PERIPHERAL PLASMA LEVELS OF OESTRONE, OESTRADIOL-17β AND PROGESTERONE DURING OVULATORY MENSTRUAL CYCLES IN THE RHESUS MONKEY WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE ONSET OF MENSTRUATION

1973 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 732-742 ◽  
Author(s):  
William T. K. Bosu ◽  
Elof D. B. Johansson ◽  
Carl Gemzell
Keyword(s):  
Macaca Mulatta ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Vaginal Bleeding ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Menstrual Cycles ◽  
Peripheral Plasma ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Low Levels

ABSTRACT The levels of oestrone (E1)*, oestradiol-17β (E2) and progesterone (P) were determined simultaneously by radioimmunoassay in serial peripheral plasma samples from 11 rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) during ovulatory menstrual cycles. In 3 other monkeys luteectomy was performed on day 20 or 21 of the menstrual cycle. The mean plasma levels of oestradiol-17β predominated over the mean E1 during the follicular phase, but during the luteal phase the E1 and E2 patterns varied widely. Before menstruation, increased or unchanged levels of E1 and E2 were mostly found. The decrease found in a few monkeys never reached the low levels found during the days after the midcycle peak. The plasma levels of progesterone increased from less than 0.2 ng/ml during the follicular phase to maximal values within 3 to 4 days after the midcycle peak of oestradiol-17β. The plasma levels of progesterone decreased to less than 1 ng/ml and remained low for 3 to 5 days before menstruation. In the luteectomized monkeys the plasma levels of P, E1 and E2 fell dramatically within 24 h and vaginal bleeding was detected within 72 h post-operatively. In 2 of the 3 luteectomized monkeys the levels of E1 and E2 increased before the bleeding. The ratio of oestrogens (oestradiol-17β and oestrone) over progesterone changed markedly in favour of the oestrogens during the pre-menstrual period. It is concluded that the patterns of progesterone and oestrogens are divergent during the luteal phase. The maximal levels of progesterone are reached early while the maximal levels of oestrogens are reached later during the luteal phase.

PATTERNS OF CIRCULATING OESTRONE, OESTRADIOL-17β AND PROGESTERONE DURING PREGNANCY IN THE RHESUS MONKEY

1973 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 743-755 ◽  
Author(s):  
William T. K. Bosu ◽  
Elof D. B. Johansson ◽  
Carl Gemzell
Keyword(s):  
Macaca Mulatta ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Gestational Period ◽  
The Third ◽  
Peripheral Plasma ◽  
Post Partum Period ◽  
Time Courses

ABSTRACT The maternal peripheral plasma levels of oestrone (E1)*, oestradiol-17β (E2) and progesterone (P) were determined by RIA during pregnancy in 8 rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Of special interest were the time courses and the inter-relationships of these steroids during the first month of pregnancy and during the pre- and post-parturient periods. A significant increase in the plasma levels of E1 and E2 occurred at the end of the fertile cycle and lasted for several days and again during the last week before parturition. The plasma levels of E1 and E2 fell dramatically after parturition and remained low during the immediate post-partum period. Two surges in the progesterone levels in plasma occurred at the end of the third week of the fertile cycle and between day 34 and 46 after the onset of menstruation. The progesterone levels in plasma during the remaining gestational period varied widely but a significant increase was found during the days before parturition. A decrease in the plasma levels of P was observed after parturition but the levels of P did not reach follicular phase levels during the post-partum period studied. The possibility of oestrogen secretion from follicles stimulated by chorionic gonadotrophins is discussed as well as the release of prostaglandins by oestrogen before parturition.

LUTEINIZING HORMONE (LH) AND PROGESTERONE IN PLASMA AND LH AND OESTROGENS IN URINE DURING 42 NORMAL MENSTRUAL CYCLES

1971 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 502-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elof D. B. Johansson ◽  
Leif Wide ◽  
Carl Gemzell
Keyword(s):  
Luteinizing Hormone ◽  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Maximum Level ◽  
Plasma Progesterone ◽  
Menstrual Cycles ◽  
Normal Menstrual Cycle ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Second Peak

ABSTRACT The plasma levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) and progesterone and the urinary excretion of LH and oestrogens were measured during the normal menstrual cycle of 22 young and healthy women. A total of 42 cycles were investigated. The urinary excretion of total oestrogens increased during several days before the rise of LH in the urine. The day of maximum excretion of LH and total oestrogens coincided during the midcycle period. The mid-cyclic rise in LH was found to occur on the same day in the plasma and urine and the days of maximum values coincided in 11 out of 16 cycles. In 5 cycles the maximum level was reached one day later in the urine. The plasma levels of progesterone started to increase during the LH and oestrogen peaks. The days for maximum levels of progesterone coincided with the second peak of urinary oestrogens. The levels of progesterone in the plasma reached values above 10 ng per ml in all normal cycles. The plasma levels of progesterone were below 1 ng per ml plasma when menstrual bleeding started. The length of the luteal phase was 14.4 ± 1.1 (s) days. The sum of daily urinary excretion of total oestrogens and the sum of the daily plasma progesterone levels varied within 15 per cent of the mean in five out of six women studied during more than two cycles. The variation in values for the sums of daily oestrogen excretion and plasma progesterone levels was considerably larger between menstrual cycles of different women than between menstrual cycles of the same woman.

INFLUENCE OF OOPHORECTOMY, LUTEECTOMY, FOETAL DEATH AND DEXAMETHASONE ON THE PERIPHERAL PLASMA LEVELS OF OESTROGENS AND PROGESTERONE IN THE PREGNANT MACACA MULATTA

1974 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 601-616 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. T. K. Bosu ◽  
E. D. B. Johansson ◽  
C. Gemzell
Keyword(s):  
Rhesus Monkey ◽  
Macaca Mulatta ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Deleterious Effect ◽  
Maternal Plasma ◽  
Relative Influence ◽  
Foetal Death ◽  
Bilateral Oophorectomy ◽  
Peripheral Plasma

ABSTRACT The influence of bilateral oophorectomy, luteectomy, dexamethasone injections and foetal death on the peripheral plasma levels of oestrogens1) and progesterone was studied in pregnant rhesus monkeys. After bilateral oophorectomy and luteectomy, pregnancy proceeded normally and the plasma levels of oestrogens and progesterone attained levels similar to those in intact monkeys, but the progesterone levels after parturition were comparatively lower. Dexamethasone injections into pregnant monkeys had no deleterious effect on the outcome of gestation. Abrupt and dramatic decreases in total oestrogens, oestrone and oestradiol levels occurred during dexamethasone injections into intact and oophorectomized pregnant monkeys but no significant changes in progesterone levels in plasma were observed. Spontaneous intra-uterine foetal death was accompanied by decrease in oestrogens, but no changes in the plasma levels of progesterone. In experimentally induced foetal death, the oestrogen and progesterone levels in plasma decreased prior to abortion. These data demonstrate the relative influence of the ovaries, adrenals and the placenta on the maternal plasma levels of oestrogens and progesterone in the pregnant rhesus monkey.

Inhibition of folliculogenesis in the monkey following early follicular phase administration of an LRH agonist

1984 ◽  
Vol 106 (4) ◽  
pp. 538-543 ◽  
Author(s):  
John W. Wilks
Keyword(s):  
Corpus Luteum ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Uterine Bleeding ◽  
Luteinizing Hormone Releasing Hormone ◽  
Menstrual Cycles ◽  
Serum Lh ◽  
Early Follicular Phase ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Cessation Of Treatment

Abstract. This study was undertaken to determine if early follicular phase administration of a synthetic luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LRH) agonist would produce luteal phase defects in the monkey. (D-His-(im-Bzl)6,Pro9]LRH n-ethylamide was administered to groups of rhesus monkeys on days 1–3 of the menstrual cycle. Two responses were observed: a) anovulatory menstrual cycles of less than 14 days duration, and b) ovulatory menstrual cycles characterized by unusually long follicular phases. All 4 monkeys with shortened menstrual cycles had prominent increases in serum gonadotrophin and oestradiol concentrations during treatment with the LRH agonist; early menses in these animals was attributed to uterine bleeding upon oestrogen withdrawal. Serum FSH concentrations declined, serum LH concentrations were unaltered, and only 2 of 8 monkeys had elevations in serum oestradiol during ovulatory menstrual cycles. The mean interval from cessation of treatment with the LRH agonist to the next preovulatory gonadotrophin surge was 21.5 ± 3.2 days in ovulatory menstrual cycles. Corpus luteum function was normal following treatment with the LRH agonist in ovulatory cycles. The results indicate that both the long and short menstrual cycles observed following early follicular phase administration of the LRH agonist to monkeys can be attributed to a profound inhibition in follicle recruitment. [D-His(im-Bzl)6,Pro9]LRH n-ethylamide did not alter corpus luteum function in the monkey.

PERIPHERAL PLASMA LEVELS OF 17α-HYDROXYPROGESTERONE, PROGESTERONE AND OESTRADIOL DURING NORMAL MENSTRUAL CYCLES IN WOMEN

1972 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 743-754 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tore H:son Holmdahl ◽  
Elof D. B. Johansson
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Cycle Length ◽  
Gel Chromatography ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Menstrual Cycles ◽  
Peripheral Plasma ◽  
Competitive Protein Binding ◽  
Human Menstrual Cycle

ABSTRACT Liquid-gel chromatography on hydroxyalkoxypropyl Sephadex has been used to separate 17α-hydroxyprogesterone* and progesterone from interfering steroids prior to assay by competitive protein binding. During the luteal phase 0.5 ml of plasma was enough for determinations of both steroids. Fifteen samples could be assayed in less than 48 h. Oestradiol in plasma was assayed by radioimmunoassay. Daily blood samples were collected during 10 normal menstrual cycles in young, healthy women. The average cycle length was 29.7±2.0 (sd) days. 17α-hydroxyprogesterone displayed a midcyclic peak averaging 1.86±0.70 (sd) ng per ml coinciding with a midcyclic peak of oestradiol averaging 16.50± 5.95 (sd) ng per 100 ml of plasma. The highest luteal phase level of 17α-hydroxyprogesterone was 1.94 ±0.72 (sd) ng per ml. The corresponding levels for oestradiol were 9.1 ±3.8 (sd) ng per 100 ml. Progesterone formed a luteal plateau averaging 12.3±2.3 (sd) days. The highest luteal level of progesterone was 14.6±2.1 (sd) ng per ml. The peripheral plasma pattern of 17α-hydroxyprogesterone seems to mimic that of oestradiol during the human menstrual cycle.

SERUM LH DURING OVULATORY AND ANOVULATORY MENSTRUAL CYCLES IN MACAQUES

1973 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. 751-758 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Mori ◽  
E. S. E. Hafez ◽  
S. Jaszczak ◽  
H. Kanagawa
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Peak Concentration ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Lh Surge ◽  
Menstrual Cycles ◽  
Bonnet Macaques ◽  
Serum Lh ◽  
The Mean

ABSTRACT Serum LH concentration was measured by radioimmunoassay, in peripheral blood obtained daily throughout 21 ovulatory and 3 anovulatory cycles in 18 crab-eating macaques (M. fascicularis) and 7 cycles in 4 bonnet macaques (M. radiata). The occurrence of ovulation was determined by laparoscopic and/or laparotomic examinations in both macaque species. A single mid-cycle peak in LH concentration was detected. LH concentrations were similar during the follicular and luteal phase of the cycle and increased abruptly to approximately a 2–10 fold rise at mid-cycle. LH surge occurred predominantly as a single distinctive peak lasting for one day. In some cycles additional burst in LH concentration occurred 2–4 days after the main LH peak. Ovulation occurred about 6–24 hours after the peak concentration of serum LH. At the time of LH surge, the cervical mucus showed maximal quantity, spinnbarkeit and arborization. The pre-ovulatory LH surge occurred most frequently on Days 10–13 of the cycle. The variability of the length of the menstrual cycle was due primarily to variation in duration of follicular phase, whereas the luteal phase was remarkably constant. Anovulatory cycles were unaccompanied by mid-cycle LH surge. The mean value of serum LH concentration in anovulatory cycles was similar to the pre- and post-peak serum LH levels in ovulatory cycles. Serum LH was seldom flat but there were often rhythmic oscillations ranging from 20 to 100% of calculated mean value of serum LH.

PERIPHERAL PLASMA LEVELS OF OESTROGENS, PROGESTERONE AND 17α-HYDROXYPROGESTERONE DURING THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE OF THE RHESUS MONKEY

1972 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 755-764 ◽  
Author(s):  
William T. K. Bosu ◽  
Tore H:son Holmdahl ◽  
Elof D. B. Johansson ◽  
Carl Gemzell
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Rhesus Monkey ◽  
Steroid Hormones ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Peak Plasma ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Plasma Samples ◽  
Peripheral Plasma ◽  
Small Rise

ABSTRACT Concentrations of oestrogens*, progesterone and 17α-hydroxyprogesterone were determined in daily peripheral plasma samples during one normal menstrual cycle in eight rhesus monkeys. The oestrogens were measured by a rapid radioimmunoassay. Progesterone and 17α-hydroxyprogesterone were determined by competitive protein binding techniques subsequent to column separation on hydrophobic Sephadex. Oestrone and oestradiol in pooled plasma samples were determined by radioimmunoassay after column chromatography. The plasma concentration of oestrogen showed a gradual late follicular rise to a midcyclic peak followed by an abrupt fall for 1–2 days and a subsequent small rise to concentrations similar to those preceding the mid-cyclic peak. Plasma levels of progesterone were below 1 ng per ml before the mid-cyclic peak of oestrogens but rose significantly one day after the oestrogen peak, and reached a luteal plateau (range 3.4–11.3 ng per ml) five to six days later. The plasma levels of 17α-hydroxyprogesterone increase paralleled the mid-cyclic peak of oestrogens. The luteal phase pattern of 17α-hydroxyprogesterone mirrored the progesterone pattern, but the concentration was somewhat lower than for progesterone. All three steroid hormones measured decreased prior to the onset of the menstrual bleeding. Oestradiol (2.4–6.9 ng per 100 ml) dominated over oestrone (1–3.2 ng per 100 ml) in the follicular phase while the reverse was true during the luteal phase. The ratio of E2:E1 was 2:1 or higher in the follicular phase, but during the late luteal phase the ratio was reversed. The patterns of the three steroid hormones observed during the menstrual cycle were qualitatively similar to those reported in women, but quantitatively the oestrogen and progesterone levels were lower, while the levels of 17α-hydroxyprogesterone were higher in the rhesus monkey.

PERIPHERAL PLASMA LEVELS OF OESTROGENS, PROGESTERONE AND 17α-HYDROXYPROGESTERONE DURING GESTATION IN THE RHESUS MONKEY

1973 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 348-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
William T. K. Bosu ◽  
Elof D. B. Johansson ◽  
Carl Gemzell
Keyword(s):  
Rhesus Monkey ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Normal Pregnancy ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Gestation Period ◽  
Peripheral Plasma ◽  
Post Partum Period

ABSTRACT Peripheral plasma levels of oestrogens1), progesterone and 17α-hydroxyprogesterone were measured during normal pregnancy in seven rhesus monkeys. The plasma concentrations of oestrogens ranged between 200 and 1300 pg/ml throughout the gestation period. Increases in the levels of oestrogens in plasma occurred several days before parturition. The plasma concentrations of progesterone ranged between 0.5 and 22 ng/ml during pregnancy. The concentrations of oestrogens decreased dramatically after parturition and remained low during the post-partum period. The concentration of progesterone decreased after parturition, but did not reach follicular phase levels during the period observed. The plasma levels of 17α-hydroxyprogesterone were low throughout the gestation period and during the post-partum period.

Studies of the oestrous cycle, oestrus and pregnancy in the koala (Phascolarctos cinereus)

Reproduction ◽  
2000 ◽  
pp. 49-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
SD Johnston ◽  
MR McGowan ◽  
P O'Callaghan ◽  
R Cox ◽  
V Nicolson
Keyword(s):  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
External Genitalia ◽  
Oestrous Cycle ◽  
Phascolarctos Cinereus ◽  
Pregnant Females ◽  
Peripheral Plasma ◽  
The Mean ◽  
High Concentrations

As an integral part of the development of an artificial insemination programme in the captive koala, female reproductive physiology and behaviour were studied. The oestrous cycle in non-mated and mated koalas was characterized by means of behavioural oestrus, morphology of external genitalia and changes in the peripheral plasma concentrations of oestradiol and progestogen. The mean (+/- SEM) duration of the non-mated oestrous cycle and duration of oestrus in 12 koalas was 32.9 +/- 1.1 (n = 22) and 10.3 +/- 0.9 (n = 24) days, respectively. Although the commencement of oestrous behaviour was associated with increasing or high concentrations of oestradiol, there were no consistent changes in the morphology or appearance of the clitoris, pericloacal region, pouch or mammary teats that could be used to characterize the non-mated cycle. As progestogen concentrations remained at basal values throughout the interoestrous period, non-mated cycles were considered non-luteal and presumed anovulatory. After mating of the 12 koalas, six females gave birth with a mean (+/- SEM) gestation of 34.8 +/- 0.3 days, whereas the remaining six non-parturient females returned to oestrus 49.5 +/- 1. 0 days later. After mating, oestrous behaviour ceased and the progestogen profile showed a significant increase in both pregnant and non-parturient females, indicating that a luteal phase had been induced by the physical act of mating. Progestogen concentrations throughout the luteal phase of the pregnant females were significantly higher than those of non-parturient females. Parturition was associated with a decreasing concentration of progestogen, which was increased above that of basal concentrations until 7 days post partum.

Immunohistochemical localization of pituitary gonadotrophins and gonadal steroids confirms the 'two-cell, two-gonadotrophin' hypothesis of steroidogenesis in the human ovary

1990 ◽  
Vol 126 (3) ◽  
pp. 483-NP ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Kobayashi ◽  
R. Nakano ◽  
A. Ooshima
Keyword(s):  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Immunohistochemical Analysis ◽  
Immunohistochemical Localization ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Gonadal Steroids ◽  
Immunohistochemical Method ◽  
Human Ovary ◽  
Luteal Cells ◽  
Menstrual Cycles

ABSTRACT Ovaries from 37 women with normal menstrual cycles were analysed for localization of pituitary gonadotrophins and gonadal steroids using an immunohistochemical method. In the follicular phase, FSH and oestradiol-17β localized in the granulosa layer, and LH, progesterone and testosterone localized in the internal thecal layer. In the luteal phase, gonadotrophins and steroids localized in luteal cells. Particularly in the early luteal phase, FSH and oestradiol-17β localized in large luteal cells, and LH, progesterone and testosterone localized in small luteal cells. The results of the present immunohistochemical analysis confirm the two-cell, two-gonadotrophin hypothesis of steroidogenesis in the human ovary. Journal of Endocrinology (1990) 126, 483–488

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