A new pharmacological approach to the diagnosis of hyperprolactinaemic states: the nomifensine test

1980 ◽  
Vol 93 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea R. Genazzani ◽  
Franco Camanni ◽  
Ferdinando Massara ◽  
Enrico Picciolini ◽  
Daniela Cocchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Pituitary Adenoma ◽  
Antidepressant Drug ◽  
Sella Turcica ◽  
Pituitary Tumour ◽  
Base Line ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Plasma Prl

Abstract. The prolactin-(Prl) lowering effect of nomifensine (Nom), an antidepressant drug which activates dopamine (DA) neurotransmission mainly by inhibiting DA re-uptake in the central nervous system (CNS), was investigated in normoprolactinaemic subjects, in subjects with physiological puerperal hyperprolactinaemia or pathological hyperprolactinaemia. Nom (200 mg po) administered to 23 normoprolactinaemic women induced a significant decrease in baseline Prl, which was more marked (about 50% inhibition at 120 min) and prompt (30 min) in the subjects who had 'high' Prl levels (>12<20 ng/ml) (13 subjects) than in those with 'low' Prl levels (≤ 12 ng/ml). Also in 9 puerperal women (postpartum day 2) oral administration of 200 mg Nom was followed by a clear-cut decrease of base-line Prl, which started at 30 min and reached nadir values at 150–180 min (about 60% inhibition). Administration of Nom (200 mg po) to 47 subjects with pathological hyperprolactinaemia evidenced the presence of Nom non-responder (36 cases) or responder (11 cases) subjects. In 22 of the Nom non-responder subjects the existence of a Prl-se creting pituitary tumour was established at surgery by selective removal of an adenoma via the transsphenoidal route; of the 14 subjects who did not undergo surgery, 1 had evident and 5 had minor alterations of the sella turcica and, in addition, in 3 subjects the duration of amenorrhoea was longer than 5 years. Only 5 subjects of this group had no radiological alterations of the sella turcica, in presence of basal Prl levels ranging between 50–126 ng/ml. In contrast, 10 out of the 11 Nom-responder subjects had a radiologically normal sella turcica and basal Prl levels lower than 50 ng/ml. Administration of 2-Br-α-ergocriptine (2.5 mg po), a direct stimulant of pituitary DA receptors, to subjects with pathological hyperprolactinaemia (39 cases) induced a striking fall in plasma Prl levels (about 80% inhibition at 240 min), irrespective of the type of Prl responsiveness to Nom. These results indicate that Nom lowers plasma Prl levels in both normoprolactinaemic and hyperprolactinaemic subjects; in the latter, by virtue of its ability to affect selectively DA neurotransmission in the CNS, the drug appears capable of discriminating between individuals with and without pituitary adenoma.

scholarly journals Neuro-Osteology

1998 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 224-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Kjær
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Developmental Disorders ◽  
Sella Turcica ◽  
Axial Skeleton ◽  
Abnormal Development ◽  
Craniofacial Skeleton ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Neuro-osteology stresses the biological connection during development between nerve and hard tissues. It is a perspective that has developed since associations were first described between pre-natal peripheral nerve tissue and initial osseous bone formation in the craniofacial skeleton (Kjær, 1990a). In this review, the normal connection between the central nervous system and the axial skeleton and between the peripheral nervous system and jaw formation are first discussed. The early central nervous system (the neural tube) and the axial skeleton from the lumbosacral region to the sella turcica forms a unit, since both types of tissue are developmentally dependent upon the notochord. In different neurological disorders, the axial skeleton, including the pituitary gland, is malformed in different ways along the original course of the notochord. Anterior to the pituitary gland/sella turcica region, the craniofacial skeleton develops from prechordal cartilage, invading mesoderm and neural crest cells. Also, abnormal development in the craniofacial region, such as tooth agenesis, is analyzed neuro-osteologically. Results from pre-natal investigations provide information on the post-natal diagnosis of children with congenital developmental disorders in the central nervous system. Examples of these are myelomeningocele and holoprosencephaly. Three steps are important in clinical neuro-osteology: (1) clinical definition of the region of an osseous or dental malformation, (2) embryological determination of the origin of that region and recollection of which neurological structure has developed from the same region, and (3) clinical diagnosis of this neurological structure. If neurological malformation is the first symptom, step 2 results in the determination of the osseous region involved, which in step 3 is analyzed clinically. The relevance of future neuro-osteological diagnostics is emphasized.

Cerebellar metastasis from a prolactinoma during treatment with bromocriptine

1981 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 615-619 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil A. Martin ◽  
Martha Hales ◽  
Charles B. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Pituitary Adenoma ◽  
Pituitary Tumors ◽  
Metastatic Tumor ◽  
Metastatic Spread ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Cerebellar Metastasis ◽  
Fine Print

✓ A 31-year-old woman developed a cerebellar metastasis from an invasive prolactin-secreting pituitary adenoma while undergoing treatment with bromocriptine. The metastatic tumor was totally excised. Metastatic spread of pituitary tumors within the central nervous system is reviewed briefly.

scholarly journals Microencapsulated Dopamine (DA)-Induced Restitution of Function in 6-OHDA-Denervated Rat Striatumin vivo: Comparison Between Two Microsphere Excipients

1991 ◽  
Vol 2 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 165-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda McRae ◽  
Stephan Hjorth ◽  
David W. Mason ◽  
Lynn Dillon ◽  
Thomas R. Tice
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Prolonged Release ◽  
Considerable Potential ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Biodegradable controlled-release microsphere systems made with the biocompatible biodegradable polyester excipient poly [DL lactide-co-glycolide] constitute an exciting new technology for drug delivery to the central nervous system (CNS). The present study describes functional observations indicating that implantation of dopamine (DA) microspheres encapsulated within two different polymer excipients into denervated- striatal tissue assures a prolonged release of the transmitterin vivo. Moreover, in this regard, the results show that there were clear cut temporal differences in the effect of the two DA microsphere formulations compared in this study, probably reflecting variations in the actual composition (i.e., lactide to glycolide ratio) of the two copolymer excipients examined. This technology has considerable potential for basic research with possible clinical application.

Neoplasms of the CNS (DRAFT)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamara Kaplan ◽  
Tracey Milligan
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Pituitary Adenoma ◽  
Brain Tumors ◽  
Metastatic Tumors ◽  
Pineal Tumors ◽  
Primary Brain Tumors ◽  
Pediatric Medulloblastoma ◽  
Pediatric Astrocytoma ◽  
The Central Nervous System

The video in this chapter discusses neoplasms of the central nervous system (CNS), including metastatic tumors, common primary brain tumors (pediatric astrocytoma, pediatric medulloblastoma, adult meningioma, and adult glioblastoma), as well as pituitary adenoma, and pineal tumors, which can present with Parinaud syndrome.

Differential Biological Activity of Estradiol Metabolites

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 62 (6) ◽  
pp. 1128-1133
Author(s):  
Jack Fishman ◽  
Charles Martucci
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Biological Activity ◽  
Estrogenic Activity ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Pituitary Hormone ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Estradiol Metabolites ◽  
The One

Assessment of the biological potency of an estrogen in the human has been and remains a formidable task. The problem arises not only from the lack of a readily distinguished physiological endpoint, but also from the diversity of the biological actions of the estrogens. Estrogens exert proliferative effects in recognized target tissues such as endometrium, vagina, and breast,1 and this action is the one commonly associated with the term "estrogenicity." Estrogens, however, also participate in inducing a host of other peripheral responses in tissues such as blood, bone, skin, and others.2 More importantly, the estrogens also exercise major regulatory functions in the central nervous system, including control of pituitary hormone secretion3 and influencing behavior such as food intake4 and sexual receptivity.5 Much attention had been devoted to the design of estrogen structures that would exhibit a specific type of estrogenic activity, such as gonadotropic regulation, without retaining any uterotropic action. Despite the vast numbers of structures synthesized, little clear-cut separation of these activities has been achieved, suggesting that these dual actions of estrogens may be inextricably linked to each other. On the other hand, much effort has also gone into the study of the mechanism of estrogen action in the uterus and in the central nervous system; despite much progress in both directions, little evidence of a commonality between these two responses to estradiol has so far emerged, suggesting that they may not be directly linked. In our studies, we sought to examine whether estradiol metabolism may play a critical role in the expression of the biological activity of the female sex hormone.

Multiple dural metastases from a pituitary adenoma

1994 ◽  
Vol 81 (4) ◽  
pp. 624-626 ◽  
Author(s):  
William A. S. Taylor ◽  
David Uttley ◽  
P. R. Wilkins
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Pituitary Adenoma ◽  
Pituitary Tumors ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Original Tumor ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Dural Metastases ◽  
Fine Print

✓ Only 12 cases of pituitary tumors that metastasized within the central nervous system have been reported. A further case is presented in which the histology of the multiple dural metastases remained identical to that of the original tumor, a pituitary adenoma. The authors discuss management of these rare lesions that appear histologically benign.

Synergism of intraventricular NaCl infusion and subpressor angiotensins in rats

1989 ◽  
Vol 256 (1) ◽  
pp. H1-H8 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Katahira ◽  
H. Mikami ◽  
T. Ogihara ◽  
K. Kohara ◽  
A. Otsuka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Intravenous Infusion ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Concomitant Administration ◽  
Base Line ◽  
Ang Ii ◽  
Intracerebroventricular Infusion ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
The Central Nervous System

The effect of selective salt infusion to the central nervous system on the blood pressure (BP) regulation was examined in male Wistar rats. Hypertonic NaCl (0.8 M, 1 microliter/h) was infused into the lateral ventricle concomitantly with intravenous infusion of a subpressor dose (5.4 pmol.kg-1.min-1) of angiotensin II (ANG II) or its analogues for 7 days using osmotic minipumps. The BP was not increased by intracerebroventricular infusion of NaCl alone at this dose but was significantly and consistently increased by concomitant intravenous infusion of ANG II or its analogues. The increases in the BP over the base-line values on day 7 in groups on infusions of ANG II, ANG III, and pentasarcosyl-ANG II [(Sar)5ANG II] were 29 +/- 5 mmHg (n = 9, P less than 0.05), 8 +/- 2 mmHg (n = 8, P less than 0.05), and 19 +/- 3 mmHg (n = 6, P less than 0.05), respectively. The responses to hexamethonium, prazosin, and antagonists of arginine vasopressin and ANG II were examined in separate sets of conscious and unrestrained animals that had received intracerebroventricular infusion of NaCl and intravenous infusion of ANG II for the preceding 6 days. These animals showed significantly greater depressor responses only to hexamethonium and prazosin than control. These results indicate that the pressor effect of continuous and concomitant administration of intracerebroventricular NaCl and intravenous ANG II is mainly due to activation of the sympathetic nerve function. Synergism of the effects of selective central sodium administration and a subpressor dose of ANG II in the central nervous system is suggested.

scholarly journals Thyrotrophin-releasing hormone receptor 1 and prothyrotrophin-releasing hormone mRNA expression in the central nervous system are regulated by suckling in lactating rats

2005 ◽  
Vol 152 (5) ◽  
pp. 791-803 ◽  
Author(s):  
Åse-Karine Fjeldheim ◽  
Per Ivar Høvring ◽  
Ole-Petter Løseth ◽  
Per Wiik Johansen ◽  
Joel C Glover ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Plasma Prolactin ◽  
Thyrotrophin Releasing Hormone ◽  
Releasing Hormone ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Plasma Prl

Background: The accepted function of the hypothalamic peptide, thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH), is to initiate release of thyrotrophin (TSH) from the pituitary. A physiological role for TRH in lactating rats has not yet been established. Methods: Tissues were prepared from random-cycling and lactating rats and analysed using Northern blot, real time RT-PCR and quantitative in situ hybridisation. Results: This study demonstrates that TRH receptor 1 (TRHR1) mRNA expression is up-regulated in the pituitary and in discrete nuclei of the hypothalamus in lactating rats, while proTRH mRNA expression levels are increased only in the hypothalamus. The results were corroborated by quantitative in situ analysis of proTRH and TRHR1. Bromocriptine, which reduced prolactin (PRL) concentrations in plasma of lactating and nursing rats, also counteracted the suckling-induced increase in TRHR1 mRNA expression in the hypothalamus, but had an opposite effect in the pituitary. These changes were confined to the hypothalamus and the amygdala in the brain. Conclusions: The present study shows that the mechanisms of suckling-induced lactation involve region-specific regulation of TRHR1 and proTRH mRNAs in the central nervous system notably at the hypothalamic level. The results demonstrate that continued suckling is critical to maintain plasma prolactin (PRL) levels as well as proTRH and TRHR1 mRNA expression in the hypothalamus. Increased plasma PRL levels may have a positive modulatory role on the proTRH/TRHR1 system during suckling.

scholarly journals Biomedical applications of voice and speech processing

Loquens ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 035
Author(s):  
Pedro Gómez Vilda
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Speech Processing ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
Anatomic Localization ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Lateral Sclerosis

Neurological deterioration presents different variants depending on their classification criterion, which may be their anatomic localization or their disease clinical features, although there is not a clear cut between both. Anatomically this ample group of disorders may affect the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord), or the peripheral nervous system. Clinically, the neurodegenerative disorders are classified as affecting cognitive functions or neuromotor capabilities. In the group of neurodegenerative diseases of the central nervous system, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) or Fronto-Temporal Dementia (FTD) are to be found, whereas in the second group certain pathologies as Parkinson’s Disease (PD), Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), Huntington’s Disease (HD) or myasthenia gravis (MG) are among the most frequent ones, although “the number of neurodegenerative diseases is currently estimated to be a few hundred” (Przedborski et al., 2003). All these pathologies produce correlates in speech at different levels: in fluency, in prosody, in articulation or in phonation. Speech technologies offer computer solutions to evaluate objectively detected anomalies in each level, adding statistical robustness, which makes them suitable for their clinical and rehabilitative application. The present issue is devoted to briefly review the characteristics of the diseases mentioned before, defining the foundations of the correlate features present in each one. Some computer solutions available in detecting and monitoring illness progress are reviewed in the contributions of different research groups working in this field.

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