STUDIES OF SEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION OF SHEEP

1978 ◽  
Vol 89 (1) ◽  
pp. 190-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. R. Wilson ◽  
M. F. Tarttelin
Keyword(s):  
Negative Feedback ◽  
Sexual Differentiation ◽  
Plasma Samples ◽  
Control Male ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Ewe Lambs ◽  
Gonadotrophin Releasing Hormone ◽  
Gland Function ◽  
And Control ◽  
Lh Secretion

ABSTRACT Gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) (1 μg/kg was injected intravenously into pre-natally androgenised and untreated control ram and ewe lambs and castrated pre-natally androgenised rams on each of the 6th, 14th, 22nd and 30th week of post-natal life, and plasma samples collected at −20, −10, 0, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 240 min from injection for LH estimation. No difference in pre-injection LH levels or responses to GnRH were observed between pre-natally androgenised and control male and female lambs. Castration resulted in significantly elevated pre-injection LH levels (P < 0.001) and responses to GnRH (P < 0.05). Forty-five week old control and pre-natally androgenised ewes were subjected to a GnRH injection and plasma sampling routine identical to that described above both before and 2 weeks after ovariectomy. Significantly elevated pre-injection LH levels and LH responses to GnRH (P < 0.001) resulted from ovariectomy but there were no differences in either parameter between control and androgenised ewes either before or after ovariectomy. It is concluded that since pre-natal androgenisation altered neither pituitary gonadotrophic activity nor pituitary or hypothalamic steroid negative feedback activity, the depressed basal LH secretion reported earlier in pre-natally androgenised lambs (Wilson & Tarttelin 1978) was probably due to impairment of hypothalamic production and/or release of endogenous GnRH rather than to modification of pituitary gland function.

STUDIES OF SEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION OF SHEEP

1978 ◽  
Vol 89 (1) ◽  
pp. 182-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. R. Wilson ◽  
M. F. Tarttelin
Keyword(s):  
Blood Plasma ◽  
Sexual Differentiation ◽  
Female Offspring ◽  
Plasma Testosterone ◽  
Plasma Samples ◽  
Normal Appearance ◽  
Control Male ◽  
Control Female ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Males And Females

ABSTRACT Forty ewes were given intramuscular injections of testosterone cypionate (200 mg) on each of the 20th, 27th and 40th days of gestation. This treatment ensured foetal exposure to testosterone from day 20 to day 65. Forty untreated ewes acted as controls. At birth, pre-natally androgenised male lambs were anatomically normal, but similarly treated female offspring displayed complete external genital masculinisation including the presence of a prepuce, penis and scrotum and the absence of an external vulval opening. No male gonads were present. Internally, the female lambs possessed ovaries, uteri, cervices and vagina of normal appearance. Two-weekly blood plasma samples were withdrawn from 10 androgenised and 6 control female offspring and 8 androgenised and 8 control male offspring from 4–30 weeks of age. Testosterone levels in males and LH levels in males and females were measured by radioimmunoassays. Analyses of variance showed that post-natal plasma LH levels in pre-natally androgenised lambs (male and female) were significantly depressed (P < 0.001), and that plasma testosterone concentrations in pre-natally androgenised males were subsequently depressed (P < 0.001). These results suggested that pre-natal androgenisation impaired hypothalamic hypophysiotrophic and/or pituitary function during the first 30 weeks of post-natal life which resulted either directly, or indirectly via reduced LH output, in a suppression of testosterone production by the testes.

47 PHYSIOLOGICAL STATUS OF MALE AND FEMALE MINIATURE PIGS CLONED WITH MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS

2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 129
Author(s):  
S. L. Lee ◽  
G. H. Maeng ◽  
W. J. Lee ◽  
R. H. Chon ◽  
G. J. Rho
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Physiological Status ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Control Male ◽  
Control Female ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Miniature Pigs ◽  
Complete Blood Counts ◽  
And Control

The information on the physiological health status and the endocrinological parameters of cloned pigs is limited. To address this issue, the present study evaluated the hematological, biochemical, and endocrinological status of adult cloned male and female miniature pigs. Male and female cloned miniature pigs were produced by NT using mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived bone marrow of miniature pig (T-type, PWG Micro-pig®, PWG Genetics Korea, South Korea). Cloned and age-matched control male and female miniature pigs were maintained under the same conditions in a farm facility, and collected blood samples via jugular venipuncture at the age of 1 year, 3, 6, and 9 months. Complete blood counts of leukocytes, erythrocytes, and thromocytes were performed using automated hematology cell counter (MS9-5V; Melet Schloesing Lab., France). Biochemical analyses were performed using a bench-top dry chemistry analyzer (Vettest 8008 Chemistry Analyzer; IDEXX Lab., UK) by examining creatinine, glucose, blood urea nitrogen, Gamma-glutamyltransferase (γ–GGT), albumin, total bilirubin, total protein (TP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase, creatine kinase, cholesterol, and amylase. Plasma growth hormone, insulin, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), thyroid, tyroxine, cortisol, aldosterone, progesterone, testosterone, and estrogen concentration were determined by a 7020 automatic analyzer (Hitachi Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). Most parameters related to the hematological and biochemical status of cloned female and male miniature pigs were similar to control animals. However, γ–GGT (67.0 ± 20.8) and ALT (78.7 ± 24.0) levels of cloned male were higher compared to normal range (16 to 30 and 9 to 43 U L–1, respectively), and significantly (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively) higher than cloned female (GGT: 38.7 ± 2.9, ALT: 55.0 ± 16.1) and control female and male pigs (GGT: 27.5 ± 4.8 and 23.0 ± 4.4, ALT: 38.5 ± 7.9 and 32.3 ± 8.5). TP (8.2 ± 0.2) and cholesterol (87.33 ± 6.66) levels of cloned female were higher compared to normal range (6.0 to 8.0 g dL–1 and 18 to 79 mg dL–1, respectively), and significantly (P < 0.05) higher than cloned male (TP: 7.7 ± 0.4, cholesterol: 85.0 ± 8.2) and control female and male (TP: 7.9 ± 0.4 and 7.1 ± 0.6, cholesterol: 62.8 ± 3.6 and 57.0 ± 14.4). Endocrinological variation of insulin and IGF-1 of cloned female (1.43 ± 0.7 and 226.10 ± 65.0, respectively) were higher than cloned male and control female and male (0.9 ± 0.1 and 174.2 ± 42.2, 0.5 ± 0.3 and 199.9 ± 8.9, 0.5 ± 0.4 and 168.9 ± 21.2, respectively). In summary, despite similarities in hematological and biochemical parameters between cloned male and female miniature pigs and controls, a greater degree of physiological and endocrinological variations were found in cloned pigs. Based on the changes of the parameters related to growth metabolism, cloned male and female miniature pigs may have dysfunction of the liver. Therefore, the variabilities found must be taken into account before considering the cloned pigs for applications in biomedicine and xenotransplantation. This study was supported by Grant No. 2007031034040 from Bio-organ, Republic of Korea.

GONADO-PITUITARY RELATIONSHIPS IN THE FETAL MOUSE AT VARIOUS TIMES DURING SEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION

1980 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 483-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. POINTIS ◽  
M.-T. LATREILLE ◽  
L. CEDARD
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Differentiation ◽  
Feedback Inhibition ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Male Mice ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Fetal Mouse ◽  
Female Mice ◽  
Fetal Mice ◽  
Pituitary Glands ◽  
Lh Secretion

Levels of testosterone in plasma and concentrations of LH in both plasma and pituitary glands of fetal mice aged 14, 16 and 18 days were measured by radioimmunoassays in a representative number of fetuses. During this period levels of testosterone in the plasma of male mice were significantly higher than those in the females. Levels of testosterone in plasma of male mice increased from day 14 to day 16 of gestation and decreased on day 1 before parturition. Plasma concentrations of LH remained undetectable in male and female fetuses until day 16 of gestation. Levels of LH rose slightly in both sexes in later gestation, but still remained significantly lower in the plasma of male fetuses on days 17–18. In contrast, higher but not significantly different concentrations of LH were observed in pituitary glands from days 14 to 18 in male compared with female mice. These observations suggest that the high levels of testosterone in the plasma of male fetal mice might be responsible for feedback inhibition of LH secretion during the last days of gestation.

Effects of bovine follicular fluid on the secretion of LH and FSH in inhibin-immunized seasonally anoestrous ewes

1991 ◽  
Vol 128 (3) ◽  
pp. 403-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. G. Knight ◽  
J. H. M. Wrathall ◽  
R. G. Glencross ◽  
B. J. McLeod
Keyword(s):  
Follicular Fluid ◽  
Synthetic Peptide ◽  
Pulse Frequency ◽  
Α Subunit ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Gonadotrophin Secretion ◽  
Gonadotrophin Releasing Hormone ◽  
And Control ◽  
Lh Secretion ◽  
Dose Dependent

ABSTRACT It has been shown previously that treatment of seasonally anoestrous ewes with steroid-free bovine follicular fluid (FF), a crude inhibin-containing preparation, leads to a decrease in plasma FSH level which is accompanied by a marked increase in pulsatile LH secretion. Since FF contains several factors (e.g. activin, follistatin, unidentified components) other than inhibin, which might act to modify gonadotrophin secretion, it was of interest to establish whether these concurrent effects of FF on FSH and LH secretion persisted in ewes which had been actively immunized against a synthetic peptide replica of the α subunit of bovine inhibin. In June 1989 (anoestrous period) groups of inhibin-immune and control ewes (n = 5 per group) received 6-hourly s.c. injections of either bovine serum (2 ml) or one of two doses of FF (0·5 ml or 2 ml) for 3 days. Blood was withdrawn at 6-h intervals for 6 days beginning 24 h before the first injection. On the final day of treatment, additional blood samples were withdrawn at 15-min intervals for 8 h to monitor pulsatile LH secretion. Ewes were then challenged with exogenous gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH; 2 μg i.v. bolus) to assess pituitary responsiveness. In control ewes, FF promoted a dose-dependent suppression of basal (maximum suppression 65%; P < 0·01) and post-GnRH (maximum suppression 72%; P < 0·01) levels of FSH in plasma. This was accompanied by an increase (P < 0·01) in LH pulse frequency from 1·40±0·24 (s.e.m.) to 3·20±0·37 pulses/8 h. In contrast, FF did not affect secretion of either FSH or LH in inhibin-immunized ewes. However, mean plasma LH levels in immunized ewes were significantly lower (43%; P < 0·02) than in control ewes, irrespective of treatment. These findings indicate that in the anoestrous ewe the ability of FF to suppress plasma FSH is due entirely to its content of inhibin, that FF-induced enhancement of pulsatile LH secretion is mediated by inhibin, rather than some additional component of FF, and that immunoneutralization of endogenous inhibin can reduce LH secretion. Journal of Endocrinology (1991) 128, 403–410

Pituitary responsiveness to diurnal and nocturnal GnRH pulses in melatonin-treated ewe lambs

2000 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergio E. Recabarren ◽  
Alejandro Lobos ◽  
Emilio Cendoyya ◽  
Cristian Correa ◽  
Isolde Rudolph
Keyword(s):  
Luteinizing Hormone ◽  
Jugular Vein ◽  
Pulse Frequency ◽  
Ewe Lambs ◽  
Vein Catheter ◽  
High Responsiveness ◽  
Natural Photoperiod ◽  
Gonadotrophin Releasing Hormone ◽  
The Difference ◽  
And Control

It has been shown that oral administration of melatonin to Suffolk ewe lambs, from 10 weeks of age onwards, advances the onset of puberty compared with control lambs maintained under the same natural photope-riod. Luteinizing hormone (LH) pulse frequency at 20 and 26 weeks of age was unchanged by melatonin. However, LH pulse amplitudes greater than 1 ng mL –1 were consistently observed in melatonin-treated lambs, suggesting either a high responsiveness of the pituitary gland to endogenous gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) pulses, or a large amount of GnRH released by each pulse. The purpose of the present study was to assess the pituitary responsiveness to six diurnal and six nocturnal exogenous pulses of GnRH (10 ng kg–1 bodyweight) in melatonin-treated ewe lambs (3 mg melatonin daily at 1600 hours, from 10 weeks of age; n = 5) and control lambs of the same age (n= 5), born in the spring and kept under natural photoperiod. Pulses of GnRH were given intravenously at 60-min intervals by means of an indwelling jugular catheter from 0900 to 1400 hours and from 2100 to 0200 hours to ewe lambs of 20 and 26 weeks of age. Blood samples were collected at 10-min intervals using a contralateral jugular vein catheter from 1 h before and up to 1 h after the last GnRH pulse. The difference (delta) between plasma LH concentrations at 0 min and the greatest concentration of LH after each GnRH pulse was calculated and compared in the same group. The total area under the GnRH response curve (AUC) was also calculated and compared within and between the groups. The AUC of melatonin-treated lambs (66.1 5.94 and 52.24 7.42 ng mL–1 /6 h, diurnal and nocturnal respectively) was greater than that of control lambs (39.42 4.29 and 32.82 3.6 ng mL –1 /6 h diurnal and nocturnal respectively; P<0.05) at 20 weeks of age. At 26 weeks of age, only the diurnal total AUC was greater in melatonin-treated lambs than in control lambs (60.17 7.98 and 29.8 5.02 ng mL –1 /6 h respectively; P<0.05). Delta LH concentrations in response to the first diurnal pulse of GnRH were greater than those in response to the fifth diurnal GnRH pulse (P<0.05) in melatonin-treated lambs of 20 weeks of age. Also, the delta LH concentrations in response to the first three diurnal GnRH pulses were greater than to the last three nocturnal pulses of GnRH (P<0.05). Delta LH concentrations were greater in response to the second diurnal pulse of GnRH than to the last three diurnal GnRH pulses, and greater than the responses to the first and the last four nocturnal GnRH pulses (P<0.05), at 26 weeks of age in melatonin-treated lambs. The response to nocturnal pulses of GnRH was similar. In control lambs, the responses to diurnal and nocturnal GnRH pulses were similar at 20 and 26 weeks of age. These results suggest that melatonin enhances the pituitary responsiveness to GnRH pulses in ewe lambs. Extra key words: luteinizing hormone, sheep.

scholarly journals Comparative Phosphoproteomic Profiling of Type III Adenylyl Cyclase Knockout and Control, Male, and Female Mice

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuxin Zhou ◽  
Liyan Qiu ◽  
Ashley Sterpka ◽  
Haiying Wang ◽  
Feixia Chu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adenylyl Cyclase ◽  
Control Male ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Female Mice ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
And Control

Biphasic response in the secretion of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone in ovariectomized ewes injected with oestradiol

1989 ◽  
Vol 123 (3) ◽  
pp. 375-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Caraty ◽  
A. Locatelli ◽  
G. B. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Negative Feedback ◽  
Positive Feedback ◽  
Sampling Period ◽  
Pulse Amplitude ◽  
Portal Blood ◽  
Blood Collection ◽  
Biphasic Response ◽  
Releasing Hormone ◽  
Gonadotrophin Releasing Hormone ◽  
Lh Secretion

ABSTRACT In ovariectomized ewes, an injection of oestrogen initially inhibits the tonic secretion of LH, and then induces a large release of LH similar to the preovulatory surge in intact ewes. The pattern of hypothalamic secretion of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) into the pituitary portal blood during this biphasic response to oestrogen was investigated in conscious, unrestrained, ovariectomized adult Ile-de-France ewes during the breeding season. The ewes were ovariectomized and implanted with cannulae for portal blood collection on the same day. Seven days later, portal and peripheral blood samples were collected simultaneously every 5 min for 25 h. The ewes were injected with oestradiol-17β (25 μg i.v. and 25 μg i.m.) 6·25 h after the start of sampling. GnRH and LH were measured by radioimmunoassay in portal and jugular plasma samples respectively. A clear pulsatile pattern of LH secretion was observed before the oestradiol injection in all ewes, followed by the typical biphasic decrease (negative feedback) and increase (positive feedback) in mean concentrations. The sampling period was divided, for analysis, into pretreatment, negative feedback and positive feedback phases. Before injection with oestradiol, the GnRH pulses were clearly defined in portal blood and always synchronized with LH pulses in the peripheral circulation. The frequency was 5·9 ± 0·6 pulses/6 h (mean ± s.e.m.), and the amplitude was 31·6±7·6 pmol/l. During negative feedback, both the frequency (4·2 ± 0·5 pulses/6 h, P<0·01) and amplitude (15·2 ± 4·6 pmol/l, P<0·05) of the GnRH pulses decreased. During positive feedback, there was a large surge in the concentration of GnRH, due primarily to an increase in pulse frequency (11·0±1·3 pulses/6 h, P<0·01). A change in pulse amplitude was not detected, but there was a large increase in the basal level of GnRH (P<0·05). As a consequence of the changes in frequency and amplitude of the pulses, the mean levels of GnRH before injection with oestradiol (5·3 ± 1·0 pmol/l) differed (P<0·05) from those during negative (3·8±0·5 pmol/l) and positive (18·9±4·7 pmol/l) feedback phases. These results show that the biphasic pattern of LH secretion induced by oestrogen injection in short-term ovariectomized ewes is caused by parallel changes in the secretion of GnRH as well as changes in pituitary responsiveness to GnRH. An abrupt increase in the frequency of GnRH pulses appears to be a key component of the positive feedback mechanism which elicits the oestradiol-induced surges of both GnRH and LH. Journal of Endocrinology (1989) 123, 375–382

UPLC-Q-TOF/MS based Untargeted Metabolite and Lipid Analysis on Premature Ovarian Insufficiency Plasma Samples.

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasemin Taşcı ◽  
Rahime Bedir Fındık ◽  
Meryem Kuru Pekcan ◽  
Ozan Kaplan ◽  
Mustafa Çelebier
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Analysis ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Premature Ovarian Insufficiency ◽  
Plasma Samples ◽  
Ovarian Insufficiency ◽  
Analytical Methodology ◽  
Drug Molecules ◽  
New Treatment ◽  
And Control ◽  
Phenyl Alanine

Background: Metabolomics is one of the main areas to understand cellular process at molecular level by analyzing metabolites. In recent years metabolomics has been emerged as key tool to understand molecular basis of disease, find diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, and develop new treatment opportunities and drug molecules. Objective: In this study, an untargeted metabolite and lipid analysis were performed to identify potential biomarkers on premature ovarian insufficiency plasma samples. 43 POI subject plasma samples were compared with 32 healthy subject plasma samples. Methods: Plasma samples were pooled and extracted using chloroform:methanol:water (3:3:1 v/v/v) mixture. Agilent 6530 LC/MS Q-TOF instrument equipped with ESI source was used for analysis. A C18 column (Agilent Zorbax 1.8 μM, 50 x 2.1 mm) was used for separation of metabolites and lipids. XCMS, an “R software” based freeware program, was used for peak picking, grouping and comparing the findings. Isotopologue Parameter Optimization (IPO) software was used in order to optimize XCMS parameters. The analytical methodology and data mining process were validated according to the literature. Results: 83 metabolite peaks and 213 lipid peaks were found to be in semi-quantitatively and statistically different (fold change >1.5, p <0.05) between the POI plasma samples and control subjects. Conclusion: According to the results, two groups were successfully separated through principal component analysis. Among the peaks, phenyl alanine, decanoyl-L-carnitine, 1-palmitoyllysophosphatidylcholine and PC(O-16:0/2:0) were identified through auto MS/MS and matched with human metabolome database and proposed as plasma biomarker for POI and monitoring the patients in treatment period.

The impact of maternal protein restriction during perinatal life on the response to a septic insult in adult rats

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Reza Khazaee ◽  
Anastasiya Vinokurtseva ◽  
Lynda A. McCaig ◽  
Cory Yamashita ◽  
Daniel B. Hardy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Control Diet ◽  
Protein Restriction ◽  
Saline Control ◽  
Female Adult ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Maternal Protein Restriction ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Septic Insult

Abstract Although abundant evidence exists that adverse events during pregnancy lead to chronic conditions, there is limited information on the impact of acute insults such as sepsis. This study tested the hypothesis that impaired fetal development leads to altered organ responses to a septic insult in both male and female adult offspring. Fetal growth restricted (FGR) rats were generated using a maternal protein-restricted diet. Male and female FGR and control diet rats were housed until 150–160 d of age when they were exposed either a saline (control) or a fecal slurry intraperitoneal (Sepsis) injection. After 6 h, livers and lungs were analyzed for inflammation and, additionally, the amounts and function of pulmonary surfactant were measured. The results showed increases in the steady-state mRNA levels of inflammatory cytokines in the liver in response to the septic insult in both males and females; these responses were not different between FGR and control diet groups. In the lungs, cytokines were not detectable in any of the experimental groups. A significant decrease in the relative amount of surfactant was observed in male FGR offspring, but this was not observed in control males or in female animals. Overall, it is concluded that FGR induced by maternal protein restriction does not impact liver and lung inflammatory response to sepsis in either male or female adult rats. An altered septic response in male FGR offspring with respect to surfactant may imply a contribution to lung dysfunction.

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