CORTICOSTEROID-BINDING ACTIVITY IN SERUM OF MOUSE, RABBIT AND GUINEA PIG DURING PREGNANCY AND LACTATION: POSSIBLE INVOLVEMENT IN THE INITIATION OF LACTATION

1967 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard R. Gala ◽  
Ulrich Westphal
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Sex Difference ◽  
Equilibrium Dialysis ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Binding Activity ◽  
Multiple Equilibrium ◽  
Endocrine Control ◽  
Corticosteroid Binding Globulin ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation ◽  
Approximate Amount

ABSTRACT Corticosteroid-binding activity was determined during pregnancy and lactation in the sera of mouse, rabbit and guinea pig. The measurements were made by multiple equilibrium dialysis using 14C labeled corticosteroids at 37° C. There was a marked increase of binding activity in all three species during pregnancy followed by a decline to the levels of nonpregnant animals during lactation. Serum corticosteroid concentrations paralleled but appeared subsequent to changes in corticosteroid-binding activity during pregnancy and lactation. In the mouse, no sex difference in »resting« corticosterone levels was noted, but the corticosteroid-binding activity was almost 3 times higher in the female animal than in the male. This difference was reflected in a greater amount of unbound corticosterone in the male as evidenced by lower thymus weights. Calculation of the approximate amount of unbound corticosteroid in the mouse and rat during pregnancy revealed a decline at mid pregnancy, followed by an increase from late pregnancy through lactation. In the rabbit and guinea pig, unbound corticosteroid values did not follow similar trends. A mechanism is suggested for the initiation of lactation in the rat, involving the corticosteroid-binding globulin and its endocrine control.

PROGESTERONE-BINDING GLOBULIN AND TESTOSTERONE-BINDING ACTIVITY IN GUINEA PIG SERUM DURING PREGNANCY: RELATIONSHIP TO PROGESTERONE AND OESTROGENS

1976 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
pp. 367-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. A. Lea ◽  
A. Bessesen ◽  
K. F. Støa
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Binding Sites ◽  
Binding Capacity ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Equilibrium Dialysis ◽  
Binding Activity ◽  
Maximal Level ◽  
Sharp Drop ◽  
Endogenous Oestrogen ◽  
Competitive Protein Binding

ABSTRACT Progesterone levels in serum have been determined throughout pregnancy in guinea-pigs by a competitive protein-binding technique, using pregnant guinea pig plasma protein as binding agent. The concentrations of this protein (progesterone-binding globulin, PBG) as well as the testosteronebinding activity (TBA) have been quantitated by means of equilibrium dialysis. In order to correlate these parameters to the endogenous oestrogen production, the urinary oestrogen excretion was recorded. The concentration of progesterone, PBG and TBA showed a sharp rise on days 14–18 of gestation, reaching a maximal level on days 30–44. The progesterone level thereafter declined significantly towards parturition, followed by a sharp drop post partum. PBG and TBA followed a similar course, the decline towards parturition, however, being non significant. Neither progesterone, PBG nor TBA were significantly correlated to the urinary oestrogen excretion. The concentration of PGB was remarkably high, amounting to 1–2 × 10-5 m during most of the guinea pig pregnancy. This binding capacity generally exceeded the endogenous progesterone concentration by a factor of 20, as calculated on a molar basis. A mean of 64 % of the binding sites was available for testosterone binding, corresponding to a free binding capacity of 400 μg testosterone per 100 ml.

scholarly journals Interaction of late pregnancy and lactation in rats

Reproduction ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 115 (2) ◽  
pp. 341-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. R. Koiter ◽  
H. Moes ◽  
N. Valkhof ◽  
S. Wijkstra
Keyword(s):  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation

Regulation of the Pituitary-Adrenal Axis and Corticosteroid-Binding Globulin-Cortisol Interaction in the Guinea Pig

Endocrinology ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 111 (6) ◽  
pp. 1944-1950 ◽  
Author(s):  
KENJI FUJIEDA ◽  
ALAN K. GOFF ◽  
MICHEL PUGEAT ◽  
CHARLES A. STROTT
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Adrenal Axis ◽  
Corticosteroid Binding Globulin ◽  
Pituitary Adrenal Axis

ANALYSIS OF RIBOSOMES AND POLYSOMES DERIVED FROM RABBIT MAMMARY GLANDS DURING PREGNANCY AND LACTATION

1971 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 667-NP ◽  
Author(s):  
I. D. HERRIMAN ◽  
G. D. BAIRD ◽  
JUDY M. BRUCE
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Density Gradient ◽  
Gradient Analysis ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Sucrose Density Gradient ◽  
Mammary Glands ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation

SUMMARY Whole-ribosome and polysome-enriched fractions were prepared from the mammary glands of rabbits during late pregnancy and lactation. The composition of the fractions was determined by sucrose density gradient analysis and electron microscopy. The range of size of polysomal aggregates was similar in the late-pregnant and lactating gland, with aggregates containing five to nine ribosomal units predominating. However, the amount of polysomes relative to monosomes was invariably found to increase after parturition. The greater portion of this increase was accounted for by the increased abundance of aggregates containing five to nine units.

Influence of temperature on maternity roost selection by noctule bats (Nyctalus noctula) and Leisler’s bats (N. leisleri) in Białowieża Primeval Forest, Poland

2006 ◽  
Vol 84 (6) ◽  
pp. 900-907 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ireneusz Ruczyński
Keyword(s):  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Data Logger ◽  
Primeval Forest ◽  
Tree Cavities ◽  
Roost Selection ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation ◽  
Maximum Temperatures ◽  
Białowieża Primeval Forest ◽  
Nyctalus Noctula

This study tests whether the temperature of tree cavities determines their selection by bats in Białowieża Primeval Forest (BPF), eastern Poland. Using a data logger, I simultaneously measured the temperature in cavities selected by bats as roosts and the temperature in available but unselected cavities. The maternity roosts chosen by noctule bats, Nyctalus noctula (Schreber, 1774), and Leisler’s bats, N. leisleri (Kuhl, 1817), during late pregnancy and lactation were warmer than unoccupied cavities, but temperature ranges in the two types of cavity did not differ. A logistic regression model showed that the mean cavity temperature during the night (2200–0400) and the minimum cavity temperature over a 24 h period were crucial for roost selection. This suggests that female noctule and Leisler’s bats selected roosts that promoted juvenile growth and used tree cavities that could save them energy while they were active because the cavity temperatures were close to the lower critical temperature of their thermoneutral zone. I also suggest that selection of warmer cavities minimized the bats' energy expenditure prior to emergence from the roost and that passive rewarming inside the cavity was an important factor in minimizing energetic costs of roosting by bats in BPF. Mean and maximum temperatures recorded near tree trunks increased with the height at which the temperature was measured (ground level, 10, 20, and 30 m), suggesting that bats can gain thermal benefits from insolation of the trunk by selecting highly placed cavities, as was observed in BPF.

scholarly journals Pregnancy- and lactation-associated osteoporosis with vertebral fractures: a systematic review

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying Qian ◽  
Lei Wang ◽  
Lili Yu ◽  
Weimin Huang
Keyword(s):  
Back Pain ◽  
Vertebral Fractures ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Osteoporotic Fractures ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Thoracolumbar Region ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation ◽  
Z Scores

Abstract Background To review, analyze and characterize the pregnancy and lactation-related osteoporosis (PLO) with vertebral fractures based on the extraction data in the previous studies. Methods A comprehensive literature search of electronic databases including the PubMed, Embase and Web of Science was conducted from January 1st,1990 to December 1st, 2020. The enrolled data were pooled to analyze the baseline characteristics, clinical features, risk factors and treatment options. Results A total of 65 articles with 338 cases were enrolled for data extraction. The enrolled cases aged from 19 to 47 years, with a mean value of 35.7 years old. The average body mass index (BMI) was 22.2 kg/m2 ranged from 16.0 to 39.0 kg/m2. Of the 173 cases, 149 cases with vertebral fractures occurred in the first pregnancy, 19 cases in the second pregnancy, four cases in the third pregnancy and one case in the fourth pregnancy. Up to 91.5% of the back pain occurred within the last 3 months of pregnancy and the first 3 months after delivery. The most involved vertebral levels were L2, L1 and T12 accounting for 32.6% of all the fractures. The average fracture numbers were 4.4 levels per patient. The lumbar Z-scores were mostly recorded with a mean value of − 3.2 ranged from − 7.8 to 0. Conclusions PLO with vertebral fractures is a rare clinical entity, which is more likely to occur in older and thinner pregnant women. Back pain is the clinical complaint and mostly occurs in the late pregnancy and early lactation periods. Most vertebral fractures appear in the first pregnancy but it can occur in any time of pregnancy. Thoracolumbar region is the mostly involved region. As compared with postmenopausal osteoporotic fractures, PLO usually has multiple levels fractures. Bisphosphonates are the most widely used treatment so far, however, many factors need to be taken into account to decide which drug to choose in PLO and further studies are necessary for clear recommendation in the future.

scholarly journals Expression of a hypomorphic Pomc allele alters leptin dynamics during late pregnancy

2020 ◽  
Vol 245 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Yu ◽  
Zoe Thompson ◽  
Sylee Kiran ◽  
Graham L Jones ◽  
Lakshmi Mundada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fat Mass ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Leptin Receptor ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Placental Development ◽  
Hypomorphic Mutation ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Maximal Arc ◽  
Hypothalamic Arcuate Nucleus ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation

Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC) are essential for normal energy homeostasis. Maximal ARC Pomc transcription is dependent on neuronal Pomc enhancer 1 (nPE1), located 12 kb upstream from the promoter. Selective deletion of nPE1 in mice decreases ARC Pomc expression by 70%, sufficient to induce mild obesity. Because nPE1 is located exclusively in the genomes of placental mammals, we questioned whether its hypomorphic mutation would also alter placental Pomc expression and the metabolic adaptations associated with pregnancy and lactation. We assessed placental development, pup growth, circulating leptin and expression of Pomc, Agrp and alternatively spliced leptin receptor (LepR) isoforms in the ARC and placenta of Pomc∆1/∆1 and Pomc+/+ dams. Despite indistinguishable body weights, lean mass, food intake, placental histology and Pomc expression and overall pregnancy outcomes between the genotypes, Pomc ∆1/∆1 females had increased pre-pregnancy fat mass that paradoxically decreased to control levels by parturition. However, Pomc∆1/∆1 dams had exaggerated increases in circulating leptin, up to twice of that of the typically elevated levels in Pomc+/+ mice at the end of pregnancy, despite their equivalent fat mass. Pomc∆1/∆1dams also had increased placental expression of soluble leptin receptor (LepRe), although the protein levels of LEPRE in circulation were the same as Pomc+/+ controls. Together, these data suggest that the hypomorphic Pomc∆1/∆1 allele is responsible for the perinatal super hyperleptinemia of Pomc∆1/∆1 dams, possibly due to upregulated leptin secretion from individual adipocytes.

scholarly journals Ligilactobacillus salivarius PS2 Supplementation during Pregnancy and Lactation Prevents Mastitis: A Randomised Controlled Trial

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 1933
Author(s):  
Esther Jiménez ◽  
Susana Manzano ◽  
Dietmar Schlembach ◽  
Krzysztof Arciszewski ◽  
Rocio Martin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Placebo Group ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Probiotic Strain ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation ◽  
Randomised Controlled

Mastitis is considered one of the main reasons for unwanted breastfeeding cessation. This study aimed to investigate the preventive effect of the probiotic strain Ligilactobacillus salivarius PS2 on the occurrence of mastitis in lactating women. In this multicountry, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 328 women were assigned to the probiotic or the placebo group. The intervention started from the 35th week of pregnancy until week 12 post-partum. The primary outcome was the incidence (hazard) rate of mastitis, defined as the presence of at least two of the following symptoms: breast pain, breast erythema, breast engorgement not relieved by breastfeeding, and temperature > 38 °C. The probability of being free of mastitis during the study was higher in the probiotic than in the placebo group (p = 0.022, Kaplan–Meier log rank test) with 9 mastitis cases (6%) vs. 20 mastitis cases (14%), respectively. The hazard ratio of the incidence of mastitis between both study groups was 0.41 (0.190–0.915; p = 0.029), indicating that women in the probiotic group were 58% less likely to experience mastitis. In conclusion, supplementation of L. salivarius PS2 during late pregnancy and early lactation was safe and effective in preventing mastitis, which is one of the main barriers for continuing breastfeeding.

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