SEX HORMONES – EFFECTS ON PROLACTIN CELLS IN THE RAT, DOG, MONKEY AND MAN

1974 ◽  
Vol 77 (3_Supplb) ◽  
pp. S3-S15 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. F. El Etreby ◽  
P. Günzel ◽  
G. Soulioti
Keyword(s):  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Anterior Pituitary ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Prolactin Secretion ◽  
Prolactin Cells ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
Exogenous Application ◽  
Endogenous Production ◽  
High Doses

ABSTRACT Histomorphological and immunocytochemical methods were used to study the effect of either physiological and pathological endogenous production or long-term exogenous application of high doses of sex (steroid) hormones on the prolactin cells in the anterior pituitary of experimental animals and man. Using these methods it was shown that enhanced endogenous secretion of sex hormones, mainly of oestrogens, seems to produce nearly the same morphological changes in the anterior pituitary of the rat, dog and man. It was also possible to show that long term exogenous application of high doses of oestrogens or oestrogens and progestagens can stimulate prolactin cells in some experimental animals. The demonstration of similar mechanisms in man calls for more extensive investigations on the possible role of the sex hormones on prolactin secretion.

The Effects of Phenothiazines on Endocrine Function: II

1974 ◽  
Vol 124 (582) ◽  
pp. 420-430 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. V. Beumont ◽  
C. S. Corker ◽  
H. G. Friesen ◽  
T. Kolakowska ◽  
B. M. Mandelbrote ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Rhesus Monkey ◽  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Endocrine Function ◽  
Ample Evidence ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
High Doses

There is ample evidence that high doses of phenothiazines and other neuroleptics depress the pituitary-gonadal axis in experimental animals (De Wied, 1967), but the effects of these drugs on sex hormones in human subjects are still controversial (Shader and Di Mascio, 1970). Literature concerning growth hormone (GH) is even more controversial, since phenothiazines have been found to inhibit GH release in rodents (Muller et al., 1967) but to increase it in the rhesus monkey (Meyer and Knobil, 1967). In human subjects phenothiazines have been reported to depress both basal levels of GH and the response to hypoglycaemia (Sherman et al., 1971), while others have found that this response is enhanced (Schimmelbusch, Mueller and Scheps, 1971). Studies of prolactin levels are more consistent, showing raised prolactin both in experimental animals and in human subjects following administration of phenothiazines (Apostolakis et al., 1972; Hwang et al., 1971; Kleinberg et al., 1971; Sulman, 1970).

scholarly journals MORPHOLOGYCAL CHANGES IN THE TESTES OF EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS IN CHRONIC ALCOHOL POISONING

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 5-9
Author(s):  
А. А. Babanin ◽  
V. S. Ulanov
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Alcoholic Beverages ◽  
Ultrastructural Changes ◽  
Chronic Alcohol ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
Chronic Effects ◽  
Partial Adaptation ◽  
Spermatogenic Epithelium

The experiment with the chronic effects of alcohol on experimental animals reflects the picture of long-term use of alcoholic beverages by a person with alcoholism. It is impossible to fully study the ultrastructural changes in internal organs, including the reproductive system, in humans, both in acute and chronic alcohol consumption, but the results obtained in the experiment can be extrapolated to humans. The results obtained showed that changes in the parenchymal-stromal elements of the testicles during chronic alcoholization are reduced to dystrophic transformation of the spermatogenic epithelium. The testicular stroma is characterized by pronounced circulatory disorders with plethora and stasis in the postcapillaries and small veins, edema, phenomena of perivascular and interstitial sclerosis, with foci of pronounced hyalinosis, most expressed by 2-3 months of alcoholism. By 6 months of the model experiment, there was no dynamics of the growth of morphological changes, partial adaptation to constant intoxication with ethyl alcohol.

scholarly journals ACUTE CHRONICAL TOXICITY AND INTOLERANCE OF SM - COMPLEX

2019 ◽  
pp. 96-103
Author(s):  
A. V. Mifatkhudinov ◽  
A. S. Aleshina
Keyword(s):  
Therapeutic Dose ◽  
Healthy Adult ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Pharmacological Substance ◽  
High Doses ◽  
Therapeutic Doses ◽  
Permissible Dose

The researchers elaborated pharmacological complex of SM at the Chair of Morphology, Physiology and Pharmacology atSouth-UralStateAgrarianUniversity. The complex contains butafosfan, vitamins, vitamin-like substances, selected on the basis of synergistic effect on the body. The parameters of acute toxicity of the SM-complex were explored in the experiment on clinically healthy adult white mice of both genders by a single injection of the solution in the maximum permissible dose according to GOST 31926-2013. Intolerance on the skin of animals was detected in line with GOST R ISO 10993.10-2009. GOST R ISO 10993.10-99 became a guideline for evaluating SM-complex intolerance on the eye conjunctiva. Chronic toxicity was investigated on non-linear rats; the rates were divided into 4 groups of 6. The first group became a control group, the second group received the SM-complex in a therapeutic dose (255mg/kg), the third group - in a 5 -fold therapeutic dose (1275mg/kg), the fourth group - in a 10-fold dose (2550mg/kg). Pharmacological substance was applied through the probe in the form of an aqueous solution for 30 days. The researchers found out that at single oral introduction of SM-complex in the maximum possible doses it does not affect mice organism and it is referred to the 4th class of danger according to GOST 12.1.007-76. Local application in the form of applications on the skin and mucous membranes of rabbits, the complex does not have a local irritant effect. Long-term application of pharmacological composition (30 days) in high doses causes functional and morphological changes of the liver in the form of gray foci and flabbiness, as well as it increases the volume of the organ. Due to the fact that the therapeutic doses are 5 and 10 times lower than the toxic ones and the period of application does not exceed 7-14 days, the authors make a conclusion that SM-complex is safe and secure and can be used in the recommended doses.

Effect of bromocriptine, somatostatin, and oestradiol-17 β on hormone secretion and ultrastructure of human pituitary tumours in vitro

1981 ◽  
Vol 98 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Prysor-Jones ◽  
S.J. Kennedy ◽  
J. P. O'Sullivan ◽  
J. S. Jenkins
Keyword(s):  
Pituitary Adenomas ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Hormone Secretion ◽  
Prolactin Secretion ◽  
Human Pituitary ◽  
Gh Secretion ◽  
Human Pituitary Adenomas ◽  
Secretion Granules

Abstract. The effect of bromocriptine and somatostatin on hormone secretion and the ultrastructure of human pituitary adenomas was studied in vitro. Prolactin secretion was inhibited by bromocriptine in 3 out of 10 prolactin-secreting tumours and in explants from 2 normal pituitaries. GH secretion was reduced by bromocriptine in 4 out of 6 GH-secreting adenomas but was not affected by the drug in the incubations of normal pituitaries. Somatostatin inhibited GH secretion in 2 out of 5 pituitary adenomas and the effect was comparable with that of bromocriptine. Incubation of prolactin-secreting adenomas with oestradiol for as long as 24 days produced no change in hormone secretion. Examination of tumour explants by electron microscopy showed that somatostatin and bromocriptine produced accumulation of secretion granules but no changes in the secretory organelles. Long term bromocriptine treatment of 'nude' athymic mice bearing xenografts of human pituitary adenomas suppressed hormone secretion and produced some increase in secretion granules but there were no morphological changes in the secretory organelles or other vital structures of the adenoma cells.

Opiate suppression of LH secretion involves central receptors different from those mediating opiate effects on prolactin secretion

1987 ◽  
Vol 114 (3) ◽  
pp. 469-476 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. Pfeiffer ◽  
A. Pfeiffer ◽  
O. F. X. Almeida ◽  
A. Herz
Keyword(s):  
Opiate Receptors ◽  
Opiate Receptor ◽  
Prolactin Secretion ◽  
Ovariectomized Rats ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Methyl Ester Derivative ◽  
High Doses ◽  
Lh Secretion

ABSTRACT The involvement of μ- and κ-opiate receptors in the regulation of LH and prolactin secretion was investigated in long-term ovariectomized rats using selective opiate receptor agonists and antagonists. The μ-agonists morphine and [d-Ala2,MePhe4,Gly5-ol]-enkephalin (DAGO) suppressed LH levels in a dose-related manner. The benzomorphane (−)-5,9-dimethyl-2′-hydroxy-2-(tetrahydrofurfuryl)-6,7-benzomorphan tartrate (MR 2034; a designated κ-agonist) also suppressed LH levels, whereas another benzomorphane κ-agonist (−)-5,9-dimethyl-2′-hydroxy-2-(2-methoxy-propyl)-6,7-benzomorphan hydrobromide (MRZ 2549) had no effect on the levels of this hormone. Pretreatment with the highly selective μ-antagonist β-funaltrexamine (β-FNA), the fumarate methyl ester derivative of naltrexone, blocked the actions of both μ-agonists and MR 2034, indicating that opiate suppression of LH secretion is mediated by μ-receptors. This was further confirmed by in-vitro studies: the KCl-induced release of LHRH from perifused hypothalami obtained from ovariectomized rats was significantly reduced by DAGO but not by MRZ 2549. Prolactin secretion was stimulated in a dose-dependent manner by both μ- and κ-agonists. The stimulation caused by morphine and DAGO was antagonized by β-FNA, whereas that caused by the κ-agonists MR 2034 and MZR 2549 was resistant to blockade by β-FNA but not by naloxone (an antagonist which blocks all classes of opiate receptors when given in high doses). Thus prolactin secretion seems to be regulated by both μ- and κ-opiate receptors, whereas the effects on LH secretion seem to involve μ-receptors only. J. Endocr. (1987) 114, 469–476

Treatment of Excessively Tall Girls and Boys With Sex Hormones

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 62 (6) ◽  
pp. 1202-1210
Author(s):  
Andrea Prader ◽  
Milo Zachmann
Keyword(s):  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Adult Height ◽  
Bone Age ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Contraceptive Pill ◽  
Physical Handicap ◽  
Tall Girls ◽  
High Doses ◽  
Spontaneous Onset

Sex hormones in high doses administered over a period of one to two years are today the only effective medical way to decrease future adult height in excessively tall adolescents. Such treatment is not physiological and should be considered only if a careful growth prediction gives an excessive adult height that is a severe psychological or physical handicap to the patient. The most effective and safest way of treatment is not yet fully worked out, but the principles are simple: The hormone preparations used should be as natural as possible, the dosage as low as possible for producing the desired effect, and treatment should start only after the spontaneous onset of puberty and be discontinued at a bone age of about 15 years in girls and 17 years in boys. The risks are probably similar to those of the contraceptive pill and of pregnancy. The short-term risks are small in the adolescent age period. Fertility does not seem to be impaired. The long-term risks are not yet completely known.

1608: Long-Term Treatment with High Doses of Sildenafil Does Not Up-Regulate the Levels of Phosphodiesterase 5 (Pde5) in the Rat Penis

2004 ◽  
Vol 171 (4S) ◽  
pp. 424-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica G. Ferrini ◽  
Eliane G. Valente ◽  
Jacob Rajfer ◽  
Nestor F. Gonzalez-Cadavid
Keyword(s):  
Term Treatment ◽  
Long Term Treatment ◽  
High Doses ◽  
Phosphodiesterase 5

Comparative assessment of morphological mechanisms of maintaining structural liver homeostasis in the dynamics of exposure to coal-rock dust and sodium fluoride on the body

2020 ◽  
pp. 189-194
Author(s):  
M. S. Bugaeva ◽  
O. I. Bondarev ◽  
N. N. Mikhailova ◽  
L. G. Gorokhova
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Fluoride ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
The Body ◽  
System Level ◽  
Production Factor ◽  
Coal Rock ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Structural Homeostasis ◽  
Rock Dust

Introduction. The impact on the body of such factors of the production environment as coal-rock dust and fluorine compounds leads to certain shift s in strict indicators of homeostasis at the system level. Maintaining the relative constancy of the internal environment of the body is provided by the functional consistency of all organs and systems, the leading of which is the liver. Organ repair plays a crucial role in restoring the structure of genetic material and maintaining normal cell viability. When this mechanism is damaged, the compensatory capabilities of the organ are disrupted, homeostasis is disrupted at the cellular and organizational levels, and the development of the main pathological processes is noted.The aim of the study is to compare the morphological mechanisms of maintaining structural homeostasis of the liver in the dynamics of the impact on the body of coal-rock dust and sodium fluoride.Materials and methods. Experimental studies were conducted on adult white male laboratory rats. Features of morphological mechanisms for maintaining structural homeostasis of the liver in the dynamics of exposure to coal-rock dust and sodium fluoride were studied on experimental models of pneumoconiosis and fluoride intoxication. For histological examination in experimental animals, liver sampling was performed after 1, 3, 6, 9, 12 weeks of the experiment.Results. The specificity of morphological changes in the liver depending on the harmful production factor was revealed. It is shown that chronic exposure to coal-rock dust and sodium fluoride is characterized by the development of similar morphological changes in the liver and its vessels from the predominance of the initial compensatory-adaptive to pronounced violations of the stromal and parenchymal components. Long-term inhalation of coal-rock dust at 1–3 weeks of seeding triggers adaptive mechanisms in the liver in the form of increased functional activity of cells, formation of double-core hepatocytes, activation of immunocompetent cells and endotheliocytes, ensuring the preservation of the parenchyma and the general morphostructure of the organ until the 12th week of the experiment. Exposure to sodium fluoride leads to early disruption of liver compensatory mechanisms and the development of dystrophic changes in the parenchyma with the formation of necrosis foci as early as the 6th week of the experiment.Conclusions. The study of mechanisms for compensating the liver structure in conditions of long-term exposure to coal-rock dust and sodium fluoride, as well as processes that indicate their failure, and the timing of their occurrence, is of theoretical and practical importance for developing recommendations for the timely prevention and correction of pathological conditions developing in employees of the aluminum and coal industry.The authors declare no conflict of interests.

scholarly journals Gender Differences in Depression and Sex Hormones among Patients Receiving Long-Term Opioid Treatment for Chronic Noncancer Pain in Taiwan—A Multicenter Cross-Sectional Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (15) ◽  
pp. 7837
Author(s):  
Shung-Tai Ho ◽  
Tso-Chou Lin ◽  
Chun-Chang Yeh ◽  
Kuang-I Cheng ◽  
Wei-Zen Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Function ◽  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Sex Hormone ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Chronic Noncancer Pain ◽  
Depression Diagnosis ◽  
Opioid Treatment ◽  
Hormone Levels ◽  
Noncancer Pain

Background: Long-term use of opioids for chronic noncancer pain is associated with sex hormone disturbances. The interferences with sex hormones, sexual function, and depression were investigated in patients with chronic noncancer pain. Methods: A cross-sectional multicenter survey was conducted on 170 officially registered outpatients receiving long-term opioid treatment in nine medical centers in Taiwan between October 2018 and July 2019. Serum sex hormone levels were examined after the collection of self-administered questionnaires containing the Taiwanese version of the Brief Pain Inventory, depressive status, and sexual function interference. Results: Among 117 (68.8%) questionnaire responses from 170 enrolled outpatients, 38 women and 62 men completed the sex hormone tests, among whom only 23 (23%) had previously received blood hormone tests. Low serum total testosterone levels were detected in 34 (89.5%) women (<30 ng/dL) and 31 (50%) men (<300 ng/dL). Over 60% of women and men reported reduced sexual desire and function despite a nearly 50% reduction in pain intensity and daily function interference over the previous week after opioid treatment. Women generally had higher risks of a depression diagnosis (p = 0.034) and severe depressive symptoms (p = 0.003) and nonsignificantly lower opioid treatment duration (median 81 vs. 120 months) and morphine milligram equivalent (median 134 vs. 165 mg/day) compared with men. Conclusions: This survey demonstrated the high prevalence of depression diagnosis, low sex hormone levels, and reduced sexual function among Taiwanese patients with chronic noncancer pain receiving prolonged opioid therapy. Regular hypogonadal screenings are recommended for further management.

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