scholarly journals Obesity and the pubertal transition in girls and boys

Reproduction ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 140 (3) ◽  
pp. 399-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine M Burt Solorzano ◽  
Christopher R McCartney
Keyword(s):  
Childhood Obesity ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Pubertal Development ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Ovary Syndrome ◽  
Major Health ◽  
Excess Adiposity ◽  
Common Thread ◽  
Pubertal Transition

Childhood obesity has become a major health concern in recent decades, especially with regard to metabolic abnormalities that impart a high risk for future cardiovascular disease. Recent data suggest that excess adiposity during childhood may influence pubertal development as well. In particular, excess adiposity during childhood may advance puberty in girls and delay puberty in boys. Obesity in peripubertal girls may also be associated with hyperandrogenemia and a high risk of adolescent polycystic ovary syndrome. How obesity may perturb various hormonal aspects of pubertal development remains unclear, but potential mechanisms are discussed herein. Insulin resistance and compensatory hyperinsulinemia may represent a common thread contributing to many of the pubertal changes reported to occur with childhood obesity. Our understanding of obesity's impact on pubertal development is in its infancy, and more research into pathophysiological mechanisms and longer-term sequelae is important.

The Impact of Adolescent Obesity on Adult Height

2017 ◽  
Vol 88 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 237-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Avivit Brener ◽  
Rachel Bello ◽  
Yael Lebenthal ◽  
Michal Yackobovitch-Gavan ◽  
Moshe Phillip ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adult Height ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Morbidly Obese ◽  
Pediatric Endocrinology ◽  
Major Health ◽  
Excess Adiposity ◽  
Parental Height ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Impact

Background: Childhood obesity is a major health concern. Excess adiposity during childhood affects growth and puberty. Our aim was to assess whether genetic adult height is compromised in adolescents with obesity. Methods: In a retrospective study of 190 obese patients followed at our Pediatric Endocrinology Institute, adult height and delta height (the difference between adult height and mid-parental height) were compared to those of 150 healthy age-matched normal-weight controls. Review of medical files yielded the relevant clinical and anthropometric data of patients, controls, and parents. Results: Of the 190 obese adolescents, 150 were morbidly obese. The median adult height of morbidly obese males was 174.3 cm, of obese males 174 cm, and of normal-weight males 176 cm (p = 0.025). Delta height of morbidly obese males was –0.5 cm, of obese males –0.8 cm, and of normal-weight males, 3 cm (p < 0.0001). The median adult height of morbidly obese females was 161.3 cm, of obese females 162.8 cm, and of normal-weight females 162 cm (p = 0.37). Delta height of morbidly obese females was –1.85 cm, of obese females –0.95 cm, and of normal-weight females 0.7 cm (p = 0.019). Impairment of potential genetic height was not associated with obesity-related comorbidities. Conclusion: Adolescents with obesity showed impairment of potential genetic adult height as compared to that of normal-weight subjects.

scholarly journals The Altered Mononuclear Cell-Derived Cytokine Response to Glucose Ingestion Is Not Regulated by Excess Adiposity in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

2014 ◽  
Vol 99 (11) ◽  
pp. E2244-E2251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank González ◽  
Chang Ling Sia ◽  
Marguerite K. Shepard ◽  
Neal S. Rote ◽  
Judi Minium
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome ◽  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Cytokine Release ◽  
Ovary Syndrome ◽  
Excess Adiposity ◽  
Glucose Ingestion

Context: Excess adipose tissue is a source of inflammation. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a proinflammatory state and is often associated with excess abdominal adiposity (AA) alone and/or frank obesity. Objective: To determine the effect of glucose ingestion on cytokine release from mononuclear cells (MNC) in women with PCOS with and without excess AA and/or obesity. Design: A cross-sectional study. Setting: Academic medical center. Patients: Twenty-three women with PCOS (seven normal weight with normal AA, eight normal weight with excess AA, eight obese) and 24 ovulatory controls (eight normal weight with normal AA, eight normal weight with excess AA, eight obese). Intervention: Three-hour 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Main Outcome Measures: Body composition was measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. Insulin sensitivity was derived from the OGTT (ISOGTT). TNFα, IL-6, and IL-1β release was measured in supernatants of cultured MNC isolated from blood samples drawn while fasting and 2 hours after glucose ingestion. Results: Insulin sensitivity was lower in obese subjects regardless of PCOS status and in normal-weight women with PCOS compared with normal-weight controls regardless of body composition status. In response to glucose ingestion, MNC-derived TNFα, IL-6, and IL-1β release decreased in both normal-weight control groups but failed to suppress in either normal-weight PCOS group and in obese women regardless of PCOS status. For the combined groups, the cytokine responses were negatively correlated with insulin sensitivity and positively correlated with abdominal fat and androgens. Conclusions: Women with PCOS fail to suppress MNC-derived cytokine release in response to glucose ingestion, and this response is independent of excess adiposity. Nevertheless, a similar response is also a feature of obesity per se. Circulating MNC and excess adipose tissue are separate and distinct sources of inflammation in this population.

scholarly journals N-Acetylcysteine for Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Divyesh Thakker ◽  
Amit Raval ◽  
Isha Patel ◽  
Rama Walia
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome ◽  
Live Birth ◽  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Live Birth Rate ◽  
Bibliographic Databases ◽  
Ovary Syndrome ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Significant Difference

Objective. To review the benefits and harms of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).Method. Literature search was conducted using the bibliographic databases, MEDLINE (Ovid), CINAHL, EMBASE, Scopus, PsyInfo, and PROQUEST (from inception to September 2013) for the studies on women with PCOS receiving NAC.Results. Eight studies with a total of 910 women with PCOS were randomized to NAC or other treatments/placebo. There were high risk of selection, performance, and attrition bias in two studies and high risk of reporting bias in four studies. Women with NAC had higher odds of having a live birth, getting pregnant, and ovulation as compared to placebo. However, women with NAC were less likely to have pregnancy or ovulation as compared to metformin. There was no significant difference in rates of the miscarriage, menstrual regulation, acne, hirsutism, and adverse events, or change in body mass index, testosterone, and insulin levels with NAC as compared to placebo.Conclusions. NAC showed significant improvement in pregnancy and ovulation rate as compared to placebo. The findings need further confirmation in well-designed randomized controlled trials to examine clinical outcomes such as live birth rate in longer follow-up periods. Systematic review registration number isCRD42012001902.

scholarly journals Elabela, Nitric Oxide and Apelin in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome ◽  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Free Testosterone ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Ovary Syndrome ◽  
Major Health ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Major Health Issue

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a major health issue amid fertile-aged women in all society. Therefore, we investigated levels of Elabela (ELA), Apelin (APLN), and Nitric Oxide (NO) in women with and without PCOS, and to identify whether there is any association between ELA, APLN, NO and metabolic parameters. 27 PCOS and 30 control subjects were included. ELA, APLN and NO levels were analyzed by using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Both groups demonstrated no significant difference in terms of age and Body mass index (BMI), Insulin, HOMA-IR, Ferriman–Gallwey score, and free testosterone were significantly higher (p < 0.05), whereas high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and estradiol (E2) levels were lower in women with the PCOS than that of controls. Lower ELA levels [(28.6 versus 39.4) ng/ml, p<0.05], and lower NO [(194.8 versus 322.5) µmol/L, p <0.001], and higher APLN levels [(478.7 versus 388.4) pg/ml, p <0.05] were reported in PCOS patients compared to controls. ELA and NO are significantly down regulated while APLN (p<0.05) is significantly up regulated (p<0.05) in PCOS patients compared to controls. Based on the findings of this study, decreased ELA and NO, increased APLN levels may be considered as potential regulators of glucose and fat metabolism in PCOS patients. It was also assumed that early measurement of ELA, APLN and NO in PCOS cases might help to avoid the aggravation of PCOS.

Children's Exposure to Television Advertising: Implications for Childhood Obesity

2007 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 182-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Debra M. Desrochers ◽  
Debra J. Holt
Keyword(s):  
Childhood Obesity ◽  
The United States ◽  
Television Advertising ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Institute Of Medicine ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Research Attention ◽  
Major Health ◽  
Children’S Exposure

In 2005, the Institute of Medicine declared that the prevalence of childhood obesity in the United States ranks as a major health concern. Although the role of television advertising as a possible contributor has received considerable research attention, most previous studies have not included a detailed analysis of children's exposure on all programming or made comparisons with earlier estimates. Therefore, the Bureau of Economics staff at the Federal Trade Commission undertook a comprehensive analysis of television advertising to determine how many and what types of advertisements children are exposed to today and how the findings compare with their exposure before the rise in obesity. This article presents the major findings of the Federal Trade Commission's report and discusses several other issues that help inform the obesity debate. The article's insights will be useful to policy makers, researchers, marketers, and other constituencies involved in developing solutions to the obesity problem.

scholarly journals RISK FACTORS FOR PREMATURE BIRTH. IS EVERYTHING UNAMBIGU-OUS?

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-90
Author(s):  
I.V. Galinova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Premature Birth ◽  
Risk Group ◽  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Asymptomatic Bacteriuria ◽  
High Risk Group ◽  
Ovary Syndrome ◽  
History Of

Aim. Despite the fact that ischemic-cervical insufficiency (ICI) is considered to be a risk factor for preterm birth (PB), a comparative analysis of the risk factors for each complication of gestation (ICI and PB) showed considerable differences. This was the reason for conducting a study to identify the most significant risk factors for PB and ICI. Materials and Methods. A questionnaire survey of 267 pregnant women was carried out to study the anamnestic risk factors for PR and for assessment of the course and outcomes of the current pregnancy. The existence of statistically significant differences was determined using Fishers exact test, and the ranking of risk factors was performed by the value of x2 criterion, adjusted for likelihood. Results. Pregnancy ended prematurely in 14 women (5.2%). Extremely early PB made 14.3% among all PB, premature births – 21.4%, late births – 64.3%, early PB were absent. Spontaneous and induced PB occurred with the same frequency – 50% each in the PB structure. Based on the x2 calculation, a rating of the PB risk factors was made. The 1st place – history of induced PB, 2 – history of polycystic ovary syndrome; 3 – in vitro fertilization; 4 – arterial hypertension; 5 – asymptomatic bacteriuria; 6 – ICI; 7 – hypothyroidism; 8 – the premature birth of the father. Also, an assessment of the risk factors for ICI was carried out and their rating was compiled: 1 – intra-uterine interventions before the first birth; 2 – repeated intrauterine interventions; 3 – history of ICI. Conclusion. Women with endocrine disorders (thyroid disease, polycystic ovary syndrome), arterial hypertension before and during pregnancy, physical inactivity before pregnancy should be considered a high risk group for PB. Asymptomatic bacteriuria is a risk factor not only for PB, but also for ICI, in which connection its early detection and rehabilitation is advisable. In the course of our study, the necessity for cervicometry during the 1st ultrasound screening was confirmed, and dynamic cervicometry can be recommended not only for women with PB, late spontaneous miscarriages, history of ICI and ICI in the current pregnancy, but also for pregnant women with repeated intrauterine interventions and with intrauterine interventions before the first forthcoming birth, for the earlier detection of ICI and formation of a high-risk group for PR for arrangement of preventive measures.

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