scholarly journals Tales from topographic oceans: topologically associated domains and cancer

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (11) ◽  
pp. R611-R626 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moray J Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Ovarian Cancer ◽  
Cell Nucleus ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Chromatin Interactions ◽  
Sharp Focus ◽  
Current Review ◽  
Topologically Associated Domains ◽  
Altered Regulation ◽  
And Function

The 3D organization of the genome within the cell nucleus has come into sharp focus over the last decade. This has largely arisen because of the application of genomic approaches that have revealed numerous levels of genomic and chromatin interactions, including topologically associated domains (TADs). The current review examines how these domains were identified, are organized, how their boundaries arise and are regulated, and how genes within TADs are coordinately regulated. There are many examples of the disruption to TAD structure in cancer and the altered regulation, structure and function of TADs are discussed in the context of hormone responsive cancers, including breast, prostate and ovarian cancer. Finally, some aspects of the statistical insight and computational skills required to interrogate TAD organization are considered and future directions discussed.

Super-Resolution Microscopy in Studying the Structure and Function of the Cell Nucleus

Acta Naturae ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 42-51
Author(s):  
S. S. Ryabichko ◽  
◽  
A. N. Ibragimov ◽  
L. A. Lebedeva ◽  
E. N. Kozlov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Nucleus ◽  
Super Resolution ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
And Function ◽  
Super Resolution Microscopy

scholarly journals The Roles of Long Noncoding RNAs HNF1α-AS1 and HNF4α-AS1 in Drug Metabolism and Human Diseases

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liming Chen ◽  
Yifan Bao ◽  
Suzhen Jiang ◽  
Xiao-bo Zhong
Keyword(s):  
Drug Metabolism ◽  
Drug Toxicity ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Long Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
Mirna Sponge ◽  
Current Review ◽  
And Function

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are RNAs with a length of over 200 nucleotides that do not have protein-coding abilities. Recent studies suggest that lncRNAs are highly involved in physiological functions and diseases. lncRNAs HNF1α-AS1 and HNF4α-AS1 are transcripts of lncRNA genes HNF1α-AS1 and HNF4α-AS1, which are antisense lncRNA genes located in the neighborhood regions of the transcription factor (TF) genes HNF1α and HNF4α, respectively. HNF1α-AS1 and HNF4α-AS1 have been reported to be involved in several important functions in human physiological activities and diseases. In the liver, HNF1α-AS1 and HNF4α-AS1 regulate the expression and function of several drug-metabolizing cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes, which also further impact P450-mediated drug metabolism and drug toxicity. In addition, HNF1α-AS1 and HNF4α-AS1 also play important roles in the tumorigenesis, progression, invasion, and treatment outcome of several cancers. Through interacting with different molecules, including miRNAs and proteins, HNF1α-AS1 and HNF4α-AS1 can regulate their target genes in several different mechanisms including miRNA sponge, decoy, or scaffold. The purpose of the current review is to summarize the identified functions and mechanisms of HNF1α-AS1 and HNF4α-AS1 and to discuss the future directions of research of these two lncRNAs.

Structure and function of the important internalins of Listeria monocytogenes

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shabir Ahmad Mir
Keyword(s):  
Listeria Monocytogenes ◽  
Virulence Factors ◽  
Causative Agent ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Intracellular Bacterium ◽  
Infection Cycle ◽  
Current Review ◽  
Functional Aspects ◽  
Structural Details ◽  
And Function

: Listeria monocytogenes, a facultative intracellular gram-positive pathogen, is the causative agent of the disease listeriosis. The virulence of this intracellular bacterium is dependent on the coordinated activity of various bacterial factors, which are in turn tightly controlled by a specific set of regulators. The arsenal of virulence factors employed by L. monocytogenes for its infection cycle is available in the literature. Although the internalins of L. monocytogenes have been studied in detail their structural details are currently scattered and fragmented. Therefore, in the current review, we provide a brief account of the existing knowledge on structural details of the key internalins of L. monocytogenes and also highlight the recent advances in their functional aspects.

scholarly journals Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutics for SBMA/Kennedy’s Disease

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 928-947 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick J. Arnold ◽  
Diane E. Merry
Keyword(s):  
Motor Neurons ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Muscular Atrophy ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Mechanisms Of Toxicity ◽  
Current Review ◽  
And Function ◽  
Positive Results ◽  
Polyq Expansion

Abstract Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA) is a neuromuscular disease caused by a polyglutamine (polyQ) expansion in the androgen receptor (AR). Despite the fact that the monogenic cause of SBMA has been known for nearly 3 decades, there is no effective treatment for this disease, underscoring the complexity of the pathogenic mechanisms that lead to a loss of motor neurons and muscle in SBMA patients. In the current review, we provide an overview of the system-wide clinical features of SBMA, summarize the structure and function of the AR, discuss both gain-of-function and loss-of-function mechanisms of toxicity caused by polyQ-expanded AR, and describe the cell and animal models utilized in the study of SBMA. Additionally, we summarize previously conducted clinical trials which, despite being based on positive results from preclinical studies, proved to be largely ineffective in the treatment of SBMA; nonetheless, these studies provide important insights as researchers develop the next generation of therapies.

Laser Microbeam Studies on the Structure and Function of the Cell Nucleus

1980 ◽  
pp. 251-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. W. Berns ◽  
P. A. McNeill ◽  
S. P. Peterson ◽  
J. B. Rattner ◽  
S. Brenner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Nucleus ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Laser Microbeam ◽  
And Function
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