary infertility. Methods: Women with primary and secondary infertility were enrolled. Fertile age-matched women were included as control. The anthropometric details (age, height and weight) were recorded. Overnight fasting blood sample was collected on 2nd day of menstrual cycle of the follicular phase. Serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free tri-iodothyronine (FT3) and free thyroxine (FT4) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Serum prolactin (PRL) was estimated by radioimmunoassay. Results: A total of 150 women were enrolled in the study. Out of 150 women, 50 had primary and 50 had secondary infertility while 50 women were age-matched fertile women as control. The mean TSH levels of both infertility groups were significantly higher than that of fertile women. Regarding thyroid function, 24% and 28% of women with primary and secondary infertility had hypothyroidism respectively. The serum prolactin level was high in 42.9% and 50% of hypothyroid cases in primary and secondary infertility groups respectively. Conclusion: The study has demonstrated high occurrence of hypothyroidism with raised serum prolactin levels among infertile females emphasizing the importance of estimating both serum TSH and prolactin in infertility. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2020; 14(1): 41-46

Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and IGF-binding proteins both decline in the rat during late pregnancy

1990 ◽  
Vol 127 (3) ◽  
pp. 383-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. E. Gargosky ◽  
P. E. Walton ◽  
P. C. Owens ◽  
J. C. Wallace ◽  
F. J. Ballard
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factor ◽  
Binding Proteins ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Insulin Like Growth Factor ◽  
Igf Binding Proteins ◽  
Pregnant Rats ◽  
Factor I ◽  
Igf I ◽  
Igf Binding ◽  
Igfbp 3

ABSTRACT Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), IGF-II and IGF-binding proteins (IGFBP) were examined in rat serum during pregnancy and lactation. IGF-I concentrations determined after acid column chromatography of serum were low during the last third of pregnancy. IGF-II was undetectable in pregnant and non-pregnant rats. IGF-binding protein (IGFBP) concentrations, measured as high molecular mass activity in the IGF-I RIA and the IGF-II RRA of acid column fractions, paralleled the changes observed with IGF-I. Western ligand blot analysis of serum from non-pregnant rats revealed a 40–50 kDa IGFBP aligning with IGFBP-3, a smaller 28–30 kDa doublet and 24 kDa IGFBP. Serum from rats in late pregnancy lacked IGFBP-3, whereas the smaller IGFBP persisted during late pregnancy. IGFBP-3 reappeared in postpartum animals. The fall in serum IGF-I is consistent with a maternal catabolic state during late pregnancy which may maximize substrate availability for the developing fetus. Journal of Endocrinology (1990) 127, 383–390

Pregnancy- and lactation-induced changes in active intestinal calcium transport in rats

1992 ◽  
Vol 263 (1) ◽  
pp. G127-G134 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Boass ◽  
J. A. Lovdal ◽  
S. U. Toverud
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Serum Prolactin ◽  
Marked Rise ◽  
Pregnant Rats ◽  
Ca Transport ◽  
Everted Gut Sac ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation ◽  
Time Course Study ◽  
Induced Changes

A time course study of active Ca transport in the duodenum and the terminal ileum was conducted using the everted gut sac technique during the last week of pregnancy and throughout lactation. A triphasic pattern was revealed in the proximal duodenum: a marked rise between 18 and 20 days of pregnancy, a plateau maintained during the last 3 days of pregnancy and the first 2-3 days of lactation, and a fall by day 4 of lactation. The late-pregnancy rise was significant also when expressed as milligrams Ca transported relative to tissue weight, indicating that intestinal hypertrophy was not the cause of the increase. The ratio of serosal to mucosal Ca concentration remained low until approximately day 11 of lactation, when it rose toward a new peak. There was no active Ca transport in the ileum until the third week of lactation. Serum prolactin levels increased 10-fold between 18 and 20 days of pregnancy and remained high until at least day 7 of lactation, but did not correlate significantly with duodenal Ca transport. Injected rat prolactin did not result in a precocious rise in Ca transport in pregnant rats. The fluctuations in duodenal Ca transport during lactation were reflected by a small, but statistically significant, decrease in net fractional Ca absorption at 6-9 days compared with either 2-4 days or 13-16 days. We suggest that duodenal active Ca transport plays only a small role in total intestinal Ca absorption in the lactating rat except when dietary Ca is greatly restricted.

Administration of insulin-like growth factor-I, but not growth hormone, increases maternal weight gain in late pregnancy without affecting fetal or placental growth

1991 ◽  
Vol 130 (3) ◽  
pp. 395-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. E. Gargosky ◽  
J. A. Owens ◽  
P. E. Walton ◽  
P. C. Owens ◽  
J. C. Wallace ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Placental Weight ◽  
Insulin Like Growth Factor ◽  
Maternal Weight Gain ◽  
Maternal Weight ◽  
Pregnant Rats ◽  
Factor I ◽  
Igf I

ABSTRACT During late pregnancy in the rat, circulating levels of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and some IGF-binding proteins (IGFBP) decline. The aim of the present study was to determine the relationship of GH to circulating IGF and IGFBP in the late-pregnant rat and to examine the effects on maternal, fetal and placental growth of preventing the decline in serum IGF and IGFBP concentrations. During the first 9 days of pregnancy, IGF-I concentrations increased from 340 to 500 μg/l. Recombinant human (rh) GH at 2·4 mg/kg per day and rhIGF-I at 1·4 mg/kg per day were infused into pregnant rats via osmotic mini pumps during the second half of pregnancy. After pump implantation on day 11 of pregnancy, only IGF-I infusion significantly increased circulating IGF-I. A maximum IGF-I concentration of 907 μg/l was measured on day 14 during treatment with IGF-I, after which the serum concentration decreased to 510 μg/l by day 20 of pregnancy. The serum IGFBPs were examined using a Western ligand blot technique. Infusion of neither GH nor IGF-I returned the IGFBPs to non-pregnant levels. Administration of IGF-I slightly increased IGFBP-3 and a smaller 32 kDa IGFBP at days 17 and 20 of pregnancy. Neither fetal nor placental weight was significantly different between treatment groups. However, administration of IGF-I significantly increased maternal weight gain during the 10-day treatment period. Thus, pregnant rats infused with IGF-I gained 99±4 g (mean ± s.e.m., n = 10) compared with rats treated with GH or vehicle which gained 72±4 g (n = 9) and 77±4 g (n = 10) respectively. The increase in maternal weight after administration of IGF-I was not due to increased litter size, fetal or placental weight. The increased maternal weight gain after IGF administration, without affecting fetal and placental weights, suggests a modification in the mode of maternal nutrient repartitioning during late pregnancy. Journal of Endocrinology (1991) 130, 395–400

Serum concentrations of testosterone throughout pregnancy in rats

1982 ◽  
Vol 94 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. Bridges ◽  
R. B. Todd ◽  
C. M. Logue
Keyword(s):  
Post Partum ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Serum Testosterone ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Diurnal Variations ◽  
Serum Prolactin ◽  
Serum Concentrations ◽  
Pregnant Rats ◽  
Pregnant Rat ◽  
Microcolumn Chromatography

Testosterone concentrations in serum of rats bled throughout pregnancy and post partum were measured using Celite microcolumn chromatography and a radioimmunoassay for testosterone. Mean serum levels of testosterone ranged from about 170 to 340 pmol/l during the first 10 days of pregnancy. Significant increases in concentrations of testosterone in serum of pregnant rats were found on days 12, 15 and 18 of gestation. The highest testosterone concentrations occurred on days 18 and 20 of pregnancy when mean levels were 3228 and 3685 pmol/l respectively. Testosterone levels declined before parturition on day 22 (mean = 1449 pmol/l and declined further after parturition (mean = 315 pmol/l). In order to determine whether serum testosterone concentrations varied during the day in the pregnant rat, samples were collected at 6-h intervals on days 6–7 and 14–15 of gestation. Diurnal variations in serum testosterone concentrations were not evident during early or late pregnancy, unlike the rhythmic changes in serum prolactin levels found at these times during early pregnancy. The possible sources of the increased titres of serum testosterone during the second part of gestation in rats are discussed.

scholarly journals Regulation of circulating levels of IGF-I in pregnant rats: changes in nitrogen balance correspond with changes in serum IGF-I concentrations

1999 ◽  
Vol 163 (2) ◽  
pp. 373-377 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Nakago ◽  
T Funakoshi ◽  
Y Ueda ◽  
T Maruo
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Mean Difference ◽  
Pregnant Rats ◽  
Maternal Nutritional Status ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Igf I ◽  
The Mean

Serum IGF-I concentrations in rats decrease significantly in late pregnancy. To determine if the reduction in serum IGF-I concentrations is attributable to circulating GH or maternal nutritional status, we investigated the effect of treatment with recombinant human GH (rhGH: 100 microgram/rat per day) on IGF-I concentrations during late pregnancy, and evaluated the relationship between maternal nitrogen balance and IGF-I concentrations. Serum IGF-I concentrations and maternal nitrogen balance ((nitrogen intake)-(nitrogen content in faeces and urine)-(nitrogen content in fetus and placenta)) were measured by RIA and the Dumas method. In non-pregnant rats treated with rhGH for 3 days, serum IGF-I concentrations (835.4+/-59.5 ng/ml; P<0.01) were significantly greater than in those animals treated with saline (319.6+/- 95.6 ng/ml). In the pregnant rats, however, there was no significant difference in serum IGF-I between those treated with rhGH (151. 1+/-43.0 ng/ml) and those treated with saline (142.0+/- 39.9 ng/ml) from day 17 to 19 of pregnancy. Maternal nitrogen balance in the pregnant rats increased significantly from day 4 to day 10 of pregnancy (169.5+/-57.4 and 196.1+/- 33.4 mg/day, respectively; P<0. 05) compared with non-pregnant controls (31.9+/-19.9 mg/day) and decreased markedly from day 12 of pregnancy (79.8+/-60.1 mg/day; P<0. 05) onwards, to 14.9+/-47.8 mg/day on day 20 of pregnancy (P<0.01), significantly different from the value on day 10 of pregnancy. The mean difference in maternal nitrogen balance between pregnant and non-pregnant rats was positively correlated (r=0.87, P<0.01) with the mean difference in maternal IGF-I concentrations, using linear regression analysis. These results support the conclusion that the circulating concentration of IGF-I in pregnant rats is associated with the change in nitrogen balance, but not with circulating GH.

scholarly journals Endocrinology and mammary development of lactating Genex-Meishan and Large White sows

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 (4) ◽  
pp. 731-737 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Farmer ◽  
M. F. Palin ◽  
M. T. Sorensen
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Glands ◽  
Mammary Development ◽  
Serum Prolactin ◽  
Mammary Tissue ◽  
Prolactin Receptors ◽  
Tissue Composition ◽  
Large White ◽  
Lactating Sows ◽  
Igf I ◽  
Plasma Ffa

Endocrine and metabolic data as well as mammary tissue composition were obtained in Genex-Meishan (GM, containing 50% Chinese Meishan genes) and Large White (LW) lactating sows. Jugular vein cannulae were used to collect serial blood samples from 9 LW and 8 GM sows for 4 h every 15 min on days 6 and 19 of lactation. Concentrations of prolactin and cortisol were determined on all samples while those of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGFI), growth hormone (GH), glucose and free fatty acids (FFA) were measured in hourly samples. Milk samples were obtained from 19 GM and 16 LWsows on day 23 of lactation and all sows were slaughtered on day 25. Mammary glands were excised and analyzed for tissue composition and for number and affinity of prolactin receptors. Concentrations of plasma IGF-I were lower (P < 0.01) and plasma FFA greater (P < 0.001) in GM than in LW sows. On day 6 of lactation, serum prolactin (P < 0.05) and cortisol (P < 0.01) concentrations were greater and glucose values lower (P < 0.001) in GM than in LW sows. The concentration of IGFI in lactoserum was lower (P < 0.001) while that of prolactin was greater (P < 0.05) in GM compared to LW sows on day 23 of lactation. There was less (P < 0.001) residual milk and more (P < 0.05) parenchymal RNA in mammary glands from GM compared to LW sows. The affinity of prolactin receptors was also greater (P < 0.05) in GM than in LW sows. The better emptying of mammary glands by litters from GM sows and the greater circulating concentrations of prolactin in early lactation as well as the greater affinity of mammary prolactin receptors may be related to the great milking potential of Meishan-derived sows. Key words: Hormones, lactation, mammary gland, Meishan, prolactin, sows

Pituitary responses to a dopamine antagonist at different times of the day in normal women

1982 ◽  
Vol 100 (4) ◽  
pp. 481-485 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. R. Pérez-López ◽  
C. M. González-Moreno ◽  
M. D. Abós ◽  
J. A. Andonegui ◽  
R. H. Corvo
Keyword(s):  
Serum Prolactin ◽  
Dopamine Antagonist ◽  
Hormonal Changes ◽  
Healthy Women ◽  
Serum Lh ◽  
Normal Women ◽  
The Times ◽  
Serum Tsh

Abstract. In order to determine whether or not pituitary responsiveness to the dopaminergic antagonist clebopride changes during the nyctohemeral cycle, 10 healthy women with regular cycles were given 1 mg of clebopride orally at 09.00 h and 24.00 h with at least a 5 day interval between each test. In addition, 5 of the women were given a placebo instead of clebopride at midnight to evaluate the spontaneous hormonal changes. During the 24.00 h test the women had significantly higher P < 0.05) mean TSH basal levels. Serum prolactin (Prl) increased significantly (P < 0.001) after clebopride administration while these changes did not occur when placebo was used instead of clebopride at midnight. The Prl response to clebopride was qualitatively similar at 09.00 h and at 24.00 h. Clebopride given at midnight induced a significant increase (P < 0.05) in serum TSH while this change did not occur when the drug was given at 09.00 h or when placebo was given at midnight. The administration of clebopride resulted in no discernible alterations in serum LH, FSH or GH in either the 09.00 h or the 24.00 h tests. Thus, Prl responses to clebopride were similar in the morning and at midnight, TSH significantly increased after clebopride at midnight whereas this did not occur when the drug was given in the morning, and no significant changes were induced in LH, FSH or GH at the times studied.

scholarly journals Englitazone administration to late pregnant rats produces delayed body growth and insulin resistance in their fetuses and neonates

2005 ◽  
Vol 389 (3) ◽  
pp. 913-918 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julio Sevillano ◽  
Inmaculada C. López-Pérez ◽  
Emilio Herrera ◽  
María del Pilar Ramos ◽  
Carlos Bocos
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Control Cell ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Tissue Growth ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator ◽  
Pregnant Rats ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor ◽  
Akt Phosphorylation ◽  
Insulin Resistant

The level of maternal circulating triacylglycerols during late pregnancy has been correlated with the mass of newborns. PPARγ (peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor γ) ligands, such as TZDs (thiazolidinediones), have been shown to reduce triacylglycerolaemia and have also been implicated in the inhibition of tissue growth and the promotion of cell differentiation. Therefore TZDs might control cell proliferation during late fetal development and, by extension, body mass of pups. To investigate the response to EZ (englitazone), a TZD, on perinatal development, 0 or 50 mg of englitazone/kg of body mass was given as an oral dose to pregnant rats daily from day 16 of gestation until either day 20 for the study of their fetuses, or until day 21 of gestation for the study of neonates. EZ decreased maternal triacylglycerol levels at day 20 of gestation and neonatal mass, but not fetal mass. Fetuses and neonates from EZ-treated mothers exhibited high levels of insulin and were found to be hyperglycaemic. The apparent insulin-resistant state in neonates from EZ-treated pregnant rats was corroborated, since they showed higher plasma NEFA [non-esterified (‘free’) fatty acid] levels, ketonaemia and liver LPL (lipoprotein lipase) activity and lower plasma IGF-I (type 1 insulin-like growth factor) levels, in comparison with those from control mothers. Moreover, at the molecular level, an increase in Akt phosphorylation was found in the liver of neonates from EZ-treated mothers, which confirms that the insulin pathway was negatively affected. Thus the response of fetuses and neonates to maternal antidiabetic drug treatment is the opposite of what would be expected, and can be justified by the scarce amount of adipose tissue impeding a normal response to PPARγ ligands and by hyperinsulinaemia as being responsible for a major insulin-resistant condition.

Endocrine Aspects of Kidney Disease

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcin Adamczak ◽  
Piotr Kuczera ◽  
Andrzej Wiecek
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Kidney Diseases ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Normal Serum ◽  
Serum Prolactin ◽  
Clinical Consequences ◽  
Synthesis And Degradation ◽  
Insulin Like Growth Factors

Kidneys play the major role in the synthesis and degradation of several hormones. Different coexisting conditions such as inflammation, malnutrition and metabolic acidosis and applied treatment may also cause endocrine abnormalities in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. A tendency towards decreased thyroxin and triiodothyronine with normal serum concentrations of reversed triiodothyronine (as opposed to other chronic non-thyroid, non-kidney diseases) and thyroid stimulating hormone are observed. As far as the somatotopic axis is concerned, in CKD normal serum concentration of growth hormone and its effector – the insulin-like growth factor are observed. Nevertheless, due to the phenomenon of GH/IGF-1 “resistance” CKD patients usually present a phenotype resembling GH deficiency. Serum prolactin concentrations are often elevated in CKD women and men. This leads to the dysregulation of the pituitary-gonadal axis causing hypogonadism and it’s clinical consequences regardless of patient’s gender. The alterations in hormones of gonadal origin caused by uremia, together with hyperprolactinemia lead to the development of sexual dysfunction and infertility in men and women. The alterations of thyroid, pituitary gland and gonads associated with CKD are discussed in this chapter. This review contains 4 tables, and 64 references. Keywords: chronic kidney disease, hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, growth hormone, recombinant human GH, insulin-like growth factors, hemodialysis

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