CORTICOTROPHIN RELEASE IN MICE: FAILURE OF PENTOBARBITAL-MORPHINE TO BLOCK THE EFFECT OF NON-SPECIFIC STRESS

1964 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 387-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claus Rerup
Keyword(s):  
Direct Effect ◽  
Intravenous Injection ◽  
Blocking Effect ◽  
The Other ◽  
Marked Contrast ◽  
Hypothalamic Extract ◽  
Adrenal System ◽  
Hormonal System

ABSTRACT Corticotrophin release in mice was determined from plasma free corticosteroid levels. The blocking effect of dexamethasone against non-specific stress was compared with that of pentobarbital-morphine. In marked contrast to the findings in the rat, pentobarbital-morphine pretreatment in mice did not prevent the activation of the pituitary-adrenal hormonal system, following the non-specific stress of histamine injection. Pentobarbital-morphine thus does not render the mouse a specific in vivo preparation for the determination of corticotrophin releasing activity (CRA). Dexamethasone, on the other hand, appears to be effective in blocking corticotrophin release due to non-specific stress and allowed of activation of the pituitary-adrenal system after intravenous injection of vasopressin and hypothalamic extract only. The steroid had no direct effect on the adenohypophysis.

A cerebral decarboxylase for 5-hydroxytryptophane in humans

1961 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 1050-1054 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Sacks
Keyword(s):  
Intravenous Injection ◽  
Normal Control ◽  
Cerebral Metabolism ◽  
Mental Patient ◽  
Double Dose ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Body Tissues

Little or no cerebral decarboxylation of 5-hydroxytryptophane could be found using the in vivo technique developed in this laboratory for determination of human cerebral metabolism. Following intravenous injection of dl-5-hydroxytryptophanecarboxyl-C14 little or no significant venous-arterial C14O2 differences resulted in four normal control subjects and four chronic mental patients. No significant differences were found between the two groups. Levels of arterial blood C14O2 activities showed that 5-hydroxytryptophane was decarboxylated readily by other body tissues. Of four subjects pretreated with 1-benzyl-2-methyl-5-methoxytryptamine (BAS), slightly lowered results occurred with the mental patient pretreated with a double dose of BAS. Submitted on June 19, 1961

scholarly journals Natural Detoxification Capacity to Inactivate Nerve Agents Sarin and VX in the Rat Blood

2015 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 128-130
Author(s):  
Jiří Bajgar ◽  
Jiří Cabal ◽  
Jiří Kassa ◽  
Michal Pavlík
Keyword(s):  
Cholinesterase Activity ◽  
Normal Activity ◽  
Nerve Agent ◽  
The Other ◽  
Blood Sampling ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Rat Blood

Background: The method of continual determination of the rat blood cholinesterase activity was developed to study the changes of the blood cholinesterases following different intervetions. Aims: The aim of this study is registration of cholinesterase activity in the rat blood and its changes to demonstrate detoxification capacity of rats to inactivate sarin or VX in vivo. Methods: The groups of female rats were premedicated (ketamine and xylazine) and cannulated to a. femoralis. Continual blood sampling (0.02 ml/min) and monitoring of the circulating blood cholinesterase activity were performed. Normal activity was monitored 1–2 min and then the nerve agent was administered i.m. (2× LD50). Using different time intervals of the leg compression and relaxation following the agent injection, cholinesterase activity was monitored and according to the inhibition obtained, detoxification capacity was assessed. Results: Administration of sarin to the leg, then 1 and 5 min compression and 20 min later relaxation showed that further inhibition in the blood was not observed. On the other hand, VX was able to inhibit blood cholinesterases after this intervention. Conclusions: The results demonstrated that sarin can be naturally detoxified on the contrary to VX. Described method can be used as model for other studies dealing with changes of cholinesterases in the blood following different factors.

Supersensitivity of denervated superior cervical ganglion to acetylcholine

1960 ◽  
Vol 198 (5) ◽  
pp. 949-954 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shu Chien
Keyword(s):  
Superior Cervical Ganglion ◽  
The Other ◽  
Nictitating Membrane ◽  
Indirect Determination ◽  
Cervical Sympathetic Trunk ◽  
Cervical Ganglion ◽  
Cervical Sympathetic ◽  
Two Sides

The supersensitivity of denervated superior cervical ganglion to acetylcholine was studied in cats at 2 weeks after the section of cervical sympathetic trunk on one side, with the other side as a control. The control ganglion required about four times as much of acetylcholine as the denervated side, in order to release the same amount of norepinephrine at the postganglionic endings. The relative quantity of norepinephrine released on acetylcholine administration to ganglia was determined indirectly by using the in vivo nictitating membrane as an indicator, whose responses to various doses of norepinephrine had been calibrated. The validity of such indirect determination of norepinephrine was shown by experiments in which the eyeballs were removed or the lever magnifications were made unequal. With control cats in which both cervical sympathetic trunks were cut acutely, the sensitivity of the ganglia on two sides to acetylcholine was almost equal.

CORTICOID PRODUCTION IN VITRO AS A TEST OF ADRENOCORTICAL FUNCTION IN RATS

1960 ◽  
Vol XXXIII (I) ◽  
pp. 59-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. van der Vies
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Cortex ◽  
Adrenal Function ◽  
The Other ◽  
Adrenocortical Function ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Adrenal System ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Stimulation Of

ABSTRACT Adrenal function in rats under various experimental conditions was studied by incubating the adrenals in vitro and determining the corticosteroid output during one hour. This in vitro corticoid production was reduced after hypophysectomy, hypothalamus-lesioning and treatment with hydrocortisone or with Nembutal and morphine. On the other hand, an increased production was observed following stimulation of the pituitary-adrenal system by exogenous histamine or corticotrophin. From these experiments it is concluded that the corticoid production in vitro reflects the activity of the adrenal cortex in vivo and hence can be used for the study of the latter function.

scholarly journals In vitro assays misrepresent in vivo lineage potentials of murine lymphoid progenitors

Blood ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 117 (9) ◽  
pp. 2618-2624 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren I. Richie Ehrlich ◽  
Thomas Serwold ◽  
Irving L. Weissman
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
The Other ◽  
In Vitro Assays ◽  
In Vivo Assays ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Multipotent Progenitors ◽  
Lymphoid Progenitors

Abstract The identity of T-cell progenitors that seed the thymus has remained controversial, largely because many studies differ over whether these progenitors retain myeloid potential. Contradictory reports diverge in their use of various in vitro and in vivo assays. To consolidate these discordant findings, we compared the myeloid potential of 2 putative thymus seeding populations, common lymphoid progenitors (CLPs) and multipotent progenitors (MPPs), and the earliest intrathymic progenitor (DN1), using 2 in vitro assays and in vivo readouts. These assays gave contradictory results: CLP and DN1 displayed surprisingly robust myeloid potential on OP9-DL1 in vitro stromal cocultures but displayed little myeloid potential in vivo, as well as in methylcellulose cultures. MPP, on the other hand, displayed robust myeloid potential in all settings. We conclude that stromal cocultures reveal cryptic, but nonphysiologic, myeloid potentials of lymphoid progenitors, providing an explanation for contradictory findings in the field and underscoring the importance of using in vivo assays for the determination of physiologic lineage potentials.

Physiological disposition of D- and l-triiodothyronine in rats

1961 ◽  
Vol 201 (2) ◽  
pp. 267-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. B. Hatfield ◽  
J. E. Ross ◽  
R. Herz ◽  
D. F. Tapley
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Intravenous Injection ◽  
Volume Of Distribution ◽  
The Other ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
Physiological Disposition ◽  
Different Tissues

The physiological disposition in the rat of d- and l-triiodothyronine has been compared. Following intravenous injection, the two isomers were removed from the circulation at similar rates but were taken up by different tissues. d-Triiodothyronine was concentrated in the liver and kidney to a greater extent than the l-isomer. On the other hand, higher concentrations of l-triiodothyronine were found in all other tissues, especially brain and muscle. With the d-isomer, a greater fraction of the radioactivity was excreted in the urine, presumably as the result of a more rapid deiodination. As in previous studies with thyroid hormones, the disposition observed seemed to correlate well with the known functions of the two isomers in vivo. The results emphasize how meaningless is the calculation of a "space" or "volume of distribution" of any particular compound on the basis of blood levels alone.

Determination of the lattice translation across {110} APBs in GaAs

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 600-601
Author(s):  
D.R. Rasmussen ◽  
N.-H. Cho ◽  
C.B. Carter
Keyword(s):  
Grain Boundaries ◽  
Lower Energy ◽  
Antiphase Boundary ◽  
The Other ◽  
Boundary Structure ◽  
Interface Plane ◽  
Inversion Symmetry ◽  
High Angle ◽  
Equilibrium Distance

Domains in GaAs can exist which are related to one another by the inversion symmetry, i.e., the sites of gallium and arsenic in one domain are interchanged in the other domain. The boundary between these two different domains is known as an antiphase boundary [1], In the terminology used to describe grain boundaries, the grains on either side of this boundary can be regarded as being Σ=1-related. For the {110} interface plane, in particular, there are equal numbers of GaGa and As-As anti-site bonds across the interface. The equilibrium distance between two atoms of the same kind crossing the boundary is expected to be different from the length of normal GaAs bonds in the bulk. Therefore, the relative position of each grain on either side of an APB may be translated such that the boundary can have a lower energy situation. This translation does not affect the perfect Σ=1 coincidence site relationship. Such a lattice translation is expected for all high-angle grain boundaries as a way of relaxation of the boundary structure.

Determination of the Burgers vector of a dislocation in a Fe-Mn alloy by weak-beam image in HVEM

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 330-331
Author(s):  
Y. Ishida ◽  
H. Ishida ◽  
K. Kohra ◽  
H. Ichinose
Keyword(s):  
High Order ◽  
Simulation Technique ◽  
The Other ◽  
Image Simulation ◽  
Diffraction Vector ◽  
Burgers Vector ◽  
Weak Beam ◽  
Beam Image ◽  
Edge Component

IntroductionA simple and accurate technique to determine the Burgers vector of a dislocation has become feasible with the advent of HVEM. The conventional image vanishing technique(1) using Bragg conditions with the diffraction vector perpendicular to the Burgers vector suffers from various drawbacks; The dislocation image appears even when the g.b = 0 criterion is satisfied, if the edge component of the dislocation is large. On the other hand, the image disappears for certain high order diffractions even when g.b ≠ 0. Furthermore, the determination of the magnitude of the Burgers vector is not easy with the criterion. Recent image simulation technique is free from the ambiguities but require too many parameters for the computation. The weak-beam “fringe counting” technique investigated in the present study is immune from the problems. Even the magnitude of the Burgers vector is determined from the number of the terminating thickness fringes at the exit of the dislocation in wedge shaped foil surfaces.

A Molecular Approach to Immunoscintigraphy: A Study of the T-Antigen Conformation on the Surface of Tumors

1987 ◽  
Vol 26 (01) ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Selvaraj ◽  
M. R. Suresh ◽  
G. McLean ◽  
D. Willans ◽  
C. Turner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Tumor Cell ◽  
T Antigen ◽  
Human Carcinomas ◽  
Animal Tumor ◽  
Synthetic Antigens

The role of glycoconjugates in tumor cell differentiation has been well documented. We have examined the expression of the two anomers of the Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen on the surface of human, canine and murine tumor cell membranes both in vitro and in vivo. This has been accomplished through the synthesis of the disaccharide terminal residues in both a and ß configuration. Both entities were used to generate murine monoclonal antibodies which recognized the carbohydrate determinants. The determination of fine specificities of these antibodies was effected by means of cellular uptake, immunohistopathology and immunoscintigraphy. Examination of pathological specimens of human and canine tumor tissue indicated that the expressed antigen was in the β configuration. More than 89% of all human carcinomas tested expressed the antigen in the above anomeric form. The combination of synthetic antigens and monoclonal antibodies raised specifically against them provide us with invaluable tools for the study of tumor marker expression in humans and their respective animal tumor models.

Enhancement of ADP-induced Platelet Aggregation by Adrenaline in Vivo and Its Prevention

1973 ◽  
Vol 29 (02) ◽  
pp. 490-498 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroh Yamazaki ◽  
Itsuro Kobayashi ◽  
Tadahiro Sano ◽  
Takio Shimamoto
Keyword(s):  
Platelet Count ◽  
Platelet Aggregation ◽  
Platelet Rich Plasma ◽  
The Other ◽  
Endothelial Surface ◽  
Important Interaction ◽  
Blood Coagulability ◽  
The Difference

SummaryThe authors previously reported a transient decrease in adhesive platelet count and an enhancement of blood coagulability after administration of a small amount of adrenaline (0.1-1 µg per Kg, i. v.) in man and rabbit. In such circumstances, the sensitivity of platelets to aggregation induced by ADP was studied by an optical density method. Five minutes after i. v. injection of 1 µg per Kg of adrenaline in 10 rabbits, intensity of platelet aggregation increased to 115.1 ± 4.9% (mean ± S. E.) by 10∼5 molar, 121.8 ± 7.8% by 3 × 10-6 molar and 129.4 ± 12.8% of the value before the injection by 10”6 molar ADP. The difference was statistically significant (P<0.01-0.05). The above change was not observed in each group of rabbits injected with saline, 1 µg per Kg of 1-noradrenaline or 0.1 and 10 µg per Kg of adrenaline. Also, it was prevented by oral administration of 10 mg per Kg of phenoxybenzamine or propranolol or aspirin or pyridinolcarbamate 3 hours before the challenge. On the other hand, the enhancement of ADP-induced platelet aggregation was not observed in vitro, when 10-5 or 3 × 10-6 molar and 129.4 ± 12.8% of the value before 10∼6 molar ADP was added to citrated platelet rich plasma (CPRP) of rabbit after incubation at 37°C for 30 second with 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10 or 100 µg per ml of adrenaline or noradrenaline. These results suggest an important interaction between endothelial surface and platelets in connection with the enhancement of ADP-induced platelet aggregation by adrenaline in vivo.

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