NON-TOXIC GOITRE

1974 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Agerbæk
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Thyroid Tissue ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Normal Thyroid ◽  
Thyroid Glands ◽  
Adenomatous Tissue ◽  
Nodular Tissue ◽  
Inorganic Iodine ◽  
Deficient Group

ABSTRACT Among 29 patients operated on for non-toxic goitre 17 had a plasmaiodine concentration and thyroid clearance within the normal range for the region while 12 patients were iodine deficient in comparison to the former group. Extensive investigations of the 29 patients were performed including chromatography of the serum, urine and thyroid-gland digest and measurement of the iodine concentration and content of the goitrous tissue. No qualitative differences were found between the groups, on the contrary, a continuum existed, findings being related to the degree of iodine deficiency. Thus, the group with a low plasma inorganic iodine (PII) showed the largest goitres, lowest thyroid tissue iodine concentration and highest [125I] MIT/DIT and [125I] T3/T4 thyroid-tissue ratio. In the group with a "normal" PII concentration, iodoamino acid distribution in the para-adenomatous tissue was similar to that of "normal" thyroid glands in the present region, whereas nodular tissue compared with the goitrous tissue of the most iodine deficient group. Thus, only quantitative differences were found between the groups, and it is concluded that the goitres of both groups were due to iodine deficiency.

THE INFLUENCE OF THE PLASMA INORGANIC IODINE CONCENTRATION ON THYROID FUNCTION IN DEHALOGENASE DEFICIENCY

1967 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 361-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. McG. Harden ◽  
W. D. Alexander ◽  
S. Papadopoulos ◽  
M. T. Harrison ◽  
S. Macfarlane
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Hormone ◽  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Rapid Rise ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Hormone Synthesis ◽  
Thyroid Hormone Synthesis ◽  
Iodine Metabolism ◽  
Inorganic Iodine ◽  
Circulating Levels

ABSTRACT Iodine metabolism and thyroid function were studied in a patient with hypothyroidism and goitre due to dehalogenase deficiency. Initially the plasma inorganic iodine (PII) level was within the normal range but circulating levels of hormone were low and the thyroid clearance and absolute uptake of iodine (AIU) by the thyroid were high. Administration of iodide supplements resulted in a rapid rise in the plasma thyroxine concentration and restoration of the euthyroid state. Thyroid hormone synthesis appeared to proceed normally when the PII exceeded 1.0 μg/100 ml. This was achieved by increasing the intake of iodide by 612 μg per day. At PII levels around 10 μg/100 ml there was evidence of increased levels of circulating thyroid hormone.

scholarly journals Thyroglobulin Gene Mutations Producing Defective Intracellular Transport of Thyroglobulin Are Associated with Increased Thyroidal Type 2 Iodothyronine Deiodinase Activity

2007 ◽  
Vol 92 (4) ◽  
pp. 1451-1457 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasuhiko Kanou ◽  
Akira Hishinuma ◽  
Katsuhiko Tsunekawa ◽  
Koji Seki ◽  
Yutaka Mizuno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Intracellular Transport ◽  
Mrna Level ◽  
Thyroid Tissue ◽  
Compound Heterozygous ◽  
Free T4 ◽  
Iodothyronine Deiodinase ◽  
Normal Thyroid ◽  
Thyroid Glands

Abstract Context: Most patients with defective synthesis and/or secretion of thyroglobulin (Tg) present relatively high serum free T3 (FT3) concentrations with disproportionately low free T4 (FT4) resulting in a high FT3/FT4 ratio. The mechanism of this change in FT3/FT4 ratio remains unknown. Objective: We hypothesize that increased type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase (D2) activity in the thyroid gland may explain the higher FT3/FT4 ratio that is frequently observed in patients with abnormal Tg synthesis. Design: We recently identified a compound heterozygous patient (patient A) with a Tg G2356R mutation and one previously described (C1245R) that is known to cause a defect in intracellular transport of Tg. In the current study, after determining the abnormality caused by G2356R, we measured D2 activity as well as its mRNA level in the thyroid gland. We also measured the thyroidal D2 activity in three patients with Tg transport defect and in normal thyroid tissue. Results: Morphological and biochemical analysis of the thyroid gland from patient A, complemented by a pulse-chase experiment, revealed that G2356R produces a defect in intracellular Tg transport. D2 activity but not type 1 deiodinase in thyroid glands of patients with abnormal Tg transport was significantly higher than in normal thyroid glands, whereas D2 mRNA level in patient A was comparable with that in normal thyroid glands. Furthermore, there was a positive correlation between D2 activity and FT3/FT4 ratios. Conclusion: Increased thyroidal D2 activity in the thyroid gland is responsible for the higher FT3/FT4 ratios in patients with defective intracellular Tg transport.

scholarly journals Biochemical and Microstructural Profile of the Thyroid Gland from Lambs Raised on Experimental Diets

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 670-680
Author(s):  
Tatyana Giro ◽  
Andrey Kulikovsky ◽  
Alexandra Knyazeva ◽  
Ivan Domnitsky ◽  
Anna Giro
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Tissue ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Organic Iodine ◽  
Thyroid Glands ◽  
Negative Effect

Introduction. The present research featured biochemical and microstructural features of thyroid glands obtained from lambs raised on various feeds enriched with essential elements. The article focuses on iodine as the most important physiologically active microelement. Iodine participates in the synthesis of thyroid hormones, namely thyroxine and triiodothyronine, which are known to regulate metabolic processes. Iodine deficiency may impair reproductive function and cause such diseases as endemic goiter. Study objects and methods. The study involved thyroid glands from lambs of the Edilbaev breed aged seven months. The lambs were divided into four experimental groups, ten animals in each. The lambs received several feed additives. Ioddar-Zn and DAFS-25 had a balanced protein and carbohydrate content, while the mineral feed of Coretron brand contained such trace elements and minerals as iodine, selenium, and silicon. Results and discussion. The experiment made it possible to describe the microstructural profile of the thyroid glands extracted from seven-month-old lambs raised on feeds enriched with iodine and selenium. Ioddar-Zn and DAFS-25 did not harm the structure of the thyroid tissue, while causing its functional activation in some cases. The morphological parameters of the thyroid glands indicated some breed differences. The iodine concentration in the thyroid glands obtained from the experimental animals was five or six times higher than that in the control group. The content of mono- and diiodotyrosine depended on the accumulation profile of organic iodine. Conclusion. Diets enforced with DAFS-25, Ioddar-Zn, silicon, and a protein-carbohydrate complex produced no negative effect on the structure of the thyroid tissue. It fact, the diet increased the organic iodine content in the thyroid glands in the form of iodotyrosines. The gland structure revealed some cubic epithelium or follicular cells. The mass spectrometric studies confirmed the presence of covalently bound iodine in the form of mono- and diiodotyrosine. Thus, the abovementioned feed additives can be recommended for industrial use.

Effects of selenium deficiency on thyroid necrosis, fibrosis and proliferation: a possible role in myxoedematous cretinism

1995 ◽  
Vol 133 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernard Contempre ◽  
Jacques E Dumont ◽  
Jean-François Denel ◽  
Marie-Christine Many
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Thyroid Tissue ◽  
Selenium Deficiency ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Control Value ◽  
Thyroid Glands ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Dividing Cells ◽  
Cellular Defence

Contempre B, Dumont JE, Denef J-F, Many M-C. Effects of selenium deficiency on thyroid necrosis, fibrosis and proliferation: a possible role in myxoedematous cretinism. Eur J Endocrinol 1995;133:99–109. ISSN 0804–4643 It has been suggested that selenium deficiency is a co-factor to iodine deficiency in the pathogenesis of myxoedematous cretinism. The mechanism proposed is that the generation of hydrogen peroxide is greatly increased in iodine-deficient thyroid glands, and that selenium is involved in the control of hydrogen peroxide and its derived free radicals. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of the possibly impaired cellular defence mechanism associated with selenium deficiency on thyroid necrosis and tissue repair. For this purpose, we studied thyroid tissue from selenium- (SE–) and/or iodine-deficient (I–) rats before and after an acute toxic iodine overload. In I– thyroids, necrotic cells were numerous. Acute iodine administration increased this effect. Necrosis was associated with transient infiltration of inflammatory cells. In 1–SE+ thyroids the tissue resumed its normal appearance. In 1–SE– thyroid glands, the iodide toxicity was stronger, with greater necrosis and inflammatory reaction. The inflammation resolved but was replaced by fibrotic tissue. Fifteen days after the toxic overload, the connective tissue volume was twice the control value. Before iodide overload, the proportion of dividing cells was equal in 1–SE+ and 1–SE– thyroids. Three days after the iodide overload, this proportion was increased in 1–SE+ thyroids but reduced in the 1–SE– thyroids. Overall, the 1–SE– thyroids had four times fewer dividing cells than the 1–SE+ thyroids. In summary, selenium deficiency coupled to iodine deficiency increased necrosis, induced fibrosis and impeded compensatory epithelial cell proliferation. These results are compatible with histological and functional descriptions of thyroid tissue from myxoedematous cretins. B Contempre, IRIBHN, C.P. 602, Free University of Brussels, Medicine Faculty, 808 route de Lennik, B-1070 Brussels, Belgium

QUANTITATIVE UNTERSUCHUNGEN ÜBER DEN JODIDTRANSPORT IN ENDEMISCHEN KRÖPFEN UND GESUNDEN SCHILDDRÜSEN

1970 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 351-358
Author(s):  
G. Riccabona ◽  
L. Obendorf ◽  
P. Huber
Keyword(s):  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Thyroid Tissue ◽  
Endemic Goitre ◽  
Transport Capacity ◽  
Normal Thyroid Tissue ◽  
Adaptation Mechanism ◽  
Normal Thyroid ◽  
Iodide Transport ◽  
Thyroid Glands

ABSTRACT In a series of in vitro studies an attempt was made to quantitate thyroidal iodide transport in goitres and normal thyroid glands. All the specimens were obtained from patients living in an endemic goitre area. The iodide transport capacity was shown to be higher in normal thyroid tissue than in goitres. These findings in diseased glands represent an obvious impairment of the adaptation mechanism to iodine deficiency, and can explain the growth of goitres when iodide supply is only slightly diminished. As thyroidal iodide transport is known to be related to the energy metabolism of the thyroid gland, it is suggested, that disturbances of thyroidal energy and phospolipid metabolism might be responsible for the observed insufficiency of the thyroidal iodide pump in endemic goitres.

Thyroid epithelial cell proliferation in xenotransplanted human toxic nodular goitre is increased by Graves' IgG

1991 ◽  
Vol 125 (4) ◽  
pp. 416-419
Author(s):  
Staffan Smeds ◽  
Erik Jörtsö ◽  
Lennart Tegler
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Epithelial Cell ◽  
Thyroid Tissue ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Epithelial Cell Proliferation ◽  
Nodular Goitre ◽  
Normal Thyroid ◽  
Tissue Transplants ◽  
Nodular Tissue ◽  
Toxic Nodular Goitre

Abstract. Human toxic nodular goitre tissue was xenotransplanted to athymic mice. Transplant function was analysed as 18-h thyroid transplant uptake of iodide-125 at day 21 and again at 10 weeks after transplantation. Graves' IgG or IgG from healthy donors was given intraperitoneally daily day 22-35. Epithelial cell proliferation in thyroid tissue transplants from human toxic nodular goitre and from normal thyroid glands was analysed by continuous [3H]thymidine administration for 4 days between day 21 and 24 and for 12 days between day 21 and 33 in separate series given daily injections of Graves' IgG or normal IgG during the same period. After administration of Graves' IgG, the 18-h iodide-125 uptake by the toxic nodular tissue transplants was 7 times higher at 10 weeks than at 3 weeks. Control IgG gave a corresponding 1.6-fold increase. The fraction of labelled cells after [3H]thymidine incorporation was 18 and 56% in toxic nodular goitre transplants and 4 and 48% in normal thyroid tissue transplants after daily Graves' IgG administration for 4 and 12 days, respectively, but only 1.3% in both types of tissue transplants after administration of normal IgG. Graves' IgG therefore seems to be able to stimulate cell proliferation in toxic nodular goitre tissue.

»ENDEMIC COAST GOITRE« IN HOKKAIDO, JAPAN

1965 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hoji Suzuki ◽  
Tadashi Higuchi ◽  
Kunio Sawa ◽  
Sachiya Ohtaki ◽  
Yoshihiko Horiuchi
Keyword(s):  
Marked Decrease ◽  
Thyroid Tissue ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Northern Island ◽  
Iodine Level ◽  
Iodine Metabolism ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Inorganic Iodine ◽  
Usual Diet ◽  
Made In

ABSTRACT A survey of goitre was made in the goitrous regions on the coast of Hokkaido, the northern island of Japan. Prevalence of goitre was confirmed in Hidaka coast and Rishiri Island. All goitrous patients were clinically euthyroid. The usual diet of the inhabitants of these districts consisted of a large quantity of iodine-rich seaweeds. Urinary excretion of iodine in five patients exceeded 20 mg per day. Studies of 131I and 127I metabolism were performed both during ingestion and after restriction of seaweed. When the patients were taking their usual diet, the mean thyroidal 131I uptake in 57 patients was 9.6% at 3 hours and 11.7% at 24 hours. In five of seven patients plasma inorganic iodine and thyroidal iodine space were markedly increased. Significant discharge of thyroidal 131I followed administration of thiocyanate. After withdrawal of seaweed from their usual diet, the plasma inorganic iodine was below 2 μg/100 ml but the thyroidal stable iodine uptake was higher than normal, depending on increase in thyroidal 131I clearance rate. No discharge was shown by thiocyanate block. Plasma PBI and thyronine-iodine level and serum T3 resin uptake were within the normal range. Radiochromatography of the thyroid tissue of the goitrous patients showed an increase in MIT/DIT ratio and a decrease in T3 + T4 proportion. No evidence for peripheral defect in DIT-131I deiodination was obtained. In a few patients restriction of seaweed induced a marked decrease in the size of goitre. The major cause of the endemic coast goitre seems to be excessive and longstanding intake of iodine from seaweed, and the similarities of iodine metabolism between the endemic coast goitre and iodide goitre arc discussed.

THE EFFECT OF IODINE DEFICIENCY AND SUPPRESSION OF TSH SECRETION ON RADIOIODINE LABELLED THYROXINE AND TRIIODOTHYRONINE IN THE THYROID OF RATS

1971 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 377-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Emrich ◽  
A. v. zur Mühlen ◽  
G. Burmeister ◽  
H.-D. Zimmermann ◽  
R. Beckmann
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
The Other ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Tsh Secretion ◽  
Tsh Stimulation ◽  
Stimulation Of

ABSTRACT It has been suggested that TSH stimulation of the thyroid gland is accompanied by an alteration in the ratio of newly synthesized thyroxine (*T4)1)/triiodothyronine (*T3) in favour of *T3. Evidence in support of this hypothesis is provided here by the finding that suppression of TSH secretion in rats alters this ratio in the other direction, i. e. in favour of *T4. Thus, endogenous TSH stimulation was increased for 4 weeks by iodine deficiency. Its suppression was performed by the administration of T3, using a dose of 0.05-0.25 μg/100 g body weight which was injected subcutaneously every 12 hours for three days. The effect of TSH stimulation and suppression could be assessed from the following parameters: thyroid weight and histology, thyroid 131I uptake, 131I conversion ratio, hormonal iodine concentration, and TSH level in the plasma. After iodine deficiency the ratio of *T4/*T3 in the thyroid gland changed in favour of *T3. This may compensate for the iodine deficiency, since the oxygen consumption and the heart rate of the animals remained in the normal range. After suppression the ratio of *T4/*T3 changed in the opposite direction, i. e. in favour of *T4. The extent of the suppression of *T4 and *T3 was dependent on the suppression dose used.

scholarly journals Evaluation of median urinary iodine concentration cut-off for defining iodine deficiency in pregnant women after a long term USI in China

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Huidi Zhang ◽  
Meng Wu ◽  
Lichen Yang ◽  
Jinghuan Wu ◽  
Yichun Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Normal Thyroid ◽  
Normal Thyroid Function

Abstract Background The WHO/UNICEF/ICCIDD define iodine deficiency during pregnancy as median urinary iodine concentration (MUIC) ≤ 150 μg/L. China implemented universal salt iodization (USI) in 1995, and recent surveillance showed nationwide elimination of iodine deficiency disorders (IDD). Data from 2014 showed that the MUIC in 19,500 pregnant women was 154.6 μg/L and 145 μg/L in 9000 pregnant women in 2015. However, symptoms of iodine deficiency were absent. Our study sought to evaluate whether MUIC below 150 μg/L affects thyroid function of Chinese pregnant women and their newborns in Chinese context. Methods We screened 103 women with normal thyroid function and MUIC lower than 150 μg/L during week 6 of pregnancy at Peking Union Medical College Hospital. Patient demographics and dietary salt intake were recorded. Subjects were followed at 12, 24, and 32 gestational weeks. At each visit, a 3-day dietary record, drinking water samples, and edible salt samples were collected and analyzed for total dietary iodine intake. Additionally, 24-h urine iodine and creatinine were measured. Blood tests assessed thyroid function in both mothers and newborns. Results Of 103 pregnant women enrolled, 79 completed all follow-up visits. Most subjects maintained normal thyroid function throughout pregnancy. However, 19 had thyroid dysfunction based on thyroid stimulating hormone and free thyroxine levels. The median serum iodine was 71 μg/L (95% CI: 44, 109). The median thyroglobulin was < 13 μg/L. values above this level indicate iodine deficiency in pregnant women. The median dietary iodine intake during pregnancy, derived from the 3-day record and measures of water and salt, was 231.17 μg/d. Assuming 90% urinary iodine excretion (UIE), 200.11 μg/d UIE means the 222.34 μg iodine loss per day, suggesting that subjects had a positive iodine balance throughout pregnancy. All neonatal blood samples showed TSH levels lower than 10 mIU/L, indicating normal thyroid function. No significant difference was found among gestational weeks for urinary iodine, and the MUIC in subjects who completed 3 follow-up visits was 107.41 μg/L. Conclusion Twenty years after implementing USI, expectant Chinese mothers with MUIC of 107.4 μg/L, less than the WHO’s 150 μg/L benchmark, maintained thyroid function in both themselves and their newborn babies.

The CCK2-receptor is expressed in human medullary thyroid carcinomas as well as in normal thyroid tissue

2001 ◽  
Vol 120 (5) ◽  
pp. A507-A507
Author(s):  
M BLAEKER ◽  
A WEERTH ◽  
L JONAS ◽  
M TOMETTEN ◽  
M SCHUTZ ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Tissue ◽  
Normal Thyroid Tissue ◽  
Normal Thyroid ◽  
Medullary Thyroid ◽  
Thyroid Carcinomas ◽  
Cck2 Receptor ◽  
Medullary Thyroid Carcinomas
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