scholarly journals Using sheep lines with mutations in single genes to better understand ovarian function

Reproduction ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 146 (4) ◽  
pp. R111-R123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer L Juengel ◽  
George H Davis ◽  
Kenneth P McNatty
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factor ◽  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Selection Pressure ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Ovarian Function ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor Β ◽  
Ovulation Rate ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Biological Resource ◽  
Strong Selection

Livestock populations have been subjected to strong selection pressure to improve reproductive success, and this has led to the identification of lines of animals with increased fecundity. These animals provide a rich biological resource for discovery of genes and regulatory mechanisms that underpin improved reproductive success. To date, three genes, all related to the transforming growth factor β pathway, have been identified as having mutations that lead to alterations in ovulation in sheep. In addition, several other sheep lines have been identified with putative mutations in single genes with major effects on ovulation rate. This review is focused on the identification of the mutations affecting ovulation rate and how these discoveries have provided new insights into control of ovarian function.

267. A role for transforming growth factor-β 1 (TGF-β1) during the establishment of folliculogenesis

2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (9) ◽  
pp. 67
Author(s):  
I. Kuyznierewicz ◽  
J. K. Findlay ◽  
A. E. Drummond
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factor ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Granulosa Cells ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Ovarian Function ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor Β ◽  
Type I ◽  
Cyclin D2 ◽  
Tgf Β1

A group of structurally related proteins, known as the transforming growth factor-β (TGF- β) superfamily, have been implicated in the local regulation of ovarian function. It is unclear what role TGF-β1–3 plays in folliculogenesis during the period after birth in the rat. We investigated whether the TGF-β ligands and their receptors were present during this period of development and the effects of TGF-β1 on granulosa cell function (proliferation, apoptosis, steroidogenesis). Ovaries from rats 4, 8 and 12 days of age were isolated and RNA extracted and reverse transcribed for real-time PCR. The expression of the TGF-β ligands and TGFβRI and TGFβRII were measured. Granulosa cells isolated from DES treated immature rats were treated with FSH (100ng/mL) and TGF-β1 (1 or 10ng/mL) for 2hr, n = 4 replicates. The RNA was extracted and prepared for RT–PCR. The expression of cyclin D2, FKHR, SCC, 3βHSD and StAR were measured. TGFβRI and TGFβRII proteins were localised to postnatal rat ovary by immunohistochemistry. TGF-β1–3, TGFβRI and TGFβRII were present in rat ovaries as early as 4 days after birth. Expression of TGF-β1 mRNA increased 2-fold between day 4 and 12. TGF-β2 and TGF-β3 mRNAs declined between day 4 and 8 and remained low at day 12. The type I and II TGF-β receptors were differentially regulated with TGFβRI expression high at day 4, declining at day 8. In contrast, TGFβRII appeared to be ubiquitously expressed. Cyclin D2 mRNA expression was enhanced in the presence of both TGF-β1 and FSH, whereas FKHR mRNA expression declined. TGF-β1 had no impact on the steroidogenic mRNAs. TGFβRI and TGFβRII proteins were localised to the cytoplasm of oocytes, granulosa cells and theca cells. These studies indicate that TGF-β1 can exert effects on ovarian folliculogenesis as it is established during the postnatal period. Proliferation and apoptosis appear to be targets of TGF-β1 action. Supported by the NHMRC of Australia (Regkeys 241000, 198705, 441101 & 465415)

Transforming growth factor-β superfamily and interferon-τ in ovarian function and embryo development in female cattle: review of biology and application

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 539 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. D'Occhio ◽  
Giuseppe Campanile ◽  
Pietro S. Baruselli
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factor ◽  
Embryo Development ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Ovarian Function ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor Β ◽  
Bovine Embryo ◽  
Primary Follicle ◽  
Embryo Survival ◽  
Female Cattle

Survival of the embryo and establishment of a pregnancy is a critical period in the reproductive function of female cattle. This review examines how the transforming growth factor-β (TGFB) superfamily (i.e. bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) 15, growth differentiation factor (GDF) 9, anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH)) and interferon-τ (IFNT) affect ovarian function and embryo development. The oocyte in a primary follicle secretes BMP15 and GDF9, which, together, organise the surrounding granulosa and theca cells into the oocyte–cumulus–follicle complex. At the same time, the granulosa secretes AMH, which affects the oocyte. This autocrine–paracrine dialogue between the oocyte and somatic cells continues throughout follicle development and is fundamental in establishing the fertilisation potential and embryo developmental competency of oocytes. The early bovine embryo secretes IFNT, which acts at the uterine endometrium, corpus luteum and blood leucocytes. IFNT is involved in the maternal recognition of pregnancy and immunomodulation to prevent rejection of the embryo, and supports progesterone secretion. Manipulation of BMP15, GDF9, AMH and IFNT in both invivo and invitro studies has confirmed their importance in reproductive function in female cattle. This review makes the case that a deeper understanding of the biology of BMP15, GDF9, AMH and IFNT will lead to new strategies to increase embryo survival and improve fertility in cattle. The enhancement of oocyte quality, early embryo development and implantation is considered necessary for the next step change in the efficiency of natural and assisted reproduction in cattle.

Perianale Fisteln bei CED: vom Mausmodell zur Klinik

2018 ◽  
Vol 75 (5) ◽  
pp. 287-294
Author(s):  
Michael Scharl
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factor ◽  
Morbus Crohn ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor Β ◽  
Interleukin 13

Zusammenfassung. Fisteln stellen nach wie vor eine der wichtigsten Komplikationen bei Patienten mit Morbus Crohn dar. Bei mindestens einem Drittel aller Morbus Crohn Patienten treten im Laufe der Erkrankung Fisteln auf. Eine dauerhafte Heilung der Fistel wird jedoch, auch unter Ausschöpfung sämtlicher medikamentöser und chirurgischer Therapieoptionen, nur in rund einem Drittel dieser Patienten erreicht. Der genaue molekulare Mechanismus der Fistelentstehung ist bis heute nicht ganz klar. Aus histopathologischer Sichtweise stellen Fisteln eine röhrenartige Struktur dar, welche von flachen epithelartigen Zellen ausgekleidet ist. Als ursächlicher Entstehungsmechanismus wird dabei die sogenannte epitheliale-zu-mesenchymale Transition (EMT) angesehen und es kann eine starke Expression der Entzündungsmediatoren Tumor Nekrose Faktor, Interleukin-13 und Transforming Growth Factor β in den Fistelarealen nachgewiesen werden. Zusätzlich zu den bereits etablierten, medikamentösen Therapieoptionen, also Antibiotika, Immunmodulatoren und anti-TNF Antikörper, stellt insbesondere der Einsatz der mesenchymalen Stammzelltherapie einen erfolgversprechenden Therapieansatz für die Zukunft dar.

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