RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE PINEAL GLAND, OTHER ENDOCRINE GLANDS AND REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS OF SINGLE AND PARABIOSED GOLDEN HAMSTERS

1973 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 434-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugo R. Seibel ◽  
Michael R. Schweisthal
Keyword(s):  
Pineal Gland ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
The Other ◽  
Endocrine Function ◽  
Target Organs ◽  
Gonadal Atrophy ◽  
Testicular Weight ◽  
Seminal Vesicle Weight ◽  
Group 5 ◽  
Group 2

ABSTRACT Investigations on the role of the pineal body have recently assigned an endocrine function to this gland. Ablation of the gland results in an increase in testicular weight. Bilateral enucleation of the eyes results in pineal hypertrophy and gonadal atrophy. The following experimental groups were studied in the adult male and female: (1) controls; (2) pinealectomized; (3) bilaterally enucleated; (4) bilaterally enucleated pinealectomized; (5) bilaterally enucleated sham pinealectomized. The following groups were studied in parabiosed animals: (1) both animals normal; (2) both animals bilaterally enucleated; (3) both animals bilaterally enucleated and pinealectomized; (4) one animal bilaterally enucleated and the other normal; (5) one animal bilaterally enucleated and pinealectomized and the other normal. Animals were killed from 4 to 6 weeks after the start of the experiment. Weights of the testes, seminal vesicles, adrenals, pituitary, uteri and ovaries served as parameters. Histological studies on these tissues were carried out. With regard to the target organs, sham operated did not differ from normal animals. Bilateral enucleation resulted in gonadal and accessory sex organ atrophy. These effects were prevented by pinealectomy. Pinealectomy of blinded single males with atrophic gonads was followed by a regeneration of the testicular epithelium within 6 to 8 weeks. After parabiotic union in groups (2) and (5), a decrease in testicular and seminal vesicle weight was observed; uterine and ovarian weights were decreased in group (2), while in group (5) only ovarian weight was decreased. These results suggest that bilateral enucleation (darkness) activates the pineal gland to secrete a substance(s) which modifies the hypophyseal target organ axis in both single and parabiotic animals.

scholarly journals PERILAKU SOSIAL KERJASAMA SISWA DI SDN 1 TAMBARANGAN

Jurnal Socius ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rezki Anita
Keyword(s):  
Research Method ◽  
Group Learning ◽  
The Other ◽  
Classroom Organization ◽  
Group Activities ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 5 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Personal Interests

Based on the observation on the students of SD Negeri Tambarangan 1 showed that there was still low cooperation in various group activities.  The method used in this study was qualitative research method.  The results showed that the students had low cooperation in various group activities at school, including cleaning shift, group learning, and classroom organization.  This is due to: (1) lack of the cooperation spirit within the group, (2) the ambiguity and misunderstanding of each role in the group, (3) the students’ inability to utilize their creativity, (4) the existence of conflicts within the group, (5) students were more concerned with their personal interests, (6) lack of trust in the other group members, (7) less involvement, and (8) the absence of good group organization.Keywords: Cooperation, Group Activities

scholarly journals Microscopic Study of Surface Microtopographic Characteristics of Dental Implants

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Sezin ◽  
L. Croharé ◽  
J.C. Ibañez
Keyword(s):  
Dental Implants ◽  
Surface Group ◽  
The Other ◽  
Confocal Laser ◽  
Implant Surface ◽  
Average Pore ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Group 5 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Area Unit

Objective:To determine and compare the micro topographic characteristics of dental implants submitted to different surface treatments, using scanning electron microscopy (SEM).Materials and Methods:Implants were divided into 7 groups of 3 specimens each, according to the surface treatment used: group 1: Osseotite, BIOMET 3i; group 2: SLA surface, Institut Straumann AG; group 3: Oxalife surface, Tree-Oss implant; group 4: B&W implant surface; group 5: Q-implant surface; group 6: ML implant surface; group 7: RBM surface, Rosterdent implant. The surfaces were examined under SEM (Carl Zeiss FE-SEM-SIGMA). Image Proplus software was used to determine the number and mean diameter of pores per area unit (mm). The data obtained were analyzed with the Mann-Whitney test. A confocal laser microscope (LEXT-OLS4100 Olympus) was used to conduct the comparative study of surface roughness (Ra). Data were analyzed using Tukey's HSD test.Results:The largest average pore diameter calculated in microns was found in group 5 (3.45 µm+/-1.91) while the smallest in group 7 (1.47µm+/-1.29). Significant differences were observed among each one of the groups studied (p<0.05). The largest number of pores/mm2was found in group 2 (229343) and the smallest number in group 4 (10937). Group 2 showed significant differences regarding the other groups (p<0.05). The greatest roughness (Ra) was observed in group 2 (0.975µm+/-0.115) and the smallest in group 4 (0.304µm+/-0.063). Group 2 was significantly different from the other groups (p<0.05).Conclusion:The micro topography observed in the different groups presented dissimilar and specific features, depending on the chemical treatment used for the surfaces..

scholarly journals Treatment of ovarian cysts in sows – a field trial

2008 ◽  
Vol 52 (No. 9) ◽  
pp. 413-418 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Cech ◽  
R. Dolezel
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Ovarian Cysts ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Initial Examination ◽  
Interval Group ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 5 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

Different procedures of treatment of large follicular ovarian cysts in 177 sows using GnRH, hCG and PGF2α are evaluated in this study. Ovarian cysts were diagnosed by transcutaneous ultrasonography, which was a part of routine pregnancy diagnosis. No treatment was performed in the control group (Group 1, <i>n</i> = 29); the method of treatment used in the other groups immediately after the diagnosis was intramuscular administration of lecirelin in doses 50 µg (Group 2, <i>n</i> = 28), 100 µg (Group 3, <i>n</i> = 27) and 200 µg divided into 2 equal doses administered at a 12-hour interval (Group 4, <i>n<i> = 25) and of hCG in doses 1 500 IU (Group 5, <i>n</i> = 23), 3 000 IU (Group 6, <i>n</i> = 21), and 250 µg of cloprostenol (Group 7, <i>n</i> = 24). Insemination rate (IR), conception rate (CR) in inseminated sows, pregnancy rate (PR = recovery rate), treatment-insemination interval (TII) and treatment-pregnancy interval (TPI) within 42 days after the initial examination were evaluated. In addition PR in groups of sows divided according to parity (1–3, 4–6 and ≥ 7) were also evaluated. IR and PR were higher in Group 4 (84.0% and 44.0%) and lower in Group 1 (17.2% and 6.9%) in comparison with the other groups (<i>P</i> < 0.001 and <i>P</i> < 0.05). CR, TII and TPI did not differ between the experimental groups. PR were similar in sows with different parity. The study proved a positive response in sows with large follicular ovarian cysts to the treatment consisting of 2 administrations of 100 µg GnRH at a 12-hour interval.

scholarly journals Shear bond strength of brackets to demineralize enamel after different pretreatment methods

2011 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rengin Attin ◽  
Bogna Stawarczyk ◽  
Defne Keçik ◽  
Michael Knösel ◽  
Dirk Wiechmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bond Strength ◽  
Shear Bond Strength ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
Resin Cement ◽  
The Other ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Demineralized Enamel ◽  
Group 5 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

Abstract Objective: To compare the influence of demineralized and variously pretreated demineralized enamel on the shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets. Materials and Methods: Sixty bovine enamel specimens were allocated to five groups (n  =  12). Specimens of group 1 were not demineralized and were not pretreated, but served as controls. The other specimens were demineralized to form artificial carious lesions. Samples from group 2 were only demineralized and were kept untreated in artificial saliva. The other samples were pretreated with highly concentrated fluoride preparations (group 3: Elmex Gelee, 1.23% F; group 4: Clinpro White Varnish, 2.23% F) or with an infiltrating resin (group 5: Icon). After respective pretreatments, brackets were adhesively fixed on all specimens with an adhesive system after etching with 35% phosphoric acid and application of a primer and bracket resin cement (Transbond XT). Bracket shear bond strength was evaluated with a universal testing machine. Statistical analysis was performed by one-way analysis of variance followed by a post-hoc Scheffé test. Results: Shear bond strength in control group 1 was statistically significantly greater compared with that in all other groups. Application of the infiltrating resin Icon (group 5) as pretreatment resulted in statistically significantly greater bond strength as compared with pretreatments with fluoride compounds (groups 3 and 4) and treatment provided without pretreatment (group 2). Groups 2, 3, and 4 did not significantly differ from each other. Conclusion: Pretreatment with the infiltrating resin is a beneficial approach to increasing the shear bond strength of brackets to demineralized enamel.

scholarly journals 324 ADJUSTING SPERM CONCENTRATION USED TO INSEMINATE SUPERSTIMULATED BEEF COWS, IN ORDER TO AVOID DECLINE IN EMBRYO PRODUCTION

2005 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 313
Author(s):  
C.M. Barros ◽  
M.F.G. Nogueira
Keyword(s):  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Semen Analysis ◽  
Sperm Concentration ◽  
Fixed Time ◽  
Beef Cows ◽  
The Other ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Frozen Semen ◽  
Group 5 ◽  
Group 2

The quantity and quality of semen may affect conception rate after artificial insemination (AI). The concentration of motile spermatozoa, after thawing, varies according to the sire and lot of frozen semen used. The minimum amount of spermatozoa required in a semen straw was determined to obtain pregnancy after a single AI of a non-superovulated animal. However, superstimulation of embryo donors results in the availability of many more oocytes (an average 10–20) for fertilization than in a non-superovulated female (1 oocyte). The purpose of the present work was to verify if by adjusting the concentration of motile spermatozoa, in straws with low sperm concentration, the percentage of viable embryos is comparable to those obtained using straws with high sperm concentration after thawing. Nelore cows (Bos taurus indicus) were superstimulated with a protocol termed P36 (Barros CM et al. 2003 Theriogenology 59, 524 abst), in which the ovulation is induced by exogenous LH (12.5 mg, Lutropin®, Vetrepharm, London, Ontario, Canada), administered 36 h after PGF2α. One sample of each lot of semen was analyzed by CASA (computer-assisted semen analysis), and motile sperm concentration, after thawing, was adjusted to a minimum of 25–30 × 106 spermatozoa, which is approximately 3 to 4 times higher than the sperm concentration used for a regular AI. Fixed-time AI (FTAI) was performed 12, 24, and sometimes 36 h after exogenous LH. The number of semen straws necessary to obtain at least 25 × 106 spermatozoa varied from 2 to 6 (Groups 2 to 6, respectively). Since at least two semen straws were used per animal, there is no Group 1. The number of FTAI was adjusted according to the number of straws used, i.e., 2 straws (FTAI 12 and 24 h after LH), and 3 or more straws (12, 24, and 36 h after LH). Mean total structures (oocytes, viable embryos and degenerate embryos), mean viable embryos per flushing, and viability rate (percentage of viable embryos/total structures) were, respectively: 12.2, 8.9, and 73.6% (Group 2, n = 19 flushings); 13.5, 9.6, and 70.9% (Group 3, n = 101); 13.3, 9.4, and 70.9% (Group 4, n = 22); 5.5, 4.0, and 72.7% (Group 5, n = 4); and 24.0, 13.0, and 54.2% (Group 6, n = 1). When the results from Groups 4, 5, and 6 were pooled, total structures, viable embryos, and viability rate were: 12.5, 8.7, and 69.8% (n = 27). The statistical analysis was performed using the ratio of viable embryos/total structures for each flushing, transformed in square root followed by arc sin. Data from groups 4, 5 and 6 were pooled before comparing to the other groups by ANOVA. In order to facilitate the comprehension of the results, data were presented as viability rate instead of means of arc sin. There was no difference when comparing pooled data from Groups 4, 5, and 6 with the other groups (2 or 3; P = 0.87; ANOVA). It is concluded that by adjusting the concentration of motile spermatozoa in straws with low sperm concentration (Groups 4, 5, and 6), the viability rates are comparable to those obtained using semen with high sperm concentration (Group 2 or 3). Nogueira has a fellowship from FAPESP (Sã Paulo).

Infrageneric phenetic relations in new world Panicum (Poaceae: Panicoideae: Paniceae): a numerical analysis

1993 ◽  
Vol 71 (10) ◽  
pp. 1312-1327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Zuloaga ◽  
Jorge Dubcovsky ◽  
Osvaldo Morrone
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Number ◽  
Basic Chromosome Number ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mestome Sheath ◽  
Basic Chromosome ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 5 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Phenetic Relations

Numerical studies based on 64 characters placed 188 American species of the genus Panicum L. in 23 sections clustered in five major groups. The same major groups were obtained when the five characters that define the subgenera were excluded from the analyses. Groups 1 and 2 included C4 species. Species with an outer parenchymatous sheath in group 1 corresponded to subg. Panicum, whereas species with a single mestome sheath in group 2 corresponded to subg. Agrostoides. Group 3 included the intermediate C3–C4 species belonging to subg. Steinchisma. C3 sections were clustered together but arranged in a different way than previous classifications. Group 4 included sections from subg. Phanopyrum with basic chromosome number x = 10, whereas group 5 included the other sections of Phanopyrum with x = 9 together with sections from subg. Dichanthelium also with x = 9. The two subgroups of subg. Phanopyrum are not only different in chromosome number but also in inflorescence type and upper anthecium ornamentation. On the other hand the x = 9 sections of Phanopyrum remain in the same cluster with sections from subg. Dichanthelium in numerical analyses where basic chromosome number is removed. These results suggest the possibility of sinking Dichanthelium into Phanopyrum and then split the latter when more cytological data become available. Kranz syndrome and basic chromosome number were the characters with the highest contribution to the delimitation of the major groups. On the basis of these results different existing hypotheses on the classification of the genus Panicum are discussed. Key words: Panicum, numerical taxonomy.

Effects of pinealectomy, oestradiol and melatonin on plasma prolactin and LH secretion in ovariectomized sheep

1984 ◽  
Vol 102 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Kennaway ◽  
E. A. Dunstan ◽  
T. A. Gilmore ◽  
R. F. Seamark
Keyword(s):  
Pineal Gland ◽  
Seasonal Change ◽  
First Year ◽  
Plasma Prolactin ◽  
Seasonal Rhythm ◽  
Feedback Sensitivity ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Group 5 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

ABSTRACT The study examines whether the pineal gland mediates in the seasonal rhythm in the response of the hypothalamo-pituitary axis to oestrogen in the sheep. Five groups of ewes, each comprised of five sham-pinealectomized ewes and five pinealectomized ewes, were maintained under field conditions over a 2-year period. Group 1 ewes were ovariectomized and treated with two oestradiol capsules in the first year and one oestradiol capsule in the second year; group 2 ewes were ovariectomized and treated with two oestradiol capsules and three melatonin sachets in the first year and one oestradiol capsule and three melatonin sachets in the second year; group 3 ewes were ovariectomized and treated with three melatonin sachets in the first year and one oestradiol capsule in the second year; group 4 ewes were ovariectomized and treated with empty implants; group 5 had intact ovaries. Blood samples were taken at weekly intervals for determination of plasma prolactin, LH and FSH levels. Cyclic ovarian activity, determined by rams fitted with a marking harness, occurred in both sham-pinealectomized and pinealectomized ewes in group 5 during December to May in both years. A circannual rhythm in plasma prolactin levels was apparent in all ten groups of animals. The levels were highest in spring (September to November) and decreased before the onset of breeding activity in midsummer (December). Ovariectomized ewes with intact pineal glands and treated with oestradiol capsules (group 1) exhibited marked changes in LH and FSH concentrations during the study. The highest plasma gonadotrophin levels were observed coincident with the breeding season in control ewes (group 5). Continuous melatonin administration together with oestradiol (group 2, sham-pinealectomized) resulted in higher levels of gonadotrophins but the loss of the seasonal rhythm. However, melatonin alone was not able to alter gonadotrophin levels in either sham-pinealectomized or pinealectomized ovariectomized ewes. Pinealectomized ovariectomized ewes treated with oestradiol alone did not show a seasonal change in LH or FSH; in fact these animals appeared to be more sensitive to the negative feedback actions of oestradiol. Combined melatonin/oestradiol administration resulted in an increase in gonadotrophin levels but did not restore seasonality. These results suggest that the pineal gland is the mediator of the seasonal rhythm in oestradiol feedback sensitivity. It is apparent that a seasonal change in breeding activity can occur in the absence of any change in oestradiol feedback sensitivity. The results of this study highlight the complex nature of photoperiod/environment interactions involved in seasonal breeding. J. Endocr. (1984) 102, 199–207

scholarly journals Robson Classification System Applied to Induction of Labor

2018 ◽  
Vol 40 (09) ◽  
pp. 513-517 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Vargas ◽  
Susana Rego ◽  
Nuno Clode
Keyword(s):  
Retrospective Study ◽  
Classification System ◽  
Foley Catheter ◽  
Tertiary Hospital ◽  
Induction Of Labor ◽  
The Other ◽  
Robson Classification ◽  
Group 5 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
The Impact

Objective Induction of labor (IL) is a common obstetric procedure, but it is questionable whether or not it results in higher cesarean section (CS) rates. The present study aims to evaluate the impact of IL in the overall CS rates and to analyze these rates according to the method of IL employed and to the Robson group in which it was applied. Methods We have conducted a retrospective study including pregnant women whose labor was induced at a tertiary hospital in 2015 and 2016. All women were classified according to the Robson Classification System (RCS). The CS rates were analyzed and compared regarding the method of IL employed. Results A total of 1,166 cases were included. The CS rate after IL was 20.9%, which represented 23.1% of the total of CSs performed in 2015 and 2016. The highest CS rates were recorded in RCS groups 5 (65.2%) and 8 (32.3%). Group 2 was the highest contributor to the overall CS rate, since it represented 56.7% of the population. The intravaginal prostaglandins method was the most used (77%). Transcervical Foley catheter was the preferred method in group 5 and intravaginal prostaglandins in all the other groups. The CS rate was higher when transcervical Foley catheter was used (34.1%). Conclusion Transcervical Foley catheter induction was associated with a higher rate of CS, probably because it was the preferred method used in group 5.

Morphological Changes in the Rat Granulosa Cell Surface During Differentiation Induced by Estradiol and Gonadotropins

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 484-485
Author(s):  
P. Bagavandoss ◽  
JoAnne S. Richards ◽  
A. Rees Midgley
Keyword(s):  
Cell Surface ◽  
Granulosa Cell ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Follicular Development ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 5 ◽  
Group 2

During follicular development in the mammalian ovary, several functional changes occur in the granulosa cells in response to steroid hormones and gonadotropins (1,2). In particular, marked changes in the content of membrane-associated receptors for the gonadotropins have been observed (1).We report here scanning electron microscope observations of morphological changes that occur on the granulosa cell surface in response to the administration of estradiol, human follicle stimulating hormone (hFSH), and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG).Immature female rats that were hypophysectcmized on day 24 of age were treated in the following manner. Group 1: control groups were injected once a day with 0.1 ml phosphate buffered saline (PBS) for 3 days; group 2: estradiol (1.5 mg/0.2 ml propylene glycol) once a day for 3 days; group 3: estradiol for 3 days followed by 2 days of hFSH (1 μg/0.1 ml) twice daily, group 4: same as in group 3; group 5: same as in group 3 with a final injection of hCG (5 IU/0.1 ml) on the fifth day.

Ultrastructural Immunocytochemistry of Five Rat Pituitary Adenomas

1980 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 724-725
Author(s):  
D. J. McComb ◽  
N. Ryan ◽  
E. Horvath ◽  
K. Kovacs ◽  
E. Nagy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pituitary Adenomas ◽  
Pituitary Tumors ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Electron Microscopic Immunocytochemistry ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Rat Pituitary ◽  
Radiation Induced ◽  
Group 5 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Microscopic Techniques

Conventional light and electron microscopic techniques failed to clarify the cellular composition and derivation of spontaneous and induced, intrasellar and transplanted pituitary adenomas in rats (1). In the present work, electron microscopic immunocytochemistry was applied to evaluate five adenohypo-physial tumors using a technique described by Moriarty and Garner (2). Spontaneously occurring pituitary adenomas (group 1) were harvested from aging female Long-Evans rats. R-Amsterdam rats were treated with 2 x 1.0 mg estrone acetate (HogivaI) s.c. weekly for 6 months. Pituitary adenomas in excess of 30 mg were removed from these animals to make up the tumors of group 2. Groups 3 and 4 consisted of estrogen-induced autonomous transplan¬ted pituitary tumors MtT.WlO and MtT.F4. Group 5 was a radiation-induced transplanted autonomous pituitary tumor MtT.W5. The tumors of groups 3,4 and 5 were allowed to proliferate in host rats 6-8 weeks prior to removal for processing. Tissue was processed for transmission electron microscopy (glutaraldehyde fixation, OsO4 postfixation and epoxy resin embedding), and electron microscopic immunocytochemistry (3% paraformaldehyde fixation and Araldite embedding).

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