LUTEINIZING HORMONE LEVELS DURING THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE OF THE BABOON (PAPIO HAMADRYAS)

1979 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Goncharov ◽  
A. V. Antonichev ◽  
V. M. Gorluschkin ◽  
L. Chachundocova ◽  
D. M. Robertson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Luteinizing Hormone ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Papio Hamadryas ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Plasma Progesterone ◽  
Lh Surge

ABSTRACT The peripheral plasma levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) as measured by an in vitro bioassay method were determined in daily plasma samples collected throughout one menstrual cycle in 8 normally menstruating baboons (Papio hamadryas). In addition LH was measured in plasma at three hourly intervals throughout the day in the follicular, peri-ovulatory and luteal phases of the cycle in 7, 3 and 6 animals respectively. The plasma levels of progesterone and oestradiol were also determined in the same samples throughout the menstrual cycle and during the period of the midcycle LH surge. The circulating LH profile measured throughout the cycle was characterized by a sharp mid-cycle surge (completed within one day) which was followed by a series of LH surges of varying intensity during the luteal phase of the cycle. The initial surge was considered to be pre-ovulatory as indicated by its relationship to the peak of plasma oestradiol and to the first significant increase in the levels of plasma progesterone above values found earlier in the follicular phase. A circadian rhythm of LH was observed during the luteal phase of the cycle; a 3 fold rise in LH was noted during the hours 15.00 to 24.00. No differences were observed throughout the day in the follicular phase of the cycle. The LH profile in three animals studied during the mid-cycle LH surge showed pronounced circadian changes with a major peak at 24.00 h. Plasma progesterone levels during this period rose sharply to values normally found in the mid-luteal phase of the cycle. A comparison of plasma levels of biologically active LH during the menstrual cycle of the baboon with those found in normally menstruating women reveals that in the baboon the LH peak is of much shorter duration and the levels in the follicular and peri-menstrual phases are significantly lower than in the human.

BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE LUTEINIZING HORMONE (LH) IN PLASMA: II. COMPARISON WITH IMMUNOLOGICALLY ACTIVE LH LEVELS THROUGHOUT THE HUMAN MENSTRUAL CYCLE

1977 ◽  
Vol 84 (4) ◽  
pp. 697-712 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Romaní ◽  
D. M. Robertson ◽  
E. Diczfalusy
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Luteinizing Hormone ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Dose Effect ◽  
Confidence Limits ◽  
Human Pituitary ◽  
17 Hydroxyprogesterone ◽  
Human Menstrual Cycle

ABSTRACT The levels of biologically active luteinizing hormone were determined by an in vitro bioassay method in plasma samples collected daily over a complete menstrual cycle from 12 menstruating women. These cycles were normal according to a number of criteria, including daily plasma levels of oestradiol, 17-hydroxyprogesterone and progesterone. Immunoreactive LH was estimated in the same 12 cycles by a radioimmunoassay (RIA) procedure (HCG-RIA) using an HCG antiserum and iodinated HCG. The 2nd IRP of HMG was selected as standard although significant deviations from parallelism were found with 7 out of the 12 plasma pools studied. The use of the 1st IRP of human pituitary gonadotrophins (FSH and LH (ICSH)) for bioassay (hereafter HPG-1st IRP) as standard in this system resulted invariably in invalid assays, due to lack of parallelism. Immunoreactive LH was also measured in 8 of the 12 cycles by a RIA procedure (HLH-RIA) using a human LH antiserum and iodinated human LH of pituitary origin. Results are expressed in terms of the HPG-1st IRP. The plasma levels of biologically and immunologically active LH were qualitatively similar throughout the menstrual cycle. However, the LH levels measured by the bioassay invariably exceeded those estimated by the RIA procedures. The biological to immunological (B/I) ratio over the entire menstrual cycle (312 comparisons) was 5.5 with 95% confidence limits at 5.2 and 5.8 when the HCG-RIA system was employed. Using the HLH-RIA system (208 comparisons), the corresponding ratio was 6.4 (6.0:6.9). When regression lines were calculated using the bioassay results as the independent variable and the RIA results as the dependent variable, the 95% confidence limits of the regression lines did not include the origin. Furthermore, in keeping with the high B/I ratios, the slopes of the two regression lines and their confidence limits differed markedly from unity. It is concluded that although qualitatively similar profiles were observed between the biological and immunological activities throughout the menstrual cycle, two aspects require further attention. Firstly, the elevated B/I ratios together with the behaviour of the dose-effect lines obtained with different standards in the various RIA systems suggest that presently available reference standard preparations of pituitary and/or urinary origin are not suitable for the assay of LH in human plasma. Secondly, from the regression analyses of the biological and immunological activities it is inferred that the RIA methods detect immunological activity which is not associated with biological activity. If so, the validity of these RIA procedures for specifically measuring low levels of biologically active LH in plasma may be in question.

LUTEINIZING HORMONE (LH) AND PROGESTERONE IN PLASMA AND LH AND OESTROGENS IN URINE DURING 42 NORMAL MENSTRUAL CYCLES

1971 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 502-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elof D. B. Johansson ◽  
Leif Wide ◽  
Carl Gemzell
Keyword(s):  
Luteinizing Hormone ◽  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Maximum Level ◽  
Plasma Progesterone ◽  
Menstrual Cycles ◽  
Normal Menstrual Cycle ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Second Peak

ABSTRACT The plasma levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) and progesterone and the urinary excretion of LH and oestrogens were measured during the normal menstrual cycle of 22 young and healthy women. A total of 42 cycles were investigated. The urinary excretion of total oestrogens increased during several days before the rise of LH in the urine. The day of maximum excretion of LH and total oestrogens coincided during the midcycle period. The mid-cyclic rise in LH was found to occur on the same day in the plasma and urine and the days of maximum values coincided in 11 out of 16 cycles. In 5 cycles the maximum level was reached one day later in the urine. The plasma levels of progesterone started to increase during the LH and oestrogen peaks. The days for maximum levels of progesterone coincided with the second peak of urinary oestrogens. The levels of progesterone in the plasma reached values above 10 ng per ml in all normal cycles. The plasma levels of progesterone were below 1 ng per ml plasma when menstrual bleeding started. The length of the luteal phase was 14.4 ± 1.1 (s) days. The sum of daily urinary excretion of total oestrogens and the sum of the daily plasma progesterone levels varied within 15 per cent of the mean in five out of six women studied during more than two cycles. The variation in values for the sums of daily oestrogen excretion and plasma progesterone levels was considerably larger between menstrual cycles of different women than between menstrual cycles of the same woman.

Normal Menstrual Cycle

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Pierson ◽  
Kelly Pagidas
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Luteinizing Hormone ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Follicle Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone ◽  
Hormonal Control ◽  
Releasing Hormone ◽  
Normal Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Stimulating Hormone

A normal menstrual cycle is the end result of a sequence of purposeful and coordinated events that occur from intact hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian and uterine axes. The menstrual cycle is under hormonal control in the reproductively active female and is functionally divided into two phases: the proliferative or follicular phase and the secretory or luteal phase. This tight hormonal control is orchestrated by a series of negative and positive endocrine feedback loops that alter the frequency of the pulsatile secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), the pituitary response to GnRH, and the relative secretion of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone from the pituitary gonadotrope with subsequent direct effects on the ovary to produce a series of sex steroids and peptides that aid in the generation of a single mature oocyte and the preparation of a receptive endometrium for implantation to ensue. Any derailment along this programmed pathway can lead to an abnormal menstrual cycle with subsequent impact on the ability to conceive and maintain a pregnancy. This review contains 7 figures and 26 references Key words: follicle-stimulating hormone, follicular phase, gonadotropin-releasing hormone, luteal phase, luteinizing hormone, menstrual cycle, ovulation, progesterone, proliferative phase, secretory phase

THE SEQUENCE OF PITUITARY RESPONSES TO SYNTHETIC LUTEINIZING HORMONE RELEASING HORMONE (LH-RH) THROUGHOUT THE NORMAL MENSTRUAL CYCLE

1975 ◽  
Vol 79 (4) ◽  
pp. 625-634 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elwyn M. Grimes ◽  
Irwin E. Thompson ◽  
Melvin L. Taymor
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Lh Surge ◽  
Luteinizing Hormone Releasing Hormone ◽  
Late Luteal Phase ◽  
Normal Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Early Follicular Phase ◽  
Lh Rh ◽  
Late Follicular Phase

ABSTRACT Thirty-one ovulatory women between 20 and 33 years of age were given 150 μg of synthetic LH-RH during different phases of the menstrual cycle. Five patients were studied during the early follicular phase (days 4–7); 10 patients during the late follicular phase (days 9–12); 6 patients during the "LH Surge"; 5 patients during the early luteal phase (days 14–16); 3 patients during mid-luteal phase (days 17–21); and 2 patients during late luteal phase (days 22–27). Oestrogen, progesterone, FSH and LH levels were determined from 30 min prior to LH-RH administration to 90 min thereafter in all cases. LH response to LH-RH increased progressively during the follicular phase. Enhanced pituitary responsiveness to LH-RH occurred at mid-cycle for both LH and FSH and maximum LH responses occurred during the "LH Surge" and early luteal phase. LH responses during the mid and late luteal phases were similar to late follicular phase responses. There were no significant differences between FSH responses during the early follicular, late follicular, mid-luteal and late luteal phases. Maximum pituitary responsiveness appears to occur in a gonadal steroid milieu of high oestrogen levels in association with rising but low progesterone levels. Progesterone or a crucial oestrogen: progesterone ratio may in fact potentiate pituitary release of LH during the early stages of corpus luteum formation. Pituitary responsiveness to LH-RH correlates positively with basal LH and oestrogen levels during the menstrual cycle and with the oestrogen:progesterone ratio during the luteal phase.

Effect of epidermal growth factor on reproductive function of ewes

1985 ◽  
Vol 107 (3) ◽  
pp. 429-436 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Shaw ◽  
G. I. Jorgensen ◽  
R. Tweedale ◽  
M. Tennison ◽  
M. J. Waters
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factor ◽  
Epidermal Growth Factor ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Pulse Amplitude ◽  
Pulse Frequency ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Plasma Progesterone ◽  
Lh Surge ◽  
Epidermal Growth

ABSTRACT Adult Merino ewes were infused via the jugular vein with either saline (n = 5) or epidermal growth factor (EGF) (4·2 μg/kg per h, n = 6) for 24 h in either the luteal phase or the follicular phase of the oestrous cycle and reproductive function was examined. Infusion of EGF during the luteal phase caused no detectable change in plasma progesterone or prolactin concentrations over a 7-day period compared with the controls. Infusion of EGF during the follicular phase suppressed the oestrous rise in plasma oestradiol. Luteinizing hormone pulse amplitude was increased and pulse frequency was decreased by the end of the infusion. All control ewes had a pro-oestrous LH surge and mated, but the LH surge and oestrus were prevented by EGF infusion. Nevertheless, plasma progesterone levels rose subsequently in the EGF-infused ewes in parallel with the control ewes, suggesting that the preovulatory follicle had luteinized. Both LH and FSH rose over the 7 days after EGF infusion to levels similar to those in ovariectomized ewes. Thus EGF appears to inhibit follicular oestradiol production, although it does not affect luteal progesterone production or follicular luteinization. We suggest that the alteration in gonadotrophin secretion patterns results from a disturbance of feedback mechanisms between the ovary and the hypothalamopituitary axis, although a direct effect in the brain or the pituitary gland cannot yet be excluded. J. Endocr. (1985) 107, 429–436

scholarly journals Double or dual stimulation in poor ovarian responders: where do we stand?

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 263349412110241
Author(s):  
Mehtap Polat ◽  
Sezcan Mumusoglu ◽  
Irem Yarali Ozbek ◽  
Gurkan Bozdag ◽  
Hakan Yarali
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
In Vitro Fertilization ◽  
Live Birth ◽  
Ovarian Stimulation ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Vitro Fertilization ◽  
Poor Ovarian Responders ◽  
Double Stimulation

Recent advances in our recognition of two to three follicular waves of development in a single menstrual cycle has challenged the dogmatic approach of ovarian stimulation for in vitro fertilization starting in the early follicular phase. First shown in veterinary medicine and thereafter in women, luteal phase stimulation–derived oocytes are at least as competent as those retrieved following follicular phase stimulation. Poor ovarian responders still remain a challenge for many decades simply because they do not respond to ovarian stimulation. Performing follicular phase stimulation and luteal phase stimulation in the same menstrual cycle, named as double stimulation/dual stimulation, clearly increases the number of oocytes, which is a robust surrogate marker of live birth rate in in vitro fertilization across all female ages. Of interest, apart from one study, the bulk of evidence reports significantly higher number of oocytes following luteal phase stimulation when compared with follicular phase stimulation; hence, performing double stimulation/dual stimulation doubles the number of oocytes leading to a marked decrease in patient drop-out rate which is one of the major factors limiting cumulative live birth rates in such poor prognosis patients. The limited data with double stimulation/dual stimulation-derived embryos is reassuring for obstetric and neonatal outcome. The mandatory requirement of freeze-all and lack of cost-effectiveness data are limitations of this novel approach. Double stimulation/dual stimulation is an effective strategy when the need to obtain oocytes is urgent, including patients with malignant diseases undergoing oocyte cryopreservation and patients of advanced maternal age or with reduced ovarian reserve.

PITUITARY AND OVARIAN HORMONAL RESPONSE TO 48 h GONADOTROPHIN RELEASING HORRMONE (GnRH) INFUSIONS IN FEMALE RHESUS MONKEYS

1978 ◽  
Vol 89 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ferin ◽  
J. Bogumil ◽  
J. Drewes ◽  
I. Dyrenfurth ◽  
R. Jewelewicz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Lh Surge ◽  
Entire Duration ◽  
Female Rhesus ◽  
Early Follicular Phase ◽  
Late Follicular Phase

ABSTRACT The effects of prolonged gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) infusions on LH, FSH, oestrogens and progesterone secretion were studied in female rhesus monkeys at various times of the menstrual cycle and after castration. GnRH was infused at the rate of 15 μg/h for 48 h. This resulted in mean peripheral GnRH levels of 398 ± 31.5 pg/ml (± se) as measured by radioimmunoassay. As expected the pattern of gonadotrophin responses to GnRH varied considerably with the phase of the menstrual cycle. The largest LH increase was seen during the late follicular phase (6-fold over baseline), with a 3-fold increase during the luteal phase and a 2-fold one during the early follicular phase and in the period following the LH surge. Significant FSH increases (4-fold) were seen only during the follicular phase. Oestrogens increased about 2-fold within 4 h of the start of the infusion during the early follicular phase. In the late follicular phase and during the LH surge, they declined within 24 and 1 h, respectively. Large progesterone increases were seen only during the luteal phase. Of special interest is the fact that the increase in gonadotrophin secretion could not be maintained for the entire duration of the experiment even though GnRH continued to be infused at rates sufficient to elicit initial increases of several fold over baseline. Gonadotrophin release declined 4–28 h after the initial stimulation. A further decrease below pre-infusion control levels was particularly evident during the midcycle surge and, for FSH, after ovariectomy. These results indicate that a continuous mode of administration may rapidly induce a desensitization phenomenon at the level of the gonadotroph.

STUDIES ON THE PATTERN OF CIRCULATING STEROIDS IN THE NORMAL MENSTRUAL CYCLE

1976 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Guerrero ◽  
T. Aso ◽  
P. F. Brenner ◽  
Z. Cekan ◽  
B.-M. Landgren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Luteinizing Hormone ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
The Other ◽  
Plasma Progesterone ◽  
Proliferative Phase ◽  
Normal Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Menstruating Women ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRACT In an attempt to analyze the multiple changes and interactions in circulating steroid levels in the peri-ovulatory and peri-menstrual periods, the plasma levels of immunoreactive luteinizing hormone (LH), progesterone and unconjugated pregnenolone, dehydroepiandrosterone, testosterone, oestradiol and oestrone were assayed daily during a complete cycle in 17 normally menstruating women. In 14 of the 17 subjects studied androstenedione and unconjugated dihydrotestosterone were also estimated. The day of the LH-peak and the first day of menstruation, respectively, were used to synchronize the peri-ovulatory and peri-menstrual plasma levels of the various steroids. With the exception of dehydroepiandrosterone and dihydrotestosterone, the plasma levels of all steroids exhibited significant, but different changes during the cycle. Testosterone levels showed a slight but significant increase around the LH-peak, whereas the levels of pregnenolone and androstenedione were higher in the post-ovulatory than in the pre-ovulatory periods. The levels of oestradiol and oestrone, as well as the ratios of oestradiol to oestrone gradually increased from the low values observed in the early proliferative phase to pre-ovulatory peak values. The relationship between peaks of oestradiol and oestrone and that of LH exhibited great individual variation. The same was true for the individual oestradiol to oestrone ratios. The combination of several steroidal signals did not improve the predictive value of the analyses. However, an increase of individual progesterone values by at least 0.35 ng/ml from the day preceding the LH-peak to the day of the LH-peak was observed in 13 of the 17 subjects. It is suggested that for the early detection of the LH surge and prediction of the subsequent ovulation daily assays of plasma progesterone are of more value than the assay of the other steroids investigated.

scholarly journals Correlation of Serum Level of Progesterone with Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR) in Different Phases of Menstrual Cycle

1970 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sultana Rokeya Mannan ◽  
Noorjahan Begum
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Young Female ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Progesterone Level ◽  
Elisa Method ◽  
Serum Progesterone ◽  
Plasma Progesterone ◽  
Menstrual Cycles ◽  
Medical University

The present study has been carried out to observe the correlation of endogenous serum progesterone level with PEFR during luteal and follicular phases of two consecutive menstrual cycles. This study was conducted on 30 healthy young female volunteers with age ranges of 20- 24 years in the Department of Physiology of Bangladesh Shikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka during July, 2005 to June, 2006. Serum progesterone level and PEFR of all subjects during all three phases of menstrual cycles were measured by ELISA method and a portable Spirometer respectively. Plasma progesterone level is highest during luteal phase; which is about 24 fold higher than that at follicular phases. (24.54ng/ml vs 1.4ng/ml). PEFR was positively correlated with progesterone level, but statistically not significant and it was significantly higher during luteal phase than follicular phase. This result indicates that changes in the pulmonary function occurred during different phases of menstrual cycle and this is more marked during luteal phase. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/akmmcj.v3i1.10105 AKMMCJ 2012; 3(1): 6-9

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