Influence of diet on the development of antral gastrin-like immunoreactivity in the stomach of rats

1989 ◽  
Vol 120 (3) ◽  
pp. 374-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroyasu Okahata ◽  
Yoshikazu Nishi ◽  
Kotaro Muraki ◽  
Masaru Arai ◽  
Norio Kubo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Gel Filtration ◽  
Essential Nutrients ◽  
Young Rats ◽  
Rich Food ◽  
Old Rats ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Milk Feeding

Abstract. The effects of individual food constituents on antral gastrin-like immunoreactivity concentrations were studied in young rats. Rats aged 7 to 20 days were given only rat breast milk and then weaned by various nutrients (regular laboratory chow, protein (ovalbumin)-, fat- or carbohydrate (starch)-rich food). Rats receiving rat breast milk only until 27 days of age were also studied. In rats on regular laboratory chow, antral gastrin-like immunoreactivity increased and reached adult levels on day 25. In rats on ovalbumin, fat-rich food or starch, it increased on day 23 but dropped thereafter. The increment by laboratory chow was higher than that by the individual nutrients. No increase was observed during milk feeding alone. Gel filtration of antral gastrin-like immunoreactivity from 25-day-old rats on laboratory chow or three essential nutrients showed the same results.

Development of gastric somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in response to corticosterone acetate and dietary changes in young rats

1986 ◽  
Vol 112 (3) ◽  
pp. 383-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroyasu Okahata ◽  
Yoshikazu Nishi ◽  
Kotaro Muraki ◽  
Koji Sumii ◽  
Yukitaka Miyachi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Dose ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Gel Filtration ◽  
Physiological Saline ◽  
Solid Food ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Dietary Changes ◽  
Adult Level ◽  
Milk Feeding ◽  
Somatostatin 14

Abstract. The effects of dietary changes from breast milk to solid food and corticosterone acetate administration on somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SLI) in the gastric antrum and corpus were studied in young and adult rats. At 7 days of age, a single dose of corticosterone acetate (250 mg/kg of body weight) was injected in one group of rats, and a single dose of physiological saline was injected in another group. Each group was divided into two subgroups; one was fed only rat breast milk until 25 days of age and the other weaned (solid food alone) at 21 days of age. Gastric antrums and corpora were removed at various ages for assay of SLI concentrations by radioimmunoassay. In non-corticosterone treated rats, antral and corpus SLI increased gradually until 20 days of age, and after changing from breast milk to solid food on day 21 antral SLI increased 2-fold to the adult level, whereas corpus SLI remained constant. In corticosterone-treated rats, antral and corpus SLI on day 11 was 5-fold that on day 7, and thereafter remained constant before changing from breast milk to solid food; after weaning (solid food alone) antral SLI increased again to reach the adult level at 25 days of age whereas corpus SLI remained constant after weaning. Prolonged breast milk feeding alone did not influence antral or corpus SLI levels in either corticosterone-treated or non-treated rats as compared to levels on day 20. Gel filtration of antral and corpus SLI from 15 day old corticosterone-treated and non-treated, and 25 day old weaned (solid food alone) and unweaned (breast milk alone) rats showed almost the same results: only one peak coeluted with synthetic somatostatin-14. The resuits suggest that weaning (solid food alone) and corticosterone administration affect the antral and corpus SLI.

In vitro study of antral gastrin biosynthesis in response to weaning and corticosterone acetate in rats

1986 ◽  
Vol 111 (4) ◽  
pp. 539-545 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroyasu Okahata ◽  
Yoshikazu Nishi ◽  
Kotaro Muraki ◽  
Koji Sumii ◽  
Ko Tanaka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Dose ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Gel Filtration ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Physiological Saline ◽  
Solid Food ◽  
Adult Level ◽  
Old Rats ◽  
Corticosterone Treatment

Abstract. The effects of weaning (abrupt dietary changes from breast milk to solid food) and corticosterone injection on antral gastrin-like immunoreactivity (G-LI) concentrations and antral G-LI biosynthesis were studied in rats. A single dose of corticosterone acetate was injected in one group of 7 day old rats, and a single dose of physiological saline was injected in another. Each group of rats was divided into two subgroups, one fed only rat breast milk until 25 days old and the other weaned at day 21. In non-corticosterone treated unweaned rats, antral G-LI did not increase. In non-corticosterone treated weaned rats, antral G-LI was constant before weaning, then increased 4-fold to the adult level. In corticosterone treated unweaned rats, the antral G-LI on day 11 was twice than on day 7, and thereafter remained constant. In corticosterone treated weaned rats, antral G-LI increased after corticosterone treatment and increased again after weaning to reach the adult level at day 25. Gel filtration of pulse-chase incubated antral samples with l-[methyl-3H]methionine from unweaned rats without corticosterone administration showed Vo, fraction 19 (Fr. 19) and gastrin-34 (G34) peaks, but no gastrin-17 (G17) peak after 60 min of chase incubation, but at 120 min of chase incubation a G17 peak was present; corticosterone-treated and/or weaned (solid food alone) rat samples showed Vo, Fr. 19, G34 and G17 peaks at 30 min of pulse incubation.

scholarly journals The enablers and barriers to continue breast milk feeding in women returning to work

2016 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 825-835 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zaharah Sulaiman ◽  
Pranee Liamputtong ◽  
Lisa H. Amir
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Returning To Work ◽  
Milk Feeding

scholarly journals Evaluation of a nutrient-rich food index score in the Netherlands

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diewertje Sluik ◽  
Martinette T. Streppel ◽  
Linde van Lee ◽  
Anouk Geelen ◽  
Edith J. M. Feskens
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
Saturated Fat ◽  
Dietary Guidelines ◽  
Dietary Quality ◽  
Cereal Products ◽  
Nutrient Density ◽  
Rich Food ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Methodological Considerations ◽  
Development And Validation

AbstractNutrient-rich food (NRF) index scores are dietary quality indices based on nutrient density. We studied the design aspects involved in the development and validation of NRF index scores, using the Dutch consumption data and guidelines as an example. We evaluated fifteen NRF index scores against the Dutch Healthy Diet Index (DHD-index), a measure of adherence to the Dutch dietary guidelines, and against energy density. The study population included 2106 adults from the Dutch National Food Consumption Survey 2007–2010. The index scores were composed of beneficial nutrients (protein, fibre, fatty acids, vitamins, minerals), nutrients to limit (saturated fat, sugar, Na) or a combination. Moreover, the influence of methodological decisions was studied, such as the choice of calculation basis (100 g or 100 kcal (418 kJ)). No large differences existed in the prediction of the DHD-index by the fifteen NRF index scores. The score that best predicted the DHD-index included nine beneficial nutrients and three nutrients to limit on a 100-kcal basis, the NRF9.3 with a model R2 of 0·34. The scores were quite robust with respect to sex, BMI and differences in calculation methods. The NRF index scores were correlated with energy density, but nutrient density better predicted the DHD-index than energy density. Consumption of vegetables, cereals and cereal products, and dairy products contributed most to the individual NRF9.3 scores. In conclusion, many methodological considerations underlie the development and evaluation of nutrient density models. These decisions may depend upon the purpose of the model, but should always be based upon scientific, objective and transparent criteria.

Breast milk leukocytes

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 58 (5) ◽  
pp. 769-770
Author(s):  
Jane Pitt
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Apparent Increase ◽  
Human Colostrum ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Portal Of Entry ◽  
Milk Feeding

The apparent increase in frequency of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis1 and the recognition that the gastrointestinal tract is often the portal of entry in neonatal sepsis2 has renewed interest in breast milk as a source of newborn immunity. Attention has recently focussed on milk leukocytes. The purpose of this commentary is to summarize the available information on this subject and to examine the implications that this knowledge may have on the possible use of human milk-feeding to protect the newborn from infection. Human colostrum and early milk contain 1 to 2 x 106 leukocytes; 80% to 90% of these are monocytic phagocytes and the remainder are lymphocytes.3,4

Recurrent late-onset neonatal sepsis traced to breast milk: A case report

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
G. Stepanovich ◽  
S.M. Donn
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Neonatal Intensive Care ◽  
Late Onset ◽  
Bacterial Load ◽  
Gi Tract ◽  
Reduction Strategy ◽  
Late Onset Sepsis ◽  
Nutritional Benefits ◽  
Culture Positive ◽  
Milk Feeding

Breast milk feeding is an important late-onset sepsis reduction strategy in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU). However, multiple studies have reported transfer of bacteria-contaminated breast milk to infants. We describe a case of culture-positive breast milk resulting in persistent Enterococcus bacteremia in an infant. Beyond the development of an infant’s innate and specific immunity as well as colonization of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract with commensal organisms, the risk of bacterial translocation from the GI tract into the bloodstream is shaped and modified by maternal health, birth history, and an infant’s NICU course. While freezing and/or pasteurizing breast milk reduces or eliminates its bacterial load, it also diminishes its immunologic and nutritional benefits.

scholarly journals Aging and acute exercise enhance free radical generation in rat skeletal muscle

1999 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 465-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Bejma ◽  
L. L. Ji
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Lipid Peroxidation ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Protein Carbonyl ◽  
Biological Aging ◽  
Young Rats ◽  
Old Rats

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are implicated in the mechanism of biological aging and exercise-induced oxidative damage. The present study examined the effect of an acute bout of exercise on intracellular ROS production, lipid and protein peroxidation, and GSH status in the skeletal muscle of young adult (8 mo, n = 24) and old (24 mo, n = 24) female Fischer 344 rats. Young rats ran on a treadmill at 25 m/min and 5% grade until exhaustion (55.4 ± 2.7 min), whereas old rats ran at 15 m/min and 5% grade until exhaustion (58.0 ± 2.7 min). Rate of dichlorofluorescin (DCFH) oxidation, an indication of ROS and other intracellular oxidants production in the homogenate of deep vastus lateralis, was 77% ( P < 0.01) higher in rested old vs. young rats. Exercise increased DCFH oxidation by 38% ( P < 0.09) and 50% ( P < 0.01) in the young and old rats, respectively. DCFH oxidation in isolated deep vastus lateralis mitochondria with site 1 substrates was elevated by 57% ( P < 0.01) in old vs. young rats but was unaltered with exercise. Significantly higher DCFH oxidation rate was also found in aged-muscle mitochondria ( P < 0.01), but not in homogenates, when ADP, NADPH, and Fe3+ were included in the assay medium without substrates. Lipid peroxidation in muscle measured by malondialdehyde content showed no age effect, but was increased by 20% ( P < 0.05) with exercise in both young and old rats. Muscle protein carbonyl formation was unaffected by either age or exercise. Mitochondrial GSH/ GSSG ratio was significantly higher in aged vs. young rats ( P < 0.05), whereas exercise increased GSSG content and decreased GSH/GSSG in both age groups ( P < 0.05). These data provided direct evidence that oxidant production in skeletal muscle is increased in old age and during prolonged exercise, with both mitochondrial respiratory chain and NADPH oxidase as potential sources. The alterations of muscle lipid peroxidation and mitochondrial GSH status were consistent with these conclusions.

Renal expression of osteopontin and alkaline phosphatase correlates with BUN levels in aged rats

1995 ◽  
Vol 269 (3) ◽  
pp. F398-F404
Author(s):  
C. T. Liang ◽  
J. Barnes
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor Beta ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Blot Hybridization ◽  
Northern Blot Hybridization ◽  
Tgf Beta ◽  
Young Rats ◽  
Beta Actin ◽  
Old Rats ◽  
Renal Expression

Renal expression of alkaline phosphatase (AP) and osteopontin (OP) in rats of different age was examined. Northern blot hybridization showed that AP mRNA was reduced moderately, whereas OP mRNA was stimulated drastically in old rats. Dot-blot quantitation analysis showed that AP mRNA decreased 30% in 24-compared with 6-mo-old rats. In contrast, OP mRNA increased 3.1- and 9.1-fold, respectively, in 12- and 24-mo-old rats. beta-Actin mRNA did not change with age. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) increased 47 and 187% in 12- and 24-mo-old rats, respectively. Correlation analysis showed that BUN correlated negatively with AP mRNA and positively with OP mRNA. No correlation was observed with beta-actin. The expression of these markers was also examined in femurs. AP and OP mRNAs were marginally reduced in old bones. To test whether the correlation also exists in other types of renal insufficiency, we examined these parameters in young rats infused with parathyroid hormone (PTH). BUN was elevated 3.5-fold, whereas AP mRNA decreased 48%, and OP mRNA increased 15.3-fold in kidneys of PTH-treated rats. To elucidate the possible mechanisms that lead to the overexpression of OP in kidney, we examined the expression of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) mRNA. No significant differences in TGF-beta 1 expression were observed between young and old rats and control and PTH-treated young rats. Changes in the expression of OP were also visualized by immunostaining of renal sections. Alterations in the levels of OP and AP were validated by Western blot analysis and enzyme assay of homogenate, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

scholarly journals Phosphodiesterase Activities in the Eye of Old and Young Rats in Normoxic, Hypoxic and Hyperoxic Atmospheres

2003 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Spoto ◽  
A. Contento ◽  
M. Di Nicola ◽  
G. Bianchi ◽  
C. Di Giulio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cyclic Nucleotides ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Atmospheric Oxygen ◽  
Second Messengers ◽  
Camp Phosphodiesterase ◽  
Young Rats ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Adaptive Processes ◽  
Old Rats

Phosphodiesterase activity was tested on homogenized eyes of young and old rats kept in hypoxic and hyperoxic conditions, with the aim of correlating any difference in PDE activity with aging and variations in atmospheric oxygen contents. The activities of the two enzymes, cAMP phosphodiesterase (cAMP-PDE) and cGMP phosphodiesterase (cGMP-PDE), were tested. Phosphodiesterases seem to be particularly susceptible to variations in oxygen tension, suggesting an important role of cyclic nucleotides in cellular adaptive processes. Particularly, cAMP-PDE activity increases lightly both in hypoxic and hyperoxic conditions in young and old rats. For cGMP-PDE activity of young rats, a similar behaviour to cAMP-PDE activity is observed with a similar increase in hypoxic and hyperoxic conditions respect to the control rats. Instead old rats seem to be quite insensible to hypoxia, while they show a fair increase in cGMP-PDE activity in the case of hyperoxia. The second messengers cAMP and cGMP play important roles in mediating the biological effects of a wide variety of first messengers. The intracellular levels of cyclic nucleotides depend upon rates of synthesis and degradation, actuated, respectively, by cyclases and phosphodiesterases (PDEs). Therefore, PDEs seem to play an important role in a wide variety of physiological processes.

A Retrospective Study Identifying Breast Milk Feeding Disparities in Infants with Cleft Palate

2018 ◽  
Vol 118 (11) ◽  
pp. 2154-2161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michele M. Gottschlich ◽  
Theresa Mayes ◽  
Chris Allgeier ◽  
Laura James ◽  
Jane Khoury ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Retrospective Study ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Cleft Palate ◽  
Milk Feeding
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