SEX DIMORPHISM IN THE ADRENAL OF HAMSTERS

1974 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 550-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Zieger ◽  
B. Lux ◽  
B. Kubatsch
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
The Other ◽  
Specific Function ◽  
Sex Dimorphism ◽  
Histological Changes ◽  
Zona Reticularis ◽  
Steroid Secretion ◽  
Golden Hamsters ◽  
Syrian Golden Hamsters

ABSTRACT The adrenals of the hamster differ in many respects from those of other mammals that have been studied so far. The higher weight and the higher steroid secretion of the male adrenal are conspicuous features. The adrenals of 144 Syrian golden hamsters between the 1st and 12th week of life were studied histologically and histometrically in order to see whether these sex differences also show up in the morphology of the adrenals. Histologically in both sexes a typical zonation in glomerulosa and fasciculata could be observed from the 2nd week onwards. Both zones consist of compact cells. Already at the end of the 4th week in some sections, sex-specific differences are found. From the 5th week up to the end of our experiment these differences are so pronounced that it is possible with 100% accuracy to determine the sex of the animal from the appearance of the adrenal: the zona reticularis of the female adrenal shows a higher cellularity than in the male adrenal. In males on the other hand, the cells are arranged less densely and development of intracellular vacuoles in the adjacent fasciculata and in the zona reticularis are seen. The histilogical sex differences are significant from the end of the 4th week up to the end of our study. Parallel with the histological changes a difference in the weights of the adrenals begins to appear from the 4th week onwards. The male adrenal glands are heavier than those of females. This weight difference can be confirmed statistically from the 6th week onwards. The studies provided a morphological basis for the reticularis of the adrenals of golden hamsters for the sex-specific function and weight.

scholarly journals Primate hippocampus size and organization are predicted by sociality but not diet

2019 ◽  
Vol 286 (1914) ◽  
pp. 20191712 ◽  
Author(s):  
Orlin S. Todorov ◽  
Vera Weisbecker ◽  
Emmanuel Gilissen ◽  
Karl Zilles ◽  
Alexandra A. de Sousa
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Home Range ◽  
Group Size ◽  
Phylogenetic Signal ◽  
Spatial Navigation ◽  
Ecological Factors ◽  
Hippocampal Volume ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sex Dimorphism ◽  
Cornu Ammonis

The hippocampus is well known for its roles in spatial navigation and memory, but it is organized into regions that have different connections and functional specializations. Notably, the region CA2 has a role in social and not spatial cognition, as is the case for the regions CA1 and CA3 that surround it. Here, we investigated the evolution of the hippocampus in terms of its size and organization in relation to the evolution of social and ecological variables in primates, namely home range, diet and different measures of group size. We found that the volumes within the whole cornu ammonis coevolve with group size, while only the volume of CA1 and subiculum can also be predicted by home range. On the other hand, diet, expressed as a shift from folivory towards frugivory, was shown to not be related to hippocampal volume. Interestingly, CA2 was shown to exhibit phylogenetic signal only against certain measures of group size, but not with ecological factors. We also found that sex differences in the hippocampus are related to body size sex dimorphism. This is in line with reports of sex differences in hippocampal volume in non-primates that are related to social structure and sex differences in behaviour. Our findings support the notion that in primates, the hippocampus is a mosaic structure evolving in line with social pressures, where certain subsections evolve in line with spatial ability too.

scholarly journals Primate hippocampus size and organization are predicted by sociality but not diet

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Orlin S. Todorov ◽  
Vera Weisbecker ◽  
Emmanuel Gilissen ◽  
Karl Zilles ◽  
Alexandra A. de Sousa
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Home Range ◽  
Group Size ◽  
Phylogenetic Signal ◽  
Spatial Navigation ◽  
Ecological Factors ◽  
Hippocampal Volume ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sex Dimorphism ◽  
Cornu Ammonis

AbstractThe hippocampus is well known for its roles in spatial navigation and memory, but it is organized into regions that have different connections and functional specializations. Notably, the region CA2 has a role in social and not spatial cognition, as is the case for the regions CA1 and CA3 that surround it. Here we investigated the evolution of the hippocampus in terms of its size and organization in relation to the evolution of social and ecological variables in primates, namely home range, diet and different measures of group size. We found that the volumes within the whole cornu ammonis coevolve with group size, while only the volume of CA1 and subiculum can also be predicted by home range. On the other hand, diet, expressed as a shift from folivory toward frugivory, was shown to not be related to hippocampal volume. Interestingly, CA2 was shown to exhibit phylogenetic signal only against certain measures of group size but not with ecological factors. We also found that sex differences in the hippocampus are related to body size sex dimorphism. This is in line with reports of sex differences in hippocampal volume in non-primates that are related to social structure and sex differences in behaviour. Our findings support the notion that in primates, the hippocampus is a mosaic structure evolving in line with social pressures, where certain subsections evolve in line with spatial ability too.

scholarly journals DIFFERENCES IN ADRENAL MORPHOLOGY IN MALE DARK AGOUTI, SPRAGUE-DAWLEY AND WISTAR RATS

1999 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 335-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenny M. Wilkinson ◽  
S. Halley ◽  
P. A. Towers
Keyword(s):  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Single Species ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dark Agouti ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Zona Reticularis ◽  
Functional Differences ◽  
Morphological Differences

There is little published information describing the differences in adrenal structure between strains of a single species despite quite well known functional differences. In this paper we report morphological differences in the adrenal glands between three strains of laboratory rat; Dark Agouti (DA), Sprague-Dawley (SD) and Wistar (W). Significant differences in adrenal weights (as a percentage of body weight) were not detected between any of the groups. While there were no significant differences in the volume of medullary or zonae glomerulosa or fasciculata tissue, the volume fraction for the zona reticularis was significantly smaller in DAs compared to the other strains. The functional significance of these differences is unknown. However, it is suggested that the reduced volume of zona reticularis tissue may contribute to a reduced capacity for glucocorticoid synthesis or storage.

scholarly journals MORPHOLOGICAL STUDIES IN EXPERIMENTAL CRETINISM

1913 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 636-652 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur L. Tatum
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Degenerative Changes ◽  
Morphological Studies ◽  
Cellular Changes ◽  
Anatomical Basis ◽  
Parenchymatous Organ ◽  
Islands Of Langerhans

In summarizing the findings of this paper it may be said that degenerative changes have been noted in practically every parenchymatous organ. Among these the most striking has been that of serous imbibition by the most active cells of these organs. In regard to the changes in the glands of internal secretion, the findings corroborate the statements of Cushing in regard to hypophysectomy, that removal of one gland of internal secretion results in changes in all the other glands. In this case, degenerative changes predominate in the hypophysis, thymus, ovary, and testis, while hyperplasia is seen in the islands of Langerhans and the medullas of the adrenal glands. Finally, in the rabbit athyroidism is responsible for grave degenerative changes in practically all organs and tissues of the body, and many of the symptoms of cretinism have an anatomical basis in organic cellular changes.

scholarly journals THE PATHOLOGIC EFFECTS OF STREPTOCOCCI FROM CASES OF POLIOMYELITIS AND OTHER SOURCES

1917 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 557-580 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carroll G. Bull
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
The Other ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Histological Changes ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
The Brain

Streptococci cultivated from the tonsils of thirty-two cases of poliomyelitis were used to inoculate various laboratory animals. In no case was a condition induced resembling poliomyelitis clinically or pathologically in guinea pigs, dogs, cats, rabbits, or monkeys. On the other hand, a considerable percentage of the rabbits and a smaller percentage of some of the other animals developed lesions due to streptococci. These lesions consisted of meningitis, meningo-encephalitis, abscess of the brain, arthritis, tenosynovitis, myositis, abscess of the kidney, endocarditis, pericarditis, and neuritis. No distinction in the character or frequency of the lesions could be determined between the streptococci derived from poliomyelitic patients and from other sources. Streptococci isolated from the poliomyelitic brain and spinal cord of monkeys which succumbed to inoculation with the filtered virus failed to induce in monkeys any paralysis or the characteristic histological changes of poliomyelitis. These streptococci are regarded as secondary bacterial invaders of the nervous organs. Monkeys which have recovered from infection with streptococci derived from cases of poliomyelitis are not protected from infection with the filtered virus, and their blood does not neutralize the filtered virus in vitro. We have failed to detect any etiologic or pathologic relationship between streptococci and epidemic poliomyelitis in man or true experimental poliomyelitis in the monkey.

Toward Understanding the Contributions of Sex and Situation to Behavior in a College Setting

1987 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 875-883
Author(s):  
Nancy Lipsitt ◽  
Rose R. Olver
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
The Other ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
College Setting ◽  
Female Subjects

The relative contribution of sex and situation has become a contested issue in the understanding of sex differences in behavior. In the present study, 20 male and 20 female undergraduates were asked to describe their behavior and thoughts in six everyday college situations. Three of the situations were constructed to be typically male and three typically female in content. The results indicate that men and women demonstrate sex-specific characteristics in their responses regardless of the type of situation presented. Men exhibited concern with separateness from others, while women exhibited concern with sustaining connection to others, even when faced with situations described to present demand properties that might be expected specifically to elicit the concern characteristic of the other sex. However, for these students the situation also made a difference: female-defined situations elicited the most masculine responses for both male and female subjects.

scholarly journals Stomach ulcers in vitamin A-deficient syrian golden hamsters.

1982 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 267-274
Author(s):  
Takanori HARADA ◽  
Shigeto YAMASHIRO ◽  
Paul D. MEADE ◽  
Parvathi K. BASRUR ◽  
Keizo MAITA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Golden Hamsters ◽  
Syrian Golden Hamsters ◽  
Stomach Ulcers

Sex Differences in Reward Allocation

1988 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 981-982
Author(s):  
Kerry C. Martin ◽  
Jay Hewitt
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Work Groups ◽  
The Self ◽  
The Other ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
Self Interest ◽  
Reward Allocation

Men and women were presented descriptions of two dyadic work groups. In both groups, one member of the dyad did approximately two-thirds of the work. For one of the groups, subjects were asked to imagine that they were the worker of high productivity while for the other group subjects were asked to imagine that they were impartial observers. Subjects were asked to divide the rewards among the two workers for both groups. Men and women did not differ in allocation of reward when acting as impartial observers. When subjects imagined themselves as the worker of high productivity, men gave themselves a greater share of the reward than did women. It was concluded that the results were consistent with the self-interest explanation of sex differences in allocation of reward.

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