Oestrogen synthesis by bovine foetal placenta at normal parturition

1981 ◽  
Vol 98 (1) ◽  
pp. 112-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Larsson ◽  
W. C. Wagner ◽  
M. Sachs
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Conversion Rate ◽  
Tissue Cultures ◽  
Peripheral Plasma ◽  
Conversion Rates ◽  
Phenolic Extraction ◽  
Percentage Conversion ◽  
Very High ◽  
Culture Conversion

Abstract. In vitro conversion of C19-[3H]androstenedione and C21-[3H]pregnenolone steroids to oestrogens was studied in tissue cultures prepared from bovine cotyledons collected 10–240 min after natural parturition. A total of 17 cows was used, 15 had normal parturitions and 2 cows required assistance due to weak and prolonged labour. At collection of tissues, blood samples were drawn from the cows and peripheral plasma oestrogen levels were determined by radioimmunoassay. Percentage conversion to unconjugated and conjugated oestrogens was estimated for each cow from 6 tissue culture replicates for each precursor. The steroids were extracted with toluene and separated by phenolic extraction and column chromatography. The repeatability of conversion rate was very high. Incubation with androstenedione yielded consistently higher conversion rates than incubation with pregnenolone. Independent of precursor the conversion rates, within cows, ranked unconjugated Oe1 > conjugated Oe1 > unconjugated Oe2 > conjugated Oe2. The conversion rates decreased significantly with increasing intervals from parturition to collection of material. Lower conversion rates were found for cultures of tissues from the 2 cows with weak labour when compared to cultures from normally calving cows. The sire of the foetus had an influence on conversion rate in the tissue cultures. The plasma oestrogen concentrations of the cows decreased significantly with an increased interval from parturition to blood-sampling. With the exception of one cow, the tissue culture conversion rates and the plasma oestrogen levels of the cows were significantly correlated.

scholarly journals Huperzine A and Huperzine B Production by Prothallus Cultures of Huperzia selago (L.) Bernh. ex Schrank et Mart

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (14) ◽  
pp. 3262
Author(s):  
Wojciech J. Szypuła ◽  
Beata Wileńska ◽  
Aleksandra Misicka ◽  
Agnieszka Pietrosiuk
Keyword(s):  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
Current Source ◽  
Growth Index ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Huperzine A ◽  
Biomass Growth ◽  
Tissue Cultures ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Very High

This is the first report of an efficient and effective procedure to optimize the biosynthesis of huperzine A (HupA) and huperzine B (HupB) in vitro from Huperzia selago gametophytes. Axenic tissue cultures were established using spores collected from the sporophytes growing in the wild. The prothalia were obtained after 7–18 months. Approximately 90 up to 100% of the gametophytes were viable and grew rapidly after each transfer on to a fresh medium every 3 months. The best biomass growth index for prothallus calculated on a fresh (FW) and dry weight (DW) basis, at 24 weeks of culture, was 2500% (FW) and 2200% (DW), respectively. The huperzine A content in the gametophytes was very high and ranged from 0.74 mg/g to 4.73 mg/g DW. The highest yield HupA biosynthesis at >4 mg/g DW was observed on W/S medium without growth regulators at 8 to 24 weeks of culture. The highest HupB content ranged from 0.10 mg/g to 0.52 mg/g DW and was obtained on the same medium. The results demonstrate the superiority of H. selago gametophyte cultures, with the level of HupA biosynthesis approximately 42% higher compared to sporophyte cultures and 35-fold higher than when the alkaloid was isolated from H. serrata, its current source for the pharmaceutical industry. Moreover, the biosynthesis of HupB was several-fold more efficient than in H. selago sporophytes growing in the wild. HPLC-HR-MS analyses of the extracts identified eight new alkaloids previously unreported in H. selago: deacetylfawcettine, fawcettimine, 16-hydroxyhuperzine B, deacetyllycoclavine, annopodine, lycopecurine, des-N-methylfastigiatine and flabelline.

Immune responses to hapten conjugates in vitro

1975 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 507-522
Author(s):  
Sirkka Kontiainen ◽  
O. Mäkelä ◽  
M. Hurme
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Tissue Cultures ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Animal Body ◽  
Do So

Several functions of the animal body can take place in cell or tissue cultures with almost unreduced efficiency and precision. Functions, where only one cell type is involved, often do so, but also some differentiation steps where interactions between two or more cell types are clearly needed can take place in tissue culture (Saxén et al. 1968).Most immune responses require collaboration between two or more cell types (Claman, Chaperon & Triplett, 1966; Miller & Mitchell, 1968; Feldmann & Nossal 1972c). Some of them can be easily induced in vitro but others cannot. Even when antibody responses can be induced in vitro their intensity varies a great deal. With some antigens and under some circumstances a response in vitro can be nearly as strong as one in vivo. A crude comparison can be derived from responses in vitro and in vivo to the same antigen, conjugate of hapten NIP and pneumococcal polysaccharide type III (NIP-SIll, Nakamura, Ray & Mäkelä, 1973).

scholarly journals Plant tissue culture environment as a switch-key of (epi)genetic changes

2019 ◽  
Vol 140 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piotr Tomasz Bednarek ◽  
Renata Orłowska
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Plant Tissue ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Epigenetic Changes ◽  
Tissue Cultures ◽  
Genetic Changes ◽  
Culture Stage ◽  
Commercial Applications

Abstract The in vitro tissue cultures are, beyond all difficulties, an essential tool in basic research as well as in commercial applications. Numerous works devoted to plant tissue cultures proved how important this part of the plant science is. Despite half a century of research on the issue of obtaining plants in in vitro cultures, many aspects remain unknown. The path associated with the reprogramming of explants in the fully functioning regenerants includes a series of processes that may result in the appearance of morphological, physiological, biochemical or, finally, genetic and epigenetic changes. All these changes occurring at the tissue culture stage and appearing in regenerants as tissue culture-induced variation and then inherited by generative progeny as somaclonal variation may be the result of oxidative stress, which works at the step of explant preparation, and in tissue culture as a result of nutrient components and environmental factors. In this review, we describe the current status of understanding the genetic and epigenetic changes that occur during tissue culture.

The action of the Cu2+, Ag+ and time inducing the in vitro anther culture-derived barley regenerants

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piotr Tomasz Bednarek ◽  
Renata Orłowska
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Tissue Culture ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Culture Conditions ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Tissue Cultures ◽  
Regeneration Medium ◽  
Green Plants ◽  
Anther Cultures

Abstract BackgroundPlant regeneration via anther cultures is a world-wide approach as it allows for the regeneration of uniform and homozygous double haploids. Recent studies have shown that in vitro cultures are the origin of the so-called tissue culture-induced variation (TCIV) that may lead to off-type regenerants. Moreover, the regeneration of green plants may be limited by the presence of albinos. It was demonstrated that the presence of Cu2+ and Ag+ ions in the regeneration medium might increase the number of green plants.ResultsDArTseqMet markers were evaluated based on regenerants and donor plants derived via in vitro anther cultures of barley. The regenerants were obtained under varying Cu2+ and Ag+ ion concentration in the regeneration medium during distinct time conditions of the tissue cultures. The DArTseqMet markers were quantified using a semi-quantitative MSAP approach delivering data on CG and CHG sequence contexts de novo methylation and demethylation. Under each tissue culture conditions, the number of regenerated green plants per 100 anthers was evaluated. Conditional moderation analysis was applied to test for the role of Cu2+ and Ag+ ions in the medium. Moreover, the importance of the time of in vitro anther cultures were analyzed.ConclusionsOur data demonstrate that DNA de novo methylation and demethylation affecting CG and CXG DNA sequence contexts is moderated by the presence of Cu2+ and Ag+ ions in the medium conditional on the time of in vitro tissue cultures. The level of de novo methylation and demethylation and the difference between the two is essential for the understanding of moderation. Moreover, Cu2+ and Ag+ play in concert moderating DNA methylation changes. For the in vitro tissue culture purposes, the lower the delta value equal to de novo methylation less demethylation and the higher the value of the (Cu+Ag) predictor conditional on time, the higher the number of green plants should be evaluated. Moreover, evaluation of GPs is even more probable under positive delta and higher (Cu+Ag) values. Our data are congruent with the putative function of these ions in the ethylene and DNA methylation pathways.

scholarly journals Intracellular PD Modelling (PDi) for the Prediction of Clinical Activity of Increased Rifampicin Dosing

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ghaith Aljayyoussi ◽  
Samantha Donnellan ◽  
Stephen A. Ward ◽  
Giancarlo A. Biagini
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Outcomes ◽  
Clinical Activity ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Potential Value ◽  
Tb Treatment ◽  
Conversion Rates ◽  
Improved Design ◽  
Culture Conversion ◽  
Relapse Rates

Increasing rifampicin (RIF) dosages could significantly reduce tuberculosis (TB) treatment durations. Understanding the pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamics (PK–PD) of increasing RIF dosages could inform clinical regimen selection. We used intracellular PD modelling (PDi) to predict clinical outcomes, primarily time to culture conversion, of increasing RIF dosages. PDi modelling utilizes in vitro-derived measurements of intracellular (macrophage) and extracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis sterilization rates to predict the clinical outcomes of RIF at increasing doses. We evaluated PDi simulations against recent clinical data from a high dose (35 mg/kg per day) RIF phase II clinical trial. PDi-based simulations closely predicted the observed time-to-patient culture conversion status at eight weeks (hazard ratio: 2.04 (predicted) vs. 2.06 (observed)) for high dose RIF-based treatments. However, PDi modelling was less predictive of culture conversion status at 26 weeks for high-dosage RIF (99% predicted vs. 81% observed). PDi-based simulations indicate that increasing RIF beyond 35 mg/kg/day is unlikely to significantly improve culture conversion rates, however, improvements to other clinical outcomes (e.g., relapse rates) cannot be ruled out. This study supports the value of translational PDi-based modelling in predicting culture conversion rates for antitubercular therapies and highlights the potential value of this platform for the improved design of future clinical trials.

scholarly journals MULTIPLICATION OF TUBERCLE BACILLI WITHIN MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTES IN TISSUE CULTURES DERIVED FROM NORMAL ANIMALS AND ANIMALS VACCINATED WITH BCG

1953 ◽  
Vol 97 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emanuel Suter
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Normal Animal ◽  
Mononuclear Phagocytes ◽  
Tissue Cultures ◽  
Inhibition Of Growth ◽  
Intracellular Multiplication

When monocytes derived from normal guinea pigs or rabbits were infected with tubercle bacilli and cultivated in vitro, the bacilli multiplied abundantly within the cytoplasm of these cells. By contrast, intracellular multiplication of the bacilli was retarded or completely inhibited within the monocytes of rabbits or guinea pigs vaccinated with BCG. This inhibition of growth was observed with both virulent or attenuated strains of tubercle bacilli. Under the conditions used in the present study, the ability of monocytes to inhibit bacillary proliferation was the same whether serum from a normal animal or from vaccinated animals was used in the tissue culture medium. Moreover, the serum of vaccinated animals did not inhibit multiplication of tubercle bacilli within monocytes derived from a normal animal. The ability of guinea pig monocytes to interfere with intracellular bacillary proliferation was first perceptible 8 days after vaccination.

Plasmodium gallinaceum in tissue culture. Observations after one year of cultivation

Parasitology ◽  
1955 ◽  
Vol 45 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Xavier de Oliveira ◽  
H. Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Trypanosoma Cruzi ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
High Grade ◽  
Tissue Cultures ◽  
Plasmodium Gallinaceum ◽  
One Year

P. gallinaceum was cultivated in tissue cultures for 1 year. The cultures showed the same high-grade infection as has been observed previously with Toxoplasma and Trypanosoma cruzi, and made possible new observations upon the living parasite.It has not been possible to obtain in vitro the passage from the exo- into the endoerythrocytic form.The parasites can survive in tissue cultures, maintained at room temperature, for 23 days.Observations concerning the periodicity and the phases of the cycle in tissue cultures are being investigated.

scholarly journals The effect of gamma irradiation on cell division in tissue culture in vitro .—Part II

1929 ◽  
Vol 105 (734) ◽  
pp. 93-98 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Cell Division ◽  
Gamma Irradiation ◽  
Gamma Rays ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Tissue Cultures ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Silk Worm ◽  
Number Of Cells

In a previous paper (1) the effects of the gamma rays of radium upon the number of cells in mitosis in tissue cultures has been described, the cultures being examined 80 minutes after irradiation. Under the conditions of the experiment it was shown that there was a threshold of intensity below which no diminution in the number of cells in mitosis was apparent, and also a threshold of time for each intensity which must be exceeded before diminution could be observed. Gilman and Baetjer (2) showed that there was an acceleration in the development of the eggs of Amblystoma after irradiation by X-rays. Hastings, Beckton and Wedd (4) showed an increase in the rate of hatching out of silk-worm eggs which had been irradiated by X-rays; and Lazarus-Barlow and Beckton (3) showed that small intensities of beta-rays acting for a long period were followed by a greater rate of cell division in the eggs of Ascaris Megalocephala . In the case of tissue cultures Canti and Donaldson (5) described an experiment in which cessation of mitosis having been caused by exposure to the gamma rays of radium a return of mitosis was observed after removal of the radium. Since the completion of the present experiments it has been shown by Spear (6) that by lowering the temperature of tissue cultures to 0° C. for 4 hours and subsequently incubating for various periods there is a fall in the number of cells in mitosis followed by a return in increased numbers which is compensatory.

scholarly journals The effect of gamma irradiation on cell division in tissue culture in vitro

1927 ◽  
Vol 102 (714) ◽  
pp. 92-101 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Cell Division ◽  
Gamma Radiation ◽  
Gamma Irradiation ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Tissue Cultures ◽  
Culture In Vitro ◽  
Form Part ◽  
Number Of Cells

The experiments described in the following paper were carried out in order to study the quantitative effects of gamma radiation upon mitosis in tissue cultures in vitro . They form part of a larger investigation into the causes of the disappearance of certain types of new growth as a result of irradiation. Strangeways and Oakley carried out qualitative experiments with X-rays on tissue cultures in vitro . They showed that there was a diminution in the number of cells undergoing mitosis. This has subsequently been shown in the case of radium by Canti and Donaldson.

scholarly journals THE CONTENT OF PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS AND FLAVONOIDS IN Deschampsia antarctica TISSUE CULTURE

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 59-66
Author(s):  
M. O. Twardovska ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Hplc Analysis ◽  
Leaf Explants ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Deschampsia Antarctica ◽  
Tissue Cultures ◽  
Polar Metabolites ◽  
Selection Of

Aim. The aim of the study was to determine the quantitative and qualitative content of phenolic compounds and flavonoids in Deschampsia antarctica E. Desv. tissue cultures obtained from plants originating from different islands of the maritime Antarctic. Methods. In vitro tissue culture, Folin-Ciocalteu method, spectrophotometry, HPLC analysis. Results. The quantitative content of phenolic compounds and flavonoids in D. antarctica tissue cultures obtained from plants of six genotypes (DAR12, DAR13, G/D12-2a, Y66, R30 and L57) was determined. The highest content of phenolic compounds (4.46 and 3.75 mg/g) was found in tissue cultures obtained from root and leaf explants of plant genotype L57. The highest amount of flavonoids (7.17 mg/g) was accumulated in G/D12-2a tissue culture of root origin. The content of the studied biologically active compounds (BACs) did not change with increasing number of subculture generations (from passage 10 to 19). HPLC analysis showed that in D. antarctica tissue cultures, a shift in the biosynthesis of BACs occurred towards the synthesis of more polar metabolites compared to explant donor plants. Conclusions. It was found that the transition of cells to undifferentiated growth affected the content of BACs, the amount of which decreased 2–5 times simultaneously with a significant change in their profile. This provided a basis for further biochemical studies, as well as for careful selection of tissue culture of D. antarctica to use it as a potential source of BACs.

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