SEX DIFFERENCES IN CATECHOLAMINE CONTENT IN DISCRETE BRAIN NUCLEI OF THE RAT: EFFECTS OF NEONATAL CASTRATION OR TESTOSTERONE TREATMENT

1978 ◽  
Vol 89 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. R. Crowley ◽  
T. L. O'Donohue ◽  
D. M. Jacobowitz
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Median Eminence ◽  
Arcuate Nucleus ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Normal Adult ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Brain Nuclei ◽  
Testosterone Treatment ◽  
Dopamine Concentration ◽  
Arcuate Nuclei

ABSTRACT Dopamine and norepinephrine levels were measured in individual brain nuclei in normal adult male and female rats and in adult male rats castrated on day 1 of life and in adult female rats given 1.25 mg testosterone propionate on day 4 of life. Normal adult males showed higher concentrations of dopamine than females in the caudate, tractus diagonalis and arcuate nuclei and in the median eminence. Day 1 castration of males reduced the dopamine levels of the arcuate nucleus and nucleus of the tractus diagonalis, while neonatal administration of testosterone to females elevated the dopamine concentration of the arcuate nucleus and nucleus of the tractus diagonalis. Normal adult males had higher concentrations of norepinephrine than females in the preoptic-suprachiasmatic, paraventricular, periventricular, and arcuate nuclei and in the median eminence. Neonatal endocrine manipulations (neonatal male castration and female testosterone treatment) failed to alter significantly these sex differences. The results suggest a sexual dimorphism in the catecholamine innervation of certain discrete areas of the brain and that the dopamine concentration in the arcuate and tractus diagonalis nuclei is influenced by perinatal androgen.

THE ADENOHYPOPHYSIS OF FEMALE RATS AFTER HYPOTHALAMIC OESTRADIOL IMPLANTS: AN ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDY

1970 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. ZAMBRANO ◽  
R. P. DEIS
Keyword(s):  
Microscopic Study ◽  
Adult Female ◽  
Median Eminence ◽  
Secretory Activity ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Prolactin Cells ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Arcuate Nuclei ◽  
Periventricular Area ◽  
Ultrastructural Effect

SUMMARY The ultrastructural effect of oestradiol implants into the hypothalamus on the adenohypophysis of adult female rats was studied. The main results are the demonstration that mammotrophs or prolactin cells, and to a lesser extent somatotrophs, increased their secretory activity after bilateral implants into the median eminence and arcuate nuclei; in the periventricular area the reaction was weaker and in the anterior hypothalamus the response was negative. In animals with implants in the basal tuberal region, mammotrophs showed an asynchronous secretory activity. Mitosis has been found to occur in fully differentiated mammotrophs, a finding which can be correlated with the increased number of such cells after basal tuberal implants. The gonadotrophs appeared to be atrophied.

scholarly journals Genistein during Development Alters Differentially the Expression of POMC in Male and Female Rats

Metabolites ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 293
Author(s):  
Jose Manuel Fernandez-Garcia ◽  
Beatriz Carrillo ◽  
Patricia Tezanos ◽  
Paloma Collado ◽  
Helena Pinos
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Arcuate Nucleus ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
The Body ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Dorsomedial Hypothalamus ◽  
Male And Female Rats

Phytoestrogens are considered beneficial for health, but some studies have shown that they may cause adverse effects. This study investigated the effects of genistein administration during the second week of life on energy metabolism and on the circuits regulating food intake. Two different genistein doses, 10 or 50 µg/g, were administered to male and female rats from postnatal day (P) 6 to P13. Physiological parameters, such as body weight and caloric intake, were then analyzed at P90. Moreover, proopiomelanocortin (POMC) expression in the arcuate nucleus (Arc) and orexin expression in the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH), perifornical area (PF) and lateral hypothalamus (LH) were studied. Our results showed a delay in the emergence of sex differences in the body weight in the groups with higher genistein doses. Furthermore, a significant decrease in the number of POMC-immunoreactive (POMC-ir) cells in the Arc in the two groups of females treated with genistein was observed. In contrast, no alteration in orexin expression was detected in any of the structures analyzed in either males or females. In conclusion, genistein can modulate estradiol’s programming actions on the hypothalamic feeding circuits differentially in male and female rats during development.

scholarly journals The Distribution of Cells Containing Estrogen Receptor-α (ERα) and ERβ Messenger Ribonucleic Acid in the Preoptic Area and Hypothalamus of the Sheep: Comparison of Males and Females

Endocrinology ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 141 (8) ◽  
pp. 2951-2962 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher J. Scott ◽  
Alan J. Tilbrook ◽  
Donna M. Simmons ◽  
John A. Rawson ◽  
Simon Chu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Estrogen Receptor ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Paraventricular Nucleus ◽  
Arcuate Nucleus ◽  
Preoptic Area ◽  
Estrogen Receptor Α ◽  
Lateral Septum ◽  
Ventromedial Nucleus ◽  
Arcuate Nuclei ◽  
Silver Grains

We have used in situ hybridization to compare the distributions of estrogen receptor α (ERα) and ERβ messenger RNA (mRNA)-containing cells in the preoptic area and hypothalamus of ewes and rams. Perfusion-fixed brain tissue was collected from luteal phase ewes and intact rams (n = 4) during the breeding season. Matched pairs of sections were hybridized with sheep-specific, 35S-labeled riboprobes, and semiquantitative image analysis was performed on emulsion-dipped slides. A number of sex differences were observed, with females having a greater density of labeled cells than males (P < 0.001) and a greater number of silver grains per cell (P < 0.01) in the ventromedial nucleus for both ER subtypes. In addition, in the retrochiasmatic area, males had a greater (P < 0.05) cell density for ERα mRNA-containing cells than females, whereas in the paraventricular nucleus, females had a greater density (P < 0.05) of ERα mRNA-containing cells than males. There was a trend (P = 0.068) in the arcuate nucleus for males to have a greater number of silver grains per cell labeled for ERα mRNA. In both sexes, there was considerable overlap in the distributions of ERα and ERβ mRNA-containing cells, but the density of labeled cells within each nucleus differed in a number of instances. Nuclei that contained a higher (P < 0.001) density of ERα than ERβ mRNA-containing cells included the preoptic area, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and ventromedial nucleus, whereas the subfornical organ (P < 0.001), paraventricular nucleus (males only, P < 0.05), and retrochiasmatic nucleus (females only, P < 0.05) had a greater density of ERα than ERβ mRNA-containing cells. The anterior hypothalamic area and supraoptic nucleus had similar densities of cells containing both ER subtypes. The lateral septum and arcuate nucleus contained only ERα, whereas only ERβ mRNA-containing cells were seen in the zona incerta. The sex differences in the populations of ER mRNA-containing cells in the ventromedial and arcuate nuclei may explain in part the sex differences in the neuroendocrine and behavioral responses to localized estrogen treatment in these nuclei. Within sexes, the differences between the distributions of ERα and ERβ mRNA-containing cells may reflect differential regulation of the actions of estrogen in the sheep hypothalamus. Low levels of ERβ mRNA in the preoptic area and ventromedial and arcuate nuclei, regions known to be important for the regulation of reproduction, suggest that ERβ may not be involved in these functions.

Ultrastructural Localization of Acetylcholinesterase in the Arcuate Nucleus and Median Eminence of the Rat

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 440-441
Author(s):  
K.A. Carson ◽  
C.B. Nemeroff ◽  
M.S. Rone ◽  
J.S. Kizer ◽  
J.S. Hanker
Keyword(s):  
Choline Acetyltransferase ◽  
Median Eminence ◽  
Arcuate Nucleus ◽  
Cholinergic Neurons ◽  
Ultrastructural Localization ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Neonatal Rats ◽  
Good Marker ◽  
Chemical Studies ◽  
High Doses

Biochemical, physiological, pharmacological, and more recently enzyme histo- chemical data have indicated that cholinergic circuits exist in the hypothalamus. Ultrastructural correlates of these pathways such as acetylcholinesterase (AchE) positive neurons in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) and stained terminals in the median eminence (ME) have yet to be described. Initial studies in our laboratories utilizing chemical lesioning and microdissection techniques coupled with microchemical and light microscopic enzyme histo- chemical studies suggested the existence of cholinergic neurons in the ARC which project to the ME (1). Furthermore, in adult male rats with Halasz deafferentations (hypothalamic islands composed primarily of the isolated ARC and the ME) choline acetyltransferase (ChAc) activity, a good marker for cholinergic neurons, was not significantly reduced in the ME and was only somewhat reduced in the ARC (2). Treatment of neonatal rats with high doses of monosodium 1-glutamate (MSG) results in a lesion largely restricted to the neurons of the ARC.

Characterization of Tamm-Horsfall Urinary Glycoprotein

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 420-421
Author(s):  
John P. Robinson ◽  
J. David Puett
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Circular Dichroism ◽  
Secondary Structure ◽  
Quaternary Structure ◽  
Normal Adult ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Circular Dichroïsm ◽  
Urinary Glycoprotein

Much work has been reported on the chemical, physical and morphological properties of urinary Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein (THG). Although it was once reported that cystic fibrotic (CF) individuals had a defective THG, more recent data indicate that THG and CF-THG are similar if not identical.No studies on the conformational aspects have been reported on this glycoprotein using circular dichroism (CD). We examined the secondary structure of THG and derivatives under various conditions and have correlated these results with quaternary structure using electron microscopy.THG was prepared from normal adult males and CF-THG from a 16-year old CF female by the method of Tamm and Horsfall. CF female by the method of Tamm and Horsfall.

ADENOHYPOPHYSEAL LH CONTENT IN NORMAL, ANDROGEN-STERILIZED AND PROGESTERONE-PRIMED STERILE FEMALE RATS

1962 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger A. Gorski ◽  
Charles A. Barraclough
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Quantitative Determination ◽  
Median Eminence ◽  
Hypothalamic Stimulation ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Rat Pituitary ◽  
Gland Content ◽  
Stimulation Of

ABSTRACT We have previously suggested that the failure of the androgen-sterilized, persistent-oestrous rat to ovulate, following electrical stimulation of the median eminence structures of the hypothalamus, is due to an insufficiency in adenohypophyseal LH concentration. Using the ovarian ascorbic acid technique for quantitative determination of pituitary LH content, the present studies have demonstrated that the sterile rat pituitary gland contains one-third the LH content of the normal prooestrous gland. Furthermore, not only does progesterone priming of this persistent-oestrous rat result in a 75 % increase in LH concentration, but on hypothalamic stimulation sufficient LH is released to induce ovulation. The decrease in LH concentration which accompanies ovulation in the progesterone-primed, sterile rat is approximately 45 % of the total gland content as compared with a 51 % decrease in pituitary content in the normal cyclic rat.

HAPTEN-RADIOIMMUNOASSAY OF PLASMA OESTRADIOL

1973 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 330-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Doerr
Keyword(s):  
Adult Male ◽  
Normal Values ◽  
Normal Adult ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Reagent Blank ◽  
Keyhole Limpet Haemocyanin ◽  
Ether Extraction ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Assay Precision ◽  
Plasma Oestradiol

ABSTRACT A hapten-radioimmunoassay for plasma oestradiol is described and information about the reliability of the method is given in detail. Oestradiol-3-hemisuccinate coupled to keyhole limpet haemocyanin is used for immunization of rabbits. The antiserum utilized for the assay is characterized by its titer, affinity and specificity. Following ether extraction and NaOH-light petroleum partition oestradiol is separated from crossreacting oestrogens by TLC. Oxidation of oestradiol on the plate is prevented by mercaptoethanol. To separate free and antibody bound ligand 250 μg dextran-coated charcoal per tube is used in the presence of bovine serum gammaglobulin (1 mg/ml). The between-assay precision based on 15 different determinations of control samples from normal adult male plasma was 9.4% (C. V.). The mean reagent blank value of 31 determinations was equivalent to 0.3 pg oestradiol and the detection limit in terms of the 99% confidence limit for a single blank value, was equivalent to 4.3 pg oestradiol. A procedure for detecting plasma blanks is described. Plasma oestradiol is separated from approximately all concomitant substances originally present in the sample by enzymatic conversion into oestrone and a second TLC. No plasma blanks could be detected with respect to normal adult male plasma. Normal values for adult males based on 51 subjects were characterized by a median of 17.2 pg/ml and the 95 percentiles of 9.5–27.6.

BEFUNDE AM GENITALTRAKTUS DER RATTE NACH CORTICOTROPIN-INJECTION UND IHRE DEUTUNG UNTER BERÜCKSICHTIGUNG DES ZELLBILDES DER ADENOHYPOPHYSE

1959 ◽  
Vol XXXII (II) ◽  
pp. 167-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter Schätzle
Keyword(s):  
Adult Female ◽  
Single Injection ◽  
Anterior Lobe ◽  
Vaginal Epithelium ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Normal Adult ◽  
List Type

ABSTRACT In normal adult female rats a single injection of 5 IU corticotrophin was followed by a retention of glucoproteid material in the anterior lobe of the hypophysis and by impairment of the luteinization. In spayed adult female rats the same corticotrophin administration caused stratification and mucification of the vaginal epithelium.

scholarly journals Sex Difference in Self-Reported Sexual Functioning Among Frail Older Adults

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 313-313
Author(s):  
Brianne Olivieri-Mui ◽  
Sandra Shi ◽  
Ellen McCarthy ◽  
Dae Kim
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sexual Function ◽  
Older Adult ◽  
Sexual Functioning ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Males And Females

Abstract Frailty may differentially impact how older adult males and females perceive sexual functioning, an important part of well-being. We assessed the level of frailty (robust, pre-frail, frail) for anyone with data on 11 sexual functioning questions asked in wave 2 of the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project, 2010-2011 (n=2060). Questions covered five domains: overall sexual function (OSF), sexual function anxiety (SFA), changes in sexual function (CSF), erectile/vaginal dysfunction (EVD), and masturbation. Logistic regression identified sex differences in frailty and reporting worse sexual functioning. Linear regression predicted the number of domains reported as worse. Among males (n=1057), pre-frailty meant higher odds of reporting SFA (OR 1.8 95%CI 1.2-6.6), CSF (OR 1.7 95%CI 1.1-2.7), and EVD (OR 1.5 95%CI 1.0-2.2). Among females (n=1003), there was no difference in reporting by frailty. Females were more likely to report worse OSF (Robust: OR 7.4, 95%CI 4.8-11.4; Pre-frail: OR 6.2, 95%CI 3.9-9.9; Frail: OR 3.4 95%CI 1.7-6.6), but less likely to report SFA (Robust OR .3, 95%CI .2-.5; Pre-frail OR .2, 95%CI .1-.3; Frail OR .2 95%CI .1-.3). Pre-frail and frail females reported fewer domains as worse (Pre-frail coefficient -0.21 SE 0.09, Frail -0.43 SE 0.14). As frailty worsened, males reported more domains as worse (Pre-frail 0.24 SE 0.07, Frail 0.29 SE 0.08). Self-reported sexual functioning differs by sex at all levels of frailty, and reporting by males, but not females, changes with frailty. Providers should be aware that sexual functioning is of importance to both sexes despite varying degrees of frailty.

scholarly journals Stem cell treatment improves post stroke neurological outcomes: a comparative study in male and female rats

2021 ◽  
pp. svn-2020-000834
Author(s):  
Koteswara Rao Nalamolu ◽  
Bharath Chelluboina ◽  
Casimir A Fornal ◽  
Siva Reddy Challa ◽  
David M Pinson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Motor Function ◽  
Infarct Volume ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Human Umbilical Cord ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Post Stroke ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
Males And Females

Background and purposeThe therapeutic potential of different stem cells for ischaemic stroke treatment is intriguing and somewhat controversial. Recent results from our laboratory have demonstrated the potential benefits of human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) in a rodent stroke model. We hypothesised that MSC treatment would effectively promote the recovery of sensory and motor function in both males and females, despite any apparent sex differences in post stroke brain injury.MethodsTransient focal cerebral ischaemia was induced in adult Sprague-Dawley rats by occlusion of the middle cerebral artery. Following the procedure, male and female rats of the untreated group were euthanised 1 day after reperfusion and their brains were used to estimate the resulting infarct volume and tissue swelling. Additional groups of stroke-induced male and female rats were treated with MSC or vehicle and were subsequently subjected to a battery of standard neurological/neurobehavioral tests (Modified Neurological Severity Score assessment, adhesive tape removal, beam walk and rotarod). The tests were administered at regular intervals (at days 1, 3, 5, 7 and 14) after reperfusion to determine the time course of neurological and functional recovery after stroke.ResultsThe infarct volume and extent of swelling of the ischaemic brain were similar in males and females. Despite similar pathological stroke lesions, the clinical manifestations of stroke were more pronounced in males than females, as indicated by the neurological scores and other tests. MSC treatment significantly improved the recovery of sensory and motor function in both sexes, and it demonstrated efficacy in both moderate stroke (females) and severe stroke (males).ConclusionsDespite sex differences in the severity of post stroke outcomes, MSC treatment promoted the recovery of sensory and motor function in male and female rats, suggesting that it may be a promising treatment for stroke.

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