EARLY STEPS IN THE FORMATION OF A TRANSLATION INITIATION COMPLEX ON NEWLY TRANSCRIBED MESSENGER RNA

1973 ◽  
Vol 74 (Suppl) ◽  
pp. S33-S53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michel Crépin ◽  
Jean-Claude Lelong ◽  
François Gros
Keyword(s):  
Translation Initiation ◽  
Transcription Initiation ◽  
Messenger Rna ◽  
Rna Synthesis ◽  
Initiation Factor ◽  
Initiation Complex ◽  
Initiator Trna ◽  
Transcription System ◽  
Run Off

ABSTRACT The aim of this study is to investigate how formation of a translation initiation complex affects the rate of transcription from a phage DNA template (λ plac or Ø 80 dlac DNA). Addition of "native" 30S ribosomes to a Ø 80 dlac in vitro transcription system (including limiting amounts of purified E. coli RNA polymerase and the requisite substrates) markedly enhances the rate of RNA synthesis. Factor free, 1 M NH4Cl washed 30S or 70S ribosomes show a weak albeit detectable activity, "run off 70S" or washed 50S being inefficient. Single addition of purified initiation factor IF3 greatly magnifies (about 2–3 fold) the stimulation obtained with washed 30S subunits, the effect being catalytic with respect to IF3; IF2 addition causes a weaker and stoichiometrical effect. Maximum stimulation (up to 6 fold) is achieved by the combined addition of washed ribosomes (30S or 70S), IF1, IF2, IF3 plus the highly purified fMet-tRNAfMet species. Under such conditions, very efficient initiator tRNA binding to nascent RNA does occur. Initiation factors show no activity in the absence of ribosomes. Kasugamycin greatly reduces the stimulation of RNA synthesis in the presence of the various translation elements. This system provides a new and very sensitive means to study the various factor dependent ribosome-messenger interactions even in the absence of initiator tRNA, thereby enabling one to analyze early translation initiation steps. Both the frequency of transcription initiation and the rate of RNA chain propagation appear to be enhanced when RNA synthesis and initiation of protein synthesis are coupled.

scholarly journals Function of the growth-regulated transcription initiation factor TIF-IA in initiation complex formation at the murine ribosomal gene promoter.

1993 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 6723-6732 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Schnapp ◽  
G Schnapp ◽  
B Erny ◽  
I Grummt
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Rna Polymerase ◽  
Transcription Initiation ◽  
Human Cells ◽  
Initiation Factor ◽  
Rrna Genes ◽  
Regulation Of Transcription ◽  
Initiation Complex ◽  
Transcription System ◽  
Transcription Initiation Factor

Alterations in the rate of cell proliferation are accompanied by changes in the transcription of rRNA genes. In mammals, this growth-dependent regulation of transcription of genes coding for rRNA (rDNA) is due to reduction of the amount or activity of an essential transcription factor, called TIF-IA. Extracts prepared from quiescent cells lack this factor activity and, therefore, are transcriptionally inactive. We have purified TIF-IA from exponentially growing cells and have shown that it is a polypeptide with a molecular mass of 75 kDa which exists as a monomer in solution. Using a reconstituted transcription system consisting of purified transcription factors, we demonstrate that TIF-IA is a bona fide transcription initiation factor which interacts with RNA polymerase I. Preinitiation complexes can be assembled in the absence of TIF-IA, but formation of the first phosphodiester bonds of nascent rRNA is precluded. After initiation, TIF-IA is liberated from the initiation complex and facilitates transcription from templates bearing preinitiation complexes which lack TIF-IA. Despite the pronounced species specificity of class I gene transcription, this growth-dependent factor has been identified not only in mouse but also in human cells. Murine TIF-IA complements extracts from both growth-inhibited mouse and human cells. The analogous human activity appears to be similar or identical to that of TIF-IA. Therefore, despite the fact that the RNA polymerase transcription system has evolved sufficiently rapidly that an rDNA promoter from one species will not function in another species, the basic mechanisms that adapt ribosome synthesis to cell proliferation have been conserved.

scholarly journals The A1 x U72 base pair conserved in eukaryotic initiator tRNAs is important specifically for binding to the eukaryotic translation initiation factor eIF2.

1996 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. 4248-4256 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Farruggio ◽  
J Chaudhuri ◽  
U Maitra ◽  
U L RajBhandary
Keyword(s):  
Translation Initiation ◽  
Base Pair ◽  
Translation Initiation Factor ◽  
Initiation Factor ◽  
Trna Genes ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
80S Ribosome ◽  
Subsequent Formation ◽  
Initiator Trna

The formation of a specific ternary complex between eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2), the initiator methionyl-tRNA (Met-tRNA), and GTP is a critical step in translation initiation in the cytoplasmic protein-synthesizing system of eukaryotes. We show that the A1 x U72 base pair conserved at the end of the acceptor stem in eukaryotic and archaebacterial initiator methionine tRNAs plays an important role in this interaction. We changed the A1 x U72 base pair of the human initiator tRNA to G1 x C72 and expressed the wild-type and mutant tRNA genes in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae by using constructs previously developed in our laboratory for expression of the human initiator tRNA gene in yeasts. We show that both the wild-type and mutant human initiator tRNAs are aminoacylated well in vivo. We have isolated the wild-type and mutant human initiator tRNAs in substantially pure form, free of the yeast initiator tRNA, and have analyzed their properties in vitro. The G1 x C72 mutation affects specifically the binding affinity of eIF2 for the initiator tRNA. It has no effect on the subsequent formation of 40S or 80S ribosome initiator Met-tRNA-AUG initiation complexes in vitro or on the puromycin reactivity of the Met-tRNA in the 80S initiation complex.

scholarly journals Structure of a human 48S translational initiation complex

Science ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 369 (6508) ◽  
pp. 1220-1227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jailson Brito Querido ◽  
Masaaki Sokabe ◽  
Sebastian Kraatz ◽  
Yuliya Gordiyenko ◽  
J. Mark Skehel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Translation Initiation ◽  
Messenger Rna ◽  
Initiation Factor ◽  
Start Codon ◽  
Exit Channel ◽  
Eukaryotic Initiation Factor ◽  
Initiation Complex ◽  
Translational Initiation ◽  
Cryo Electron Microscopy ◽  
Cap Binding Complex

A key step in translational initiation is the recruitment of the 43S preinitiation complex by the cap-binding complex [eukaryotic initiation factor 4F (eIF4F)] at the 5′ end of messenger RNA (mRNA) to form the 48S initiation complex (i.e., the 48S). The 48S then scans along the mRNA to locate a start codon. To understand the mechanisms involved, we used cryo–electron microscopy to determine the structure of a reconstituted human 48S. The structure reveals insights into early events of translation initiation complex assembly, as well as how eIF4F interacts with subunits of eIF3 near the mRNA exit channel in the 43S. The location of eIF4F is consistent with a slotting model of mRNA recruitment and suggests that downstream mRNA is unwound at least in part by being “pulled” through the 40S subunit during scanning.

scholarly journals Mutational Analysis of Mammalian Translation Initiation Factor 5 (eIF5): Role of Interaction between the β Subunit of eIF2 and eIF5 in eIF5 Function In Vitro and In Vivo

2000 ◽  
Vol 20 (11) ◽  
pp. 3942-3950 ◽  
Author(s):  
Supratik Das ◽  
Umadas Maitra
Keyword(s):  
Translation Initiation ◽  
Double Point ◽  
Mutational Analysis ◽  
Translation Initiation Factor ◽  
Initiation Factor ◽  
Translation System ◽  
Β Subunit ◽  
Initiation Complex

ABSTRACT Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5 (eIF5) interacts with the 40S initiation complex (40S–eIF3–AUG–Met-tRNAf–eIF2–GTP) to promote the hydrolysis of ribosome-bound GTP. eIF5 also forms a complex with eIF2 by interacting with the β subunit of eIF2. In this work, we have used a mutational approach to investigate the importance of eIF5-eIF2β interaction in eIF5 function. Binding analyses with recombinant rat eIF5 deletion mutants identified the C terminus of eIF5 as the eIF2β-binding region. Alanine substitution mutagenesis at sites within this region defined several conserved glutamic acid residues in a bipartite motif as critical for eIF5 function. The E346A,E347A and E384A,E385A double-point mutations each caused a severe defect in the binding of eIF5 to eIF2β but not to eIF3-Nip1p, while a eIF5 hexamutant (E345A,E346A,E347A,E384A,E385A,E386A) showed negligible binding to eIF2β. These mutants were also severely defective in eIF5-dependent GTP hydrolysis, in 80S initiation complex formation, and in the ability to stimulate translation of mRNAs in an eIF5-dependent yeast cell-free translation system. Furthermore, unlike wild-type rat eIF5, which can functionally substitute for yeast eIF5 in complementing in vivo a genetic disruption of the chromosomal copy of the TIF5 gene, the eIF5 double-point mutants allowed only slow growth of this ΔTIF5 yeast strain, while the eIF5 hexamutant was unable to support cell growth and viability of this strain. These findings suggest that eIF5-eIF2β interaction plays an essential role in eIF5 function in eukaryotic cells.

Function of the growth-regulated transcription initiation factor TIF-IA in initiation complex formation at the murine ribosomal gene promoter

1993 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 6723-6732
Author(s):  
A Schnapp ◽  
G Schnapp ◽  
B Erny ◽  
I Grummt
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Rna Polymerase ◽  
Transcription Initiation ◽  
Human Cells ◽  
Initiation Factor ◽  
Rrna Genes ◽  
Regulation Of Transcription ◽  
Initiation Complex ◽  
Transcription System ◽  
Transcription Initiation Factor

Alterations in the rate of cell proliferation are accompanied by changes in the transcription of rRNA genes. In mammals, this growth-dependent regulation of transcription of genes coding for rRNA (rDNA) is due to reduction of the amount or activity of an essential transcription factor, called TIF-IA. Extracts prepared from quiescent cells lack this factor activity and, therefore, are transcriptionally inactive. We have purified TIF-IA from exponentially growing cells and have shown that it is a polypeptide with a molecular mass of 75 kDa which exists as a monomer in solution. Using a reconstituted transcription system consisting of purified transcription factors, we demonstrate that TIF-IA is a bona fide transcription initiation factor which interacts with RNA polymerase I. Preinitiation complexes can be assembled in the absence of TIF-IA, but formation of the first phosphodiester bonds of nascent rRNA is precluded. After initiation, TIF-IA is liberated from the initiation complex and facilitates transcription from templates bearing preinitiation complexes which lack TIF-IA. Despite the pronounced species specificity of class I gene transcription, this growth-dependent factor has been identified not only in mouse but also in human cells. Murine TIF-IA complements extracts from both growth-inhibited mouse and human cells. The analogous human activity appears to be similar or identical to that of TIF-IA. Therefore, despite the fact that the RNA polymerase transcription system has evolved sufficiently rapidly that an rDNA promoter from one species will not function in another species, the basic mechanisms that adapt ribosome synthesis to cell proliferation have been conserved.

scholarly journals OseIF3h Regulates Plant Growth and Pollen Development at Translational Level Presumably through Interaction with OsMTA2

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1101
Author(s):  
Yuqing Huang ◽  
Peng Zheng ◽  
Xuejiao Liu ◽  
Hao Chen ◽  
Jumin Tu
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Translation Initiation ◽  
Pollen Development ◽  
Messenger Rna ◽  
Protein Biosynthesis ◽  
Translation Initiation Factor ◽  
Initiation Factor ◽  
Sequencing Data ◽  
Knock Out ◽  
Translational Level

The initiation stage of protein biosynthesis is a sophisticated process tightly regulated by numerous initiation factors and their associated components. However, the mechanism underlying translation initiation has not been completely understood in rice. Here, we showed knock-out mutation of the rice eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit h (OseIF3h) resulted in plant growth retardation and seed-setting rate reduction as compared to the wild type. Further investigation demonstrated an interaction between OseIF3h and OsMTA2 (mRNA adenosine methylase 2), a rice homolog of METTL3 (methyltransferase-like 3) in mammals, which provided new insight into how N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification of messenger RNA (mRNA) is engaged in the translation initiation process in monocot species. Moreover, the RIP-seq (RNA immunoprecipitation sequencing) data suggested that OseIF3h was involved in multiple biological processes, including photosynthesis, cellular metabolic process, precursor metabolites, and energy generation. Therefore, we infer that OseIF3h interacts with OsMTA2 to target a particular subset of genes at translational level, regulating plant growth and pollen development.

scholarly journals Circadian clock control of eIF2α phosphorylation is necessary for rhythmic translation initiation

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (20) ◽  
pp. 10935-10945 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shanta Karki ◽  
Kathrina Castillo ◽  
Zhaolan Ding ◽  
Olivia Kerr ◽  
Teresa M. Lamb ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Clock ◽  
Translation Initiation ◽  
Translation Initiation Factor ◽  
Initiation Factor ◽  
Nutrient Metabolism ◽  
Eif2α Phosphorylation ◽  
Eif2α Kinase ◽  
The Impact

The circadian clock in eukaryotes controls transcriptional and posttranscriptional events, including regulation of the levels and phosphorylation state of translation factors. However, the mechanisms underlying clock control of translation initiation, and the impact of this potential regulation on rhythmic protein synthesis, were not known. We show that inhibitory phosphorylation of eIF2α (P-eIF2α), a conserved translation initiation factor, is clock controlled in Neurospora crassa, peaking during the subjective day. Cycling P-eIF2α levels required rhythmic activation of the eIF2α kinase CPC-3 (the homolog of yeast and mammalian GCN2), and rhythmic activation of CPC-3 was abolished under conditions in which the levels of charged tRNAs were altered. Clock-controlled accumulation of P-eIF2α led to reduced translation during the day in vitro and was necessary for the rhythmic synthesis of select proteins in vivo. Finally, loss of rhythmic P-eIF2α levels led to reduced linear growth rates, supporting the idea that partitioning translation to specific times of day provides a growth advantage to the organism. Together, these results reveal a fundamental mechanism by which the clock regulates rhythmic protein production, and provide key insights into how rhythmic translation, cellular energy, stress, and nutrient metabolism are linked through the levels of charged versus uncharged tRNAs.

scholarly journals Dual modulation of Ras-Mnk and PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathways: A Novel c-FLIP inhibitory mechanism of 3-AWA mediated translational attenuation through dephosphorylation of eIF4E

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Reyaz ur Rasool ◽  
Bilal Rah ◽  
Hina Amin ◽  
Debasis Nayak ◽  
Souneek Chakraborty ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Translation Initiation ◽  
Cell Cycle Progression ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Translation Initiation Factor ◽  
Initiation Factor ◽  
Apoptosis Resistance ◽  
Nih3t3 Cells ◽  
Eukaryotic Translation ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Abstract The eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) is considered as a key survival protein involved in cell cycle progression, transformation and apoptosis resistance. Herein, we demonstrate that medicinal plant derivative 3-AWA (from Withaferin A) suppressed the proliferation and metastasis of CaP cells through abrogation of eIF4E activation and expression via c-FLIP dependent mechanism. This translational attenuation prevents the de novo synthesis of major players of metastatic cascades viz. c-FLIP, c-Myc and cyclin D1. Moreover, the suppression of c-FLIP due to inhibition of translation initiation complex by 3-AWA enhanced FAS trafficking, BID and caspase 8 cleavage. Further ectopically restored c-Myc and GFP-HRas mediated activation of eIF4E was reduced by 3-AWA in transformed NIH3T3 cells. Detailed underlying mechanisms revealed that 3-AWA inhibited Ras-Mnk and PI3-AKT-mTOR, two major pathways through which eIF4E converges upon eIF4F hub. In addition to in vitro studies, we confirmed that 3-AWA efficiently suppressed tumor growth and metastasis in different mouse models. Given that 3-AWA inhibits c-FLIP through abrogation of translation initiation by co-targeting mTOR and Mnk-eIF4E, it (3-AWA) can be exploited as a lead pharmacophore for promising anti-cancer therapeutic development.

scholarly journals Translation initiation factor 4A from Saccharomyces cerevisiae: analysis of residues conserved in the D-E-A-D family of RNA helicases.

1991 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 3463-3471 ◽  
Author(s):  
S R Schmid ◽  
P Linder
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Translation Initiation ◽  
Translation Initiation Factor ◽  
Initiation Factor ◽  
Clear Correlation ◽  
Temperature Sensitive ◽  
Rna Helicases ◽  
Initiation Of Translation

The eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4A (eIF-4A) possesses an in vitro helicase activity that allows the unwinding of double-stranded RNA. This activity is dependent on ATP hydrolysis and the presence of another translation initiation factor, eIF-4B. These two initiation factors are thought to unwind mRNA secondary structures in preparation for ribosome binding and initiation of translation. To further characterize the function of eIF-4A in cellular translation and its interaction with other elements of the translation machinery, we have isolated mutations in the TIF1 and TIF2 genes encoding eIF-4A in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We show that three highly conserved domains of the D-E-A-D protein family, encoding eIF-4A and other RNA helicases, are essential for protein function. Only in rare cases could we make a conservative substitution without affecting cell growth. The mutants show a clear correlation between their growth and in vivo translation rates. One mutation that results in a temperature-sensitive phenotype reveals an immediate decrease in translation activity following a shift to the nonpermissive temperature. These in vivo results confirm previous in vitro data demonstrating an absolute dependence of translation on the TIF1 and TIF2 gene products.

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