Oestrogen metabolism in adult rat's brain

1981 ◽  
Vol 96 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vangala V. R. Reddy ◽  
Renga Rajan ◽  
Michael J. Daly
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Covalent Binding ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Neuroendocrine Function

Abstract. In vitro incubation of pituitary, hypothalamus and cerebral cortex with [3H]oestrogens revealed that the oestrogens are actively metabolized by these tissues. The covalent binding of oestrone and oestradiol to acid precipitable proteins was observed. Pituitary from male rats exhibited higher covalent binding of oestrogens than females. The 2-hydroxylation was found to be greater than 16-hydroxylation. Furthermore, male pituitary exhibited higher 2-hydroxylation of oestrogens than females. No such sexual dimorphism was observed in 16-hydroxylation. C17-reduction was found to be greater than oxidation in these tissues. Furthermore, the C17-reduction in pituitary and hypothalamus from females was greater than males, which is in contradistinction to protein binding and 2-hydroxylation of oestrogens. In both male and female animals the pituitary was metabolically more active than hypothalamus and cortex. In addition, oestradiol was hydroxylated more than oestrone either at 2- or 16-positions. These results indicate that in central nervous system and pituitary the oestrogens are metabolized preferentially by 2-hydroxylation pathway and it is suggested that the in situ metabolism of oestrogens in neuroendocrine tissues may be important in the control of oestrogen effects on neuroendocrine function and sex behaviour.

scholarly journals Brain peptides and glial growth. I. Glia-promoting factors as regulators of gliogenesis in the developing and injured central nervous system.

1986 ◽  
Vol 102 (3) ◽  
pp. 803-811 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Giulian ◽  
R L Allen ◽  
T J Baker ◽  
Y Tomozawa
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Cell Growth ◽  
Stab Wound ◽  
Mammalian Brain ◽  
Brain Peptides ◽  
Regulate Cell Growth ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Glia-promoting factors (GPFs) are peptides of the central nervous system which accelerate the growth of specific glial populations in vitro. Although these factors were first discovered in the goldfish visual system (Giulian, D., Y. Tomozawa, H. Hindman, and R. Allen, 1985, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA., 83:4287-4290), we now report similar peptides are found in mammalian brain. The cerebral cortex of rat contains oligodendroglia-stimulating peptides, GPF1 (15 kD) and GPF3 (6 kD), as well as astroglia-stimulating peptides, GPF2 (9 kD) and GPF4 (3 kD). The concentrations of specific GPFs increase in brain during periods of gliogenesis. For example, GPF1 and GPF3 are found in postnatal rat brain during a peak of oligondendroglial growth while GPF2 and GPF4 are first detected at a time of astroglial proliferation in the embryo. Stab wound injury to the cerebral cortices of rats stimulates astroglial proliferation and induces marked elevations in levels of GPF2 and GPF4. Our findings suggest that two distinct classes of GPFs, those acting upon oligodendroglia and those acting upon astroglia, help to regulate cell growth in the developing and injured central nervous system.

scholarly journals In Situ Tolerance within the Central Nervous System as a Mechanism for Preventing Autoimmunity

2000 ◽  
Vol 192 (6) ◽  
pp. 871-880 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thea Brabb ◽  
Peter von Dassow ◽  
Nadia Ordonez ◽  
Bryan Schnabel ◽  
Blythe Duke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
T Cells ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Autoimmune Disease ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Antigenic Stimulation ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is believed to be an autoimmune disease in which autoreactive T cells infiltrate the central nervous system (CNS). Animal models of MS have shown that CNS-specific T cells are present in the peripheral T cell repertoire of healthy mice and cause autoimmune disease only when they are activated by immunization. T cell entry into the CNS is thought to require some form of peripheral activation because the blood–brain barrier prohibits trafficking of this tissue by naive cells. We report here that naive T cells can traffic to the CNS without prior activation. Comparable numbers of T cells are found in the CNS of both healthy recombinase activating gene (Rag)−/− T cell receptor (TCR) transgenic mice and nontransgenic mice even when the transgenic TCR is specific for a CNS antigen. Transgenic T cells isolated from the CNS that are specific for non-CNS antigens are phenotypically naive and proliferate robustly to antigenic stimulation in vitro. Strikingly, transgenic T cells isolated from the CNS that are specific for myelin basic protein (MBP) are also primarily phenotypically naive but are unresponsive to antigenic stimulation in vitro. Mononuclear cells from the CNS of MBP TCR transgenic but not nontransgenic mice can suppress the response of peripheral MBP-specific T cells in vitro. These results indicate that naive MBP-specific T cells can traffic to the CNS but do not trigger autoimmunity because they undergo tolerance induction in situ.

Brain benzodiazepine levels following intravenous administration of [3H]diazepam: Relationship to the potentiation of purinergic depression of central nervous system neurons

1979 ◽  
Vol 57 (9) ◽  
pp. 1040-1042 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phil Skolnick ◽  
Steven M. Paul ◽  
Paul J. Marangos
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Intravenous Injection ◽  
Cortical Neurons ◽  
Benzodiazepine Receptors ◽  
Time Schedule ◽  
Adenosine Uptake ◽  
Cerebral Cortical Neurons

Levels of [3H] benzodiazepine were measured in rat cerebral cortex following intravenous injection of [3H]diazepam using a dose and time schedule reported to elicit a marked potentiation of the depressant effects of iontophoretically applied 5′-AMP to rat cerebral cortical neurons. The levels of [3H]benzodiazepine obtained strongly suggest (i) that blockade of adenosine uptake as a mechanism for this potentiation is not consistent with the potency of diazepam as an inhibitor of adenosine uptake in vitro, and (ii) that a potentiative interaction of adenosine and diazepam may reflect the binding of these compounds to benzodiazepine receptors.

Glucuronyl 3-sulfate occurs exclusively on distal unmyelinated terminals of selected sensory neurons in the peripheral nervous system

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 958-959
Author(s):  
S.S. Spicer ◽  
B.A. Schulte
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Sensory Neurons ◽  
Sensory Nerves ◽  
Tissue Antigens ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Leu 7

Generation of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against tissue antigens has yielded several (VC1.1, HNK- 1, L2, 4F4 and anti-leu 7) which recognize the unique sugar epitope, glucuronyl 3-sulfate (Glc A3- SO4). In the central nervous system, these MAbs have demonstrated Glc A3-SO4 at the surface of neurons in the cerebral cortex, the cerebellum, the retina and other widespread regions of the brain.Here we describe the distribution of Glc A3-SO4 in the peripheral nervous system as determined by immunostaining with a MAb (VC 1.1) developed against antigen in the cat visual cortex. Outside the central nervous system, immunoreactivity was observed only in peripheral terminals of selected sensory nerves conducting transduction signals for touch, hearing, balance and taste. On the glassy membrane of the sinus hair in murine nasal skin, just deep to the ringwurt, VC 1.1 delineated an intensely stained, plaque-like area (Fig. 1). This previously unrecognized structure of the nasal vibrissae presumably serves as a tactile end organ and to our knowledge is not demonstrable by means other than its selective immunopositivity with VC1.1 and its appearance as a densely fibrillar area in H&E stained sections.

Neural Stem Cells to Glial Cells an Important Factor for Brain Injury

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prithiv K R Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neural Stem Cells ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Brain Injuries ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Near Future

Stem cells have the capacity to differentiate into any type of cell or organ. Stems cell originate from any part of the body, including the brain. Brain cells or rather neural stem cells have the capacitive advantage of differentiating into the central nervous system leading to the formation of neurons and glial cells. Neural stem cells should have a source by editing DNA, or by mixings chemical enzymes of iPSCs. By this method, a limitless number of neuron stem cells can be obtained. Increase in supply of NSCs help in repairing glial cells which in-turn heal the central nervous system. Generally, brain injuries cause motor and sensory deficits leading to stroke. With all trials from novel therapeutic methods to enhanced rehabilitation time, the economy and quality of life is suppressed. Only PSCs have proven effective for grafting cells into NSCs. Neurons derived from stem cells is the only challenge that limits in-vitro usage in the near future.

scholarly journals Beyond Oncological Hyperthermia: Physically Drivable Magnetic Nanobubbles as Novel Multipurpose Theranostic Carriers in the Central Nervous System

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 2104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleonora Ficiarà ◽  
Shoeb Anwar Ansari ◽  
Monica Argenziano ◽  
Luigi Cangemi ◽  
Chiara Monge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Brain Tumors ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide ◽  
Conventional Radiotherapy ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
The Brain

Magnetic Oxygen-Loaded Nanobubbles (MOLNBs), manufactured by adding Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (SPIONs) on the surface of polymeric nanobubbles, are investigated as theranostic carriers for delivering oxygen and chemotherapy to brain tumors. Physicochemical and cyto-toxicological properties and in vitro internalization by human brain microvascular endothelial cells as well as the motion of MOLNBs in a static magnetic field were investigated. MOLNBs are safe oxygen-loaded vectors able to overcome the brain membranes and drivable through the Central Nervous System (CNS) to deliver their cargoes to specific sites of interest. In addition, MOLNBs are monitorable either via Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) or Ultrasound (US) sonography. MOLNBs can find application in targeting brain tumors since they can enhance conventional radiotherapy and deliver chemotherapy being driven by ad hoc tailored magnetic fields under MRI and/or US monitoring.

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