Acceleration of puberty in boys with delayed puberty by clomiphene citrate. A clinical and laboratory study

1980 ◽  
Vol 94 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zvi Dickerman ◽  
Ruth Prager-Lewin ◽  
Osnat Lahmy ◽  
Zvi Laron
Keyword(s):  
Peak Plasma ◽  
Clomiphene Citrate ◽  
Significant Rise ◽  
Delayed Puberty ◽  
Plasma Testosterone ◽  
Plasma Testosterone Level ◽  
Basal Plasma ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

Abstract. Clomiphene citrate was administered at a dose of 50 mg/day for 3 months to 29 boys with delayed puberty, 15 in a stage of early puberty (group 1) and 14 in stages of mid puberty (group 2). In both groups a significant acceleration in the advancement of pubertal signs was noted in the 6-month period following initiation of therapy as compared to a non-treated control group. A significant rise in the mean (± sd) basal plasma LH levels, from 1.0 ± 0.4 to 2.7 ± 2.2 mU/ml in group 1 (P < 0.05) and from 1.0 ± 0.6 to 2.2 ± 1.7 mU/ml in group 2 (P < 0.05) was observed following the treatment period with clomiphene. Concomitantly there was a rise of the mean basal plasma FSH level from 1.1 ± 0.4 to 2.0 ± 1.5 mU/ml in group 1 (P ± 0.05) and from 1.9 ± 1.6 to 3.4 ± 3.0 mU/ml in group 2 (P < 0.02). The mean LH peak response to an iv bolus of LRH (50 μg/m2 iv) rose from 8.3 ± 4.2 to 13.0 ± 5.3 mU/ml in group 1 (P < 0.05) and from 9.2 ± 5.8 to 12.6 ± 6.8 mU/ml in group 2 (NS). The mean peak plasma FSH response to LRH rose from 2.0 ± 0.6 to 5.9 ± 4.2 mU/ml in group 1 (P < 0.05) and from 4.3 ± 4.0 to 7.0 ± 6.8 mU/ml in group 2 (NS). Clomiphene therapy caused a rise of the basal plasma testosterone level from 68 ± 53 to 313 ± 270 ng/100 ml in group 1 (P < 0.01) and from 103 ± 67 to 392 ± 248 ng/100 ml in group 2 (P < 0.01). The plasma testosterone response to one hCG stimulation (5000 U im), tested in 4 boys immediately before and after the 3-month period of clomiphene administration revealed an increase in both the basal and the peak testosterone levels (P < 0.05 and P < 0.001, respectively). A standard clomiphene test consisting of the administration of 100–200 mg/day clomiphene citrate for 8 days was performed in 8 boys before initiation of clomiphene treatment for the 3-month period. In 4, including 2 boys in an early stage of puberty, there was a suppression of the basal level of gonadotrophins and their response to synthetic LRH. The other 4 boys, all of them in stages of mid-puberty, showed an increase in the basal and peak plasma gonadotrophin levels following LRH stimulation. In all 8 boys there was a significant rise of the basal plasma testosterone level. Despite the varying response to the short clomiphene test in these 8 boys, all gave a good response to the prolonged administration of clomiphene citrate. It was concluded that treatment with small doses of clomiphene citrate for a period of 3 months induces an acceleration of puberty in boys with delayed or slowlyprogressing puberty, once the stage of initiation of puberty has been passed.

PLASMA TESTOSTERONE IN KLINEFELTER'S SYNDROME: DIURNAL VARIATION AND RESPONSE TO ACTH AND DEXAMETHASONE

1975 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 604-612 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. G. H. Smals ◽  
P. W. C. Kloppenborg ◽  
T. J. Benraad
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Testosterone ◽  
Klinefelter’S Syndrome ◽  
Klinefelter's Syndrome ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Plasma Testosterone Level ◽  
Testosterone Levels ◽  
Basal Plasma ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
The Mean

ABSTRACT The mean basal plasma testosterone level in 28 patients with chromatin positive Klinefelter's syndrome was significantly lower than in 58 healthy male controls. In 12 of the patients the hormone levels were in the normal range. In both the eugonadal males and the Klinefelter patients the plasma testosterone levels spontaneously decreased throughout the day, the relative decrease in both groups being of the same order of magnitude. Short term ACTH infusion and the administration of dexamethasone did not significantly influence the plasma testosterone concentration in the Klinefelter patients. These findings do not support the view that the adrenal cortex plays a major role in contributing to the circulating plasma testosterone levels in this syndrome.

scholarly journals Release Profile of Salofalk 750 mg Tablets

1995 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 247-250
Author(s):  
Vincent Ho ◽  
Joan E Blair ◽  
Zane Cohen ◽  
Robin S McLeod
Keyword(s):  
Small Bowel ◽  
Peak Plasma ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Release Profile ◽  
Aminosalicylic Acid ◽  
Intestinal Transit Time ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Circuit Group ◽  
Group 1

This study determined the release profile of Salofalk 750 mg tablets (Axcan Pharma), an enteric-coated 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) preparation. Twenty-one ileostomates were divided into two groups and studied. Group 1 consisted of 10 subjects (five males, five females, mean age 39 years) who had a mean length of 65 cm of small bowel resected or out of circuit. Group 2 consisted of 11 subjects (eight males, three females, mean age 59 years) whose small bowel was intact. Following an overnight fast and collection of baseline samples, one Salofalk tablet was ingested. Ileostomy effluent and urine were collected for 24 h. Plasma samples were collected hourly for 6 h, then at 8, 12 and 24 h. All subjects ate standardized meals. All samples were stored at --10 degrees C and 5-ASA and N-ac-5-ASA (a metabolite of 5-ASA) were measured by high performance liquid chromatography. The mean intestinal transit time was not statistically different between the groups but the mean ileostomy effluent output was higher in group 1 versus group 2 (10.9 versus 13.1 h, P=0.4; 918 versus 606 mL, P=0.05). The mean peak plasma concentrations of 5-ASA and N-ac-5-ASA were not significantly different (6.12 and 5.42 µ g/ mL, P=0.8, respectively, in group 1 versus 6.75 and 6.66 µ g/mL, P=0.8 in group 2). On average, 33.1% of the ingested dose was recovered in the ileostomy effluent in group 1 versus 21.2% in group 2 (P=0.06) whereas the mean recovery in urine was 40.9% in group 1 but 62.9% in group 2 (P=0.001). These results suggest that 5-ASA is released in the small bowel. There was decreased absorption of 5-ASA and increased recovery of 5-ASA in the ileostomy effluent of subjects who had a small bowel resection.

Creation of physiologic rhythm by closed loop stimulation in heart failure patients with severe chronotropic incompetence: worldwide first results of a pilot study

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (Supplement_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
J Proff ◽  
B Merkely ◽  
R Papp ◽  
C Lenz ◽  
P.J Nordbeck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Closed Loop ◽  
Funding Source ◽  
Chronotropic Incompetence ◽  
First Results ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

Abstract Background The prevalence of chronotropic incompetence (CI) in heart failure (HF) population is high and negatively impacts prognosis. In HF patients with an implanted cardiac resynchronisation therapy (CRT) device and severe CI, the effect of rate adaptive pacing on patient outcomes is unclear. Closed loop stimulation (CLS) based on cardiac impedance measurement may be an optimal method of heart rate adaptation according to metabolic need in HF patients with severe CI. Purpose This is the first study evaluating the effect of CLS on the established prognostic parameters assessed by the cardio-pulmonary exercise (CPX) testing and on quality of life (QoL) of the patients. Methods A randomised, controlled, double-blind and crossover pilot study has been performed in CRT patients with severe CI defined as the inability to achieve 70% of the age-predicted maximum heart rate (APMHR). After baseline assessment, patients were randomised to either DDD-CLS pacing (group 1) or DDD pacing at 40 bpm (group 2) for a 1-month period, followed by crossover for another month. At baseline and at 1- and 2-month follow-ups, a CPX was performed and QoL was assessed using the EQ-5D-5L questionnaire. The main endpoints were the effect of CLS on ventilatory efficiency (VE) slope (evaluated by an independent CPX expert), the responder rate defined as an improvement (decrease) of the VE slope by at least 5%, percentage of maximal predicted heart rate reserve (HRR) achieved, and QoL. Results Of the 36 patients enrolled in the study, 20 fulfilled the criterion for severe CI and entered the study follow-up (mean age 68.9±7.4 years, 70% men, LVEF=41.8±9.3%, 40%/60% NYHA class II/III). Full baseline and follow-up datasets were obtained in 17 patients. The mean VE slope and HRR at baseline were 34.4±4.4 and 49.6±23.8%, respectively, in group 1 (n=7) and 34.5±12.2 and 54.2±16.1% in group 2 (n=10). After completing the 2-month CPX, the mean difference between DDD-CLS and DDD-40 modes was −2.4±8.3 (group 1) and −1.2±3.5 (group 2) for VE slope, and 17.1±15.5% (group 1) and 8.7±18.8% (group 2) for HRR. Altogether, VE slope improved by −1.8±2.95 (p=0.31) in DDD-CLS versus DDD-40, and HRR improved by 12.9±8.8% (p=0.01). The VE slope decreased by ≥5% in 47% of patients (“responders to CLS”). The mean difference in the QoL between DDD-CLS and DDD-40 was 0.16±0.25 in group 1 and −0.01±0.05 in group 2, resulting in an overall increase by 0.08±0.08 in the DDD-CLS mode (p=0.13). Conclusion First results of the evaluation of the effectiveness of CLS in CRT patients with severe CI revealed that CLS generated an overall positive effect on well-established surrogate parameters for prognosis. About one half of the patients showed CLS response in terms of improved VE slope. In addition, CLS improved quality of life. Further clinical research is needed to identify predictors that can increase the responder rate and to confirm improvement in clinical outcomes. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: Private company. Main funding source(s): Biotronik SE & Co. KG

Comparison of the ATRIA, CHA2DS2-VASc, and Modified Scores ATRIA-HSV, CHA2DS2-VASc-HS, for the Prediction of Coronary Artery Disease Severity

Angiology ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 000331972199141
Author(s):  
Arafat Yildirim ◽  
Mehmet Kucukosmanoglu ◽  
Fethi Yavuz ◽  
Nermin Yildiz Koyunsever ◽  
Yusuf Cekici ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coronary Artery Disease ◽  
Coronary Artery ◽  
Vascular Disease ◽  
Operating Characteristics ◽  
Coronary Artery Disease Severity ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Artery Disease ◽  
Group 1

Many parameters included in the Anticoagulation and Risk Factors in Atrial Fibrillation (ATRIA) and CHA2DS2-VASc (congestive heart failure, hypertension, age ≥75 years, diabetes mellitus, stroke, vascular disease, age 65-74 years, sex category) scores also predict coronary artery disease (CAD). We modified the ATRIA score (ATRIA-HSV) by adding hyperlipidemia, smoking, and vascular disease and also male sex instead of female. We evaluated whether the CHA2DS2-VASc, CHA2DS2-VASc-HS, ATRIA, and ATRIA-HSV scores predict severe CAD. Consecutive patients with coronary angiography were prospectively included. A ≥50% stenosis in ≥1epicardial coronary artery (CA) was defined as severe CAD. Patient with normal CA (n = 210) were defined as group 1, with <50% CA stenosis (n = 178) as group 2, and with ≥50% stenosis (n = 297) as group 3. The mean ATRIA, ATRIA-HSV, CHA2DS2-VASc, and CHA2DS2VASc-HS scores increased from group 1 to group 3. A correlation was found between the Synergy between PCI with Taxus and Cardiac Surgery score and ATRIA ( r = 0.570), ATRIA-HSV ( r = 0.614), CHA2DS2-VASc ( r = 0.428), and CHA2DS2-VASc-HS ( r = 0.500) scores ( Ps < .005). Pairwise comparisons of receiver operating characteristics curves showed that ATRIA-HSV (>3 area under curve [AUC]: 0.874) and ATRIA (>3, AUC: 0.854) have a better performance than CHA2DS2-VASc (>1, AUC: 0.746) and CHA2DS2-VASc-HS (>2, AUC: 0.769). In conclusion, the ATRIA and ATRIA-HSV scores are simple and may be useful to predict severe CAD.

Does Presurgical Nasoalveolar Molding Have a Long-Term Effect on Nasal and Upper Airway Dimensions?

2020 ◽  
pp. 105566562098023
Author(s):  
Ashwina S. Banari ◽  
Sanjeev Datana ◽  
Shiv Shankar Agarwal ◽  
Sujit Kumar Bhandari
Keyword(s):  
Upper Airway ◽  
P Value ◽  
Airway Patency ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Acoustic Pharyngometry ◽  
Nasoalveolar Molding ◽  
Area And Volume ◽  
Group 1

Objectives: To compare nasal and upper airway dimensions in patients with cleft lip and palate (CLP) who underwent nasoalveolar molding (NAM) with those without NAM during infancy using acoustic pharyngometry and rhinometry. Materials and Methods: Eccovision acoustic pharyngometry and rhinometry (Sleep Group Solutions) was used for assessment of mean area and volume of nasal and upper airway in patients with complete unilateral CLP (age range 16-21 years) treated with NAM (group 1, n = 19) versus without NAM (group 2, n = 22). Results: The mean nasal cross-sectional areas and volume were higher in group 1 compared to group 2 on both cleft ( P value <.001) and noncleft side ( P value >.05). The mean area and volume of upper airway were also significantly higher in group 1 compared to group 2 ( P value <.05). Conclusions: Nasoalveolar molding being one of the first interventions in chronology of treatment of patients with CLP, its long-term outcome on nasal and upper airway patency needs to be ascertained. The results of the present study show that the patients with CLP who have undergone NAM during infancy have better improvement in nasal and upper airway patency compared with those who had not undergone NAM procedure. The basic advantages of being noninvasive, nonionizing and providing dynamic assessment of nasal and upper airway patency make acoustic pharyngometry and rhinometry a diagnostic tool of choice to be used in patients with CLP.

scholarly journals Comparison of Bite Force in Patients After Treatment of Mandibular Fractures With 3-Dimensional Locking Miniplate and Standard Miniplates

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-10
Author(s):  
Gaurav Singh ◽  
Madan Mishra ◽  
Amit Gaur ◽  
Dhritiman Pathak
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Bite Force ◽  
Mandibular Fractures ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
3 Dimensional ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Drilling Conditions ◽  
Group 1

Background: Fractures of the mandible can be studied and described in anatomic terms, functional considerations, treatment strategies, and outcome measures. The performance of any fixation system depends on multiple factors including plate adaptation, screw placement, bone quality, drilling conditions, and postoperative patient compliance. Bite force assesses masticatory muscle function under clinical and experimental conditions. Method: 30 patients with isolated, noncomminuted mandibular fractures were randomly divided into two equal groups. Group 1 patients were treated using 3-dimensional locking miniplates and group 2 patients were treated with standard miniplates. The bite forces were recorded at definite time intervals: preoperatively, and second week, sixth week, third month, and sixth month postoperatively. Result: At 6 weeks postoperative, 3 month postoperative, and 6 month postoperative, the mean bite force was found to be significantly higher among group 1 patients as compared to those in group 2 in all the sites. While at 2 week postoperative, the mean bite force was found to be significantly higher in Group 2 as compared to Group 1 at incisor region. Conclusion: The overall results of the present study show better performance in bite force for the 3-dimensional locking miniplate when compared with standard miniplates.

scholarly journals Repair Integrity and Functional Outcomes Between Knot-Tying and Knotless Suture-Bridge Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair: A Prospective Randomized Clinical Trial

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 232596712110024
Author(s):  
Koray Şahin ◽  
Fatih Şentürk ◽  
Mehmet Ersin ◽  
Ufuk Arzu ◽  
Mechmet Chodza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rotator Cuff ◽  
Constant Score ◽  
Knot Tying ◽  
Suture Bridge ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Cuff Repair ◽  
Group 1

Background: Knot-tying suture-bridge (SB) rotator cuff repair may compromise the vascularity of the repaired tendon, causing tendon strangulation and medial repair failure. The knotless SB repair technique has been proposed to overcome this possibility and decrease retear rates. Purpose: To compare clinical and structural outcomes and retear patterns between the knot-tying and knotless SB techniques. We hypothesized that the knotless technique would result in lower retear rates owing to the preservation of intratendinous vascularity. Study Design: Randomized controlled trial; Level of evidence, 1. Methods: A total of 104 patients with full-thickness rotator cuff tears were randomly and prospectively allocated to undergo knot-tying (group 1) or knotless (group 2) SB repair. Clinical outcome measures included range of motion, the visual analog scale (VAS) for pain, and the Constant score for function. Repair integrity was evaluated on magnetic resonance imaging scans using the Sugaya classification. Retears were also classified according to their pattern as type 1 (lateral) or type 2 (medial). Results: Overall, 88 patients (group 1: n = 42 [mean ± SD age, 54.3 ± 9.8 years]; group 2: n = 46 [mean ± SD age, 55.8 ± 8.2 years]) were included in the final analysis. The mean ± SD follow-up period was 25.4 ± 8.3 and 23.3 ± 7.2 months for groups 1 and 2, respectively. From preoperatively to postoperatively, the mean VAS pain score improved significantly in both groups (group 1: from 7.4 ± 1.7 to 1.0 ± 1.7; group 2: from 7.1 ± 1.9 to 1.3 ± 2.0; P < .0001 for both), as did the mean ± SD Constant score (group 1: from 51.7 ± 13.4 to 86.0 ± 11.5; group 2: from 49.4 ± 18.4 to 87.2 ± 14.8; P < .0001 for both). There was no significant difference between the groups for the postoperative VAS or Constant score. The retear rate was not significantly different between the groups (19.0% [8/42] in group 1 and 28.3% [13/46] in group 2; P > .05). There was a significant difference in the type 2 failure rate (75.0% [6/8] in group 1 and 23.1% [3/13] in group 2; P = .03). Conclusion: Both techniques showed excellent improvement and comparable clinical outcomes, and there was no significant difference in retear rates. Consistent with previously published data, the type 2 failure rate was significantly higher with the knot-tying technique. Registration: NCT03982108 ( ClinicalTrials.gov identifier).

TO ASSESS THE IDEAL TIME OF LAPAROSCOPIC CHOLECYSTECTOMY AFTER ENDOSCOPIC RETROGRADE CHOLANGIOPANCREATOGRAPHY IN CASES OF CHOLELITHIASIS WITH CHOLEDOCHOLITHIASIS

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dhirendra Godara ◽  
Vineet Choudhary ◽  
Nitish Soni
Keyword(s):  
Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy ◽  
Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography ◽  
Medical Sciences ◽  
Early Recovery ◽  
Endoscopic Retrograde ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Late Group ◽  
Group 1 ◽  
The Ideal

Background: Aims of this study was assess the ideal time of laparoscopic cholecystectomy after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in cases of cholelithiasis with Choledocholthiasis Methods: The present study was carried out on 150 patients admitted in Department of General surgery National Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Jaipur, diagnosed with cholelithiasis along with choledocholithiasis  from 1stJanuary 2019 to 30thJune, 2020. Results: In group 1 out of 75 patients 7 patients developed complications in post operative period compared to 35 patients out of 75 patients developed complications in group 2. The The mean hospital stay (in day) in group 1 patients was 2.26, median 2 and the mean of group 2 was 5.26, median 5. Conclusion: To conclude in our study there has been found significant advantage of early laparoscopic cholecystecomy following ERCP over the late group to minimize complications and promote early recovery of the patients. Keywords: ERCP, Cholecystectomy, Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

Cerebral oxygenation, vascular reactivity, and neurochemistry following decompressive craniectomy for severe traumatic brain injury

2008 ◽  
Vol 108 (5) ◽  
pp. 943-949 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chi Long Ho ◽  
Chee Meng Wang ◽  
Kah Keow Lee ◽  
Ivan Ng ◽  
Beng Ti Ang
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Decompressive Craniectomy ◽  
Severe Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Reactivity Index ◽  
Outcome Group ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Biochemical Indices ◽  
Group 1

Object This study addresses the changes in brain oxygenation, cerebrovascular reactivity, and cerebral neurochemistry in patients following decompressive craniectomy for the control of elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) after severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). Methods Sixteen consecutive patients with isolated TBI and elevated ICP, who were refractory to maximal medical therapy, underwent decompressive craniectomy over a 1-year period. Thirteen patients were male and 3 were female. The mean age of the patients was 38 years and the median Glasgow Coma Scale score on admission was 5. Results Six months following TBI, 11 patients had a poor outcome (Group 1, Glasgow Outcome Scale [GOS] Score 1–3), whereas the remaining 5 patients had a favorable outcome (Group 2, GOS Score 4 or 5). Decompressive craniectomy resulted in a significant reduction (p < 0.001) in the mean ICP and cerebrovascular pressure reactivity index to autoregulatory values (< 0.3) in both groups of patients. There was a significant improvement in brain tissue oxygenation (PbtO2) in Group 2 patients from 3 to 17 mm Hg and an 85% reduction in episodes of cerebral ischemia. In addition, the durations of abnormal PbtO2 and biochemical indices were significantly reduced in Group 2 patients after decompressive craniectomy, but there was no improvement in the biochemical indices in Group 1 patients despite surgery. Conclusions Decompressive craniectomy, when used appropriately in protocol-driven intensive care regimens for the treatment of recalcitrant elevated ICP, is associated with a return of abnormal metabolic parameters to normal values in patients with eventually favorable outcomes.

scholarly journals The use of an antagonist 5-HT2a/c for depression and motor function in Parkinson' disease

2009 ◽  
Vol 67 (2b) ◽  
pp. 407-412 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Luiz dos Santos Werneck ◽  
Ana Lucia Rosso ◽  
Maurice Borges Vincent
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson Disease ◽  
Motor Function ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Psychotic Symptoms ◽  
Initial Moment ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Group 1

OBJECTIVE: To test the ability of a 5HT2a/c (trazodone) antagonist, to improve depression and motor function in Parkinson' disease (PD). METHOD: Twenty PD patients with and without depression were randomly assigned to receive trazodone (group 1) or not (group 2). They were evaluated through UPDRS and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D). RESULTS: For the UPDRS the mean score of group 2 was 33.1 ± 19.7 and 37.1 ± 18.0 at the end. For the group 1, the corresponding scores were 31.4 ± 11.3 and 25.9 ± 13.7. The variations in the Mann-Whitney test were 0.734 at the initial moment and 0.208 at the final moment. The variation in the comparison of the initial moment with the final moment was 0.005 providing statistical significance. For the HAM-D, the mean score went up 4 points in group 2, contrary to a 5.5 points decrease in group 1. CONCLUSION: Data analysis shows that this agent significantly improves depression, but the motor function improved only in the depressed patients. Because of the known anti-dopaminergic property of the 5-HT2c receptors, a possible approach for depression in PD could be the use of 5-HT2c antagonists, similarly to the use of atypical neuroleptics in case of psychotic symptoms.

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