INTERACTIONS OF OESTROGENS AND ANDROGENS ON THE MAMMARY GLAND AND GROWTH OF OTHER TISSUES IN HYPOPHYSECTOMIZED RATS TREATED WITH INSULIN, CORTISONE AND THYROXINE

1962 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 287-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dora Jacobsohn
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Mammary Glands ◽  
The Body ◽  
List Type ◽  
Simultaneous Treatment ◽  
Abnormal Response ◽  
Hypophysectomized Rats ◽  
Different Doses

ABSTRACT In a previous study it was found that oestrogens are necessary for androgens to elicit a development of alveolar lobules in the mammary glands of rats. Since androgens and oestrogens exert synergistic as well as antagonistic actions on mammary glands of e. g. rabbits, the significance of oestrogens in the response of the mammary gland to androgens was further investigated in the rat. The experiments were designed according to the same principles as previously, that is, the response of the gland itself to oestrogens was modified. This was achieved by treatment of hypophysectomized rats with a) thyroxine (negligible response) and b) thyroxine, cortisone and insulin (marked response). The effect of endogenous androgens was studied in males injected with PMS with or without oestrogens. Gonadectomized rats were injected with testosterone and oestrogens. No oestrogens given: The mammary glands of hypophysectomized males injected with PMS showed an abnormal response, irrespective of simultaneous treatment with thyroxine, cortisone and insulin in various combinations. The result confirms previous work with testosterone. Negligible response of the mammary glands to oestrogens: In hypophysectomized rats treated with thyroxine, oestrogens and PMS or testosterone, the response of the glands was uniform and abnormal. The absence of end buds indicated that the response to oestrogens, if present at all, was suppressed by the androgens. Marked response of the mammary glands to oestrogens: In hypophysectomized rats treated with thyroxine, cortisone and insulin another response of the glands to androgens and oestrogens was found. Besides abnormal structures, alveolar lobules were present. The changes produced with different doses of testosterone and oestrone indicated a complicated interplay of the two hormones. Confirming previous observations, records of the length and weight of the body and of the weight of the liver and heart revealed marked growth in the hypophysectomized rats treated with thyroxine, cortisone and insulin.

MODIFICATION BY OESTROGENS OF THE REACTION OF THE RAT'S MAMMARY GLAND TO ANDROGENS

1962 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dora Jacobsohn
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Present Finding ◽  
Mammary Glands ◽  
List Type ◽  
Simultaneous Treatment ◽  
Alveolar Development ◽  
Hypophysectomized Rats ◽  
Combined Actions

ABSTRACT The investigation is concerned with the question, whether the mammary gland of the rat reacts with alveolar growth to androgens alone or to the combined actions of androgens and oestrogens. Since it is difficult to deprive a rat of oestrogens, the study was performed under conditions in which the gland itself either does or does not react to oestrogens. The results were as follows: Experiments on hypophysectomized rats treated with insulin and cortisone. – This treatment makes the glands responsive to oestrogens. Administration of oestrogens resulted in alveolar development in response to endogenously produced androgens (males injected with PMS) as well as to testosterone injections (gonadectomized rats). Experiments on hypophysectomized rats. – The glands do not react to oestrogens. – Injections of oestrogens together with PMS or testosterone resulted in the abnormal reaction known to occur in the mammary glands of hypophysectomized rats given androgens alone. Alveoli were absent. Confirming previous results with testosterone, the mammary glands of hypophysectomized males injected with PMS reacted abnormally and the reaction was not normalized by simultaneous treatment of the hypophysectomized rats with insulin and cortisone. The hitherto confusing results obtained by other workers who studied the effects of growth hormone and prolactin on the mammary glands of hypophysectomized rats are discussed, in view of the present finding that a response of the rat's mammary gland to oestrogens is a prerequisite for the production of alveolar lobule development by androgens.

EFFECTS OF THYROXINE ON GROWTH OF MAMMARY GLANDS, WHOLE BODY, HEART AND LIVER IN HYPOPHYSECTOMIZED RATS TREATED WITH INSULIN, CORTISONE AND OVARIAN STEROIDS

1960 ◽  
Vol XXXV (I) ◽  
pp. 107-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dora Jacobsohn
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Glands ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Prolonged Treatment ◽  
List Type ◽  
Ovarian Steroids ◽  
Heart Ventricles ◽  
General Metabolism ◽  
Hypophysectomized Rats ◽  
Long Acting

ABSTRACT The effect of thyroxine on the growth of mammary glands and other tissues was studied in rats devoid of hypophysial hormones. 1. Experimental procedures permitting prolonged treatment of hypophysectomized rats with thyroxine together with long acting insulin, cortisone, oestradiolbenzoate and progesterone in doses inducing growth were worked out. It was found essential 1) to subject the rats to a fortnight's pretreatment with thyroxine before superimposing the other hormones and 2) to avoid cortisone in doses larger than 0.25 mg daily. 2. Administration of thyroxine with or without cortisone to gonadectomized hypophysectomized rats injected with oestradiolbenzoate and progesterone resulted in a development of end buds whilst other mammary tissues remained atrophic. 3. Thyroxine enhanced the growth reaction of the mammary glands to oestradiolbenzoate and progesterone in gonadectomized hypophysectomized rats treated with insulin and cortisone. 4. Determinations of the weight and length of the body and of the weight of the liver, heart ventricles and adrenal glands showed that thyroxine in the hypophysectomized rats treated with insulin, cortisone and ovarian steroids enhanced the growth of the body and heart ventricles. 5. The observations made in the present work support the view that the growth of the mammary gland is dependent upon the state of the general metabolism.

INTERACTIONS OF OESTRONE AND TESTOSTERONE ON MAMMARY GLANDS OF MALE RABBITS

1961 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 141-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Bengtsson ◽  
A. Norgren
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Testosterone Propionate ◽  
Mammary Glands ◽  
List Type ◽  
Stunted Growth ◽  
Abnormal Growth ◽  
Growth Reaction ◽  
Extensive Growth ◽  
Higher Doses

ABSTRACT The effect of testosterone and oestrone on the mammary glands of castrated male rabbits was studied. Testosterone propionate was used in daily doses from 0.5 to 80 mg. The doses of oestrone ranged from 0.05 to 25 μg per day. Mammary glands were examined after 14, 28 or 56 days of injections. 1) Testosterone in doses below 20 mg failed to affect the mammary glands. With 40 or 80 mg a distinct, though abnormal growth reaction was consistently obtained. 2) Oestrone in doses lower than 0.5 μg did not stimulate mammary growth. With 0.5 μg and higher doses extensive growth of the mammary glands occurred. Stunted growth and secretion were found in the mammary glands of rabbits injected with 12.5 or 25 μg oestrone. 3) Testosterone in doses of 1 or 5 to 10 mg depressed or abolished the response of the mammary glands to 0.5 μg oestrone. When testosterone, in doses ineffective when given alone, was added to at least 3.125 μg oestrone, the mammary glands developed alveoli. The abnormalities produced by the highest doses of oestrone studied were exaggerated by the addition of testosterone. 4) The observations indicate a complicated interplay between the actions of testosterone and oestrone on the mammary gland of the rabbit. The interactions between testosterone and oestrone are presumably different from those observed between progesterone and oestrone.

scholarly journals Reversible physiological transdifferentiation in the adipose organ

2009 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 340-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saverio Cinti
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Mammary Glands ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Brown Adipocytes ◽  
White Adipocytes ◽  
Hormonal Stimulus ◽  
Adipose Organ ◽  
Adipose Cells

All mammals are provided with two distinct adipose cells, white and brown adipocytes. White adipocytes store lipids to provide fuel to the organism, allowing intervals between meals. Brown adipocytes use lipids to produce heat. Previous descriptions have implied their localization in distinct sites of the body; however, it has been demonstrated that they are present together in many depots, which has led to the new concept of the adipose organ. In order to explain their coexistence the hypothesis of reversible physiological transdifferentiation has been developed, i.e. they are contained together because they are able to convert, one into the other. In effect, if needed the brown component of the organ could increase at the expense of the white component and vice versa. This plasticity is important because the brown phenotype of the organ is associated with resistance to obesity and its related disorders. A new example of reversible physiological transdifferentiation of adipocytes is offered by the mammary gland during pregnancy, lactation and post-lactation stages. The gravidic hormonal stimulus seems to trigger a transdifferentiation of adipocytes into milk-producing and secreting epithelial glands. In the post-lactation period some of the epithelial cells of the mammary gland seem to transdifferentiate into adipocytes. Recent unpublished results suggest that explanted adipose tissue, as well as explanted isolated mature adipocytes, is able to transdifferentiate into glands with epithelial markers of milk-secreting mammary glands. These findings, if confirmed, seem to suggest new windows into the cell biology frontiers of adipocytes.

THE EFFECT OF CORTISOL ACETATE ON OESTRONE-INDUCED MAMMARY GLAND GROWTH IN IMMATURE OVARIECTOMIZED ALBINO MICE

1957 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. MUNFORD
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Mammary Glands ◽  
Mammary Development ◽  
The Body ◽  
Logarithmic Scale ◽  
Uterine Weight ◽  
Gland Weight ◽  
Ovariectomized Mice ◽  
Albino Mice

SUMMARY The response of the mammary glands of ovariectomized albino mice to treatment with 0·003 or 0·006 μg oestrone daily could be distinguished after 21 days of treatment. Differences in mammary gland areas of oestrone-treated ovariectomized mice, and of both ovariectomized and intact controls, were significant. When injected at a level of 12·5 μg daily for 21 days, cortisol acetate (CA) stimulated mammary development in ovariectomized and ovariectomized oestrone-treated albino mice, both growth in area and increase in the number of duct junctions being affected. At higher dosage rates (25 and 50 μg daily) CA was without detectable influence on the mammary glands. The effect of the two steroids upon the mammary glands appeared to be simply additive when analysed on the transformed (logarithmic) scale. The estimate of the density of duct branching—number of duct junctions per unit area—of the mammary glands was not significantly affected by either steroid. Differences in this estimate of mammary gland structure were in general inversely related to differences in area or number of duct junctions. The effects of treatment with CA and with oestrone upon the body weight, adrenal and thymus gland weight, uterine weight and vaginal changes were also observed.

scholarly journals Mongolian Medicine RuXian-I Treatment of Estrogen-Induced Mammary Gland Hyperplasia in Rats Related to TCTP Regulating Apoptosis

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun-Fei Zhang ◽  
Jia Liu ◽  
Guo-Hua Gong ◽  
Bin Zhang ◽  
Cheng-Xi Wei
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Breast Tissue ◽  
Caspase 3 ◽  
Mammary Glands ◽  
The Body ◽  
Therapeutic Activity ◽  
Pathological Changes ◽  
Caspase 9 ◽  
Organ Index ◽  
Therapeutic Mechanism

Mongolian medicine RuXian-I is composed of 30 Mongolian herbs, which is a traditional Mongolian recipe for clinical treatment of breast “Qi Su Bu Ri Le Du Sen” disease (hyperplasia of mammary glands, HMG). Based on the previous study, this dissertation further explores the therapeutic mechanism of RuXian-I on estrogen-induced HMG in rats. RuXian-I had no effect on the body weight and food intake of HMG rats and had no toxic effects on the five organs (heart, lung, spleen, and kidney). RuXian-I reduced the diameter and height of nipple, organ index, and pathological changes and alleviated the sex hormone levels oh HMG; RuXian-I reduced the upregulation of TCTP, Mcl-1, and Bcl-xL in breast tissue of mammary gland hyperplasia and increased the downregulation of p53, Bax, caspase-9, and caspase-3 protein. RuXian-I has an effective therapeutic activity on HMG rats, and its possible therapeutic mechanism is closely related to antiapoptosis protein TCTP-regulated apoptosis.

INFLUENCE OF THE ADRENAL CORTEX ON GROWTH PROCESSES IN THE RAT MAMMARY GLAND

1964 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. HAMBERGER ◽  
K. AHRÉN
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Mammary Glands ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Growth Processes ◽  
Alveolar Development ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Hypophysectomized Rats ◽  
Rat Mammary Gland ◽  
Adrenalectomized Rats

SUMMARY The role of adrenal cortical hormones in the response of the rat mammary gland to testosterone was studied in Sprague-Dawley rats. In gonadectomized rats with intact adrenals, local percutaneous application of testosterone stimulated lobulo-alveolar development in the mammary glands. This effect of testosterone was markedly reduced after adrenalectomy. Injections of cortisone into the adrenalectomized rats restored the mammary gland response to testosterone, whereas injections of oestrone did not. In adrenalectomized and hypophysectomized rats, injections of testosterone in combination with growth hormone produced a marked alveolar development in the mammary glands. The importance of gonadal, hypophysial and adrenocortical hormones for various growth processes in the mammary glands is discussed.

THE SECRETORY CAPACITY OF THE AUTOTRANSPLANTED HYPOPHYSIS AS INDICATED BY THE EFFECTS OF STEROID HORMONES ON THE MAMMARY GLANDS

1961 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 449-468 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kurt Ahrén
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Mammary Gland Development ◽  
Mammary Glands ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Alveolar Development ◽  
Hypophysectomized Rats ◽  
Gland Development ◽  
Secretory Capacity

ABSTRACT In the present experiments the secretory capacity of the pituitary gland, autotransplanted to the kidney capsule, was studied with special regard to the secretion of prolactin and growth hormone, using the response of the mammary glands to oestrone (3-hydroxy-oestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-one) and progesterone (pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione) in castrated female and male rats as indicator. The main results were as follows: 1) Daily injections of 10 μg of oestrone + 4 mg of progesterone stimulated slight duct growth and marked but not maximal lobule-alveolar development in the mammary glands of rats with transplanted hypophysis. In rats with intact pituitary gland this treatment produced more extensive duct growth and more marked alveolar development. 2) Daily injections of 1 μg of oestrone did not stimulate mammary gland development in rats with transplanted pituitary gland. The same treatment produced slight but definite duct growth in rats with intact pituitary gland. 3) Daily injections of 10 μg of oestrone stimulated slight duct growth and restricted lobule-alveolar development in rats with transplanted hypophysis. In rats with intact pituitary gland this treatment produced more extensive growth of the duct system. 4) In hypophysectomized rats all dose levels of oestrone and progesterone were ineffective in promoting mammary gland development. Combined with prolactin these hormones stimulated, in hypophysectomized rats, a mammary gland development which, qualitatively as well as quantitatively, was very similar to that found in rats with transplanted pituitary gland. These results indicate that the transplanted pituitary gland secreted considerable amounts of prolactin but did not secrete growth hormone or secreted it in only very small amounts.

TESTOSTERONE AND THE GROWTH OF MAMMARY GLANDS AND OTHER TISSUES OF HYPOPHYSECTOMIZED RATS TREATED WITH THYROXINE, INSULIN AND CORTISONE

1960 ◽  
Vol XXXIII (II) ◽  
pp. 214-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. T. Donovan ◽  
Dora Jacobsohn
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Testosterone Propionate ◽  
Ovarian Hormones ◽  
Mammary Glands ◽  
Seminal Vesicles ◽  
The Body ◽  
Ventral Prostate ◽  
Hypophysectomized Rats

ABSTRACT The reaction of the mammary glands to testosterone propionate was studied in gonadectomized, hypophysectomized rats treated with thyroxine, insulin and cortisone in various combinations. The weight and length of the body and the weight of the liver, heart ventricles, adrenal glands, seminal vesicles and ventral prostate was also recorded. Growth of alveolar lobules, such as produced by injections of testosterone into rats with intact pituitary gland did not occur in any of the 3 groups of hypophysectomized rats studied, that is, neither after treatment with testosterone and 1) thyroxine and cortisone, 2) insulin and cortisone, nor 3) thyroxine, insulin and cortisone. An abnormal elongation of side buds and a hyperplasia and proliferation of ductal epithelium did occur and was most prominent in the group receiving insulin and cortisone. A marked increase in body length, as well as in body weight, was observed in the group treated with testosterone, thyroxine, insulin and cortisone. The results are discussed with regard to the enhanced growth response to ovarian hormones observed in this laboratory under similar conditions.

THE GROWTH RESPONSES OF MAMMARY GLANDS AND OTHER TISSUES IN HYPOPHYSECTOMIZED FEMALE RATS TREATED WITH THYROXINE, INSULIN, CORTISONE, AND PREGNANT MARE SERUM GONADOTROPHIN

1960 ◽  
Vol XXXIII (II) ◽  
pp. 197-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. T. Donovan ◽  
Dora Jacobsohn
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Liver Weight ◽  
Mammary Glands ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
List Type ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Ovarian Weight ◽  
Heart Ventricles ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
The Individual

ABSTRACT The reaction of the mammary gland of the hypophysectomized rat to endogenous ovarian hormones produced under the influence of serum gonadotrophin (PMS) was studied and the effect of treatment with insulin, thyroxine, and cortisone in various combinations on the reaction examined. Changes in body weight, body length, weight of liver, and weight of heart ventricles were also followed. In hypophysectomized rats treated with PMS alone (group 1) the ovarian weight increased approximately tenfold and the hormones secreted caused vaginal cornification. Mammary growth was absent. With PMS, thyroxine and cortisone (group 2) the ovaries reacted as with PMS alone and vaginal cornification was again observed. Growth of end buds occurred in the mammary glands. The weight of the heart ventricles increased. With PMS, insulin and cortisone (group 3) ovarian weight and function was similar to that in the previous groups but the effect on the mammary gland was greater in that the size was increased, there were numerous side buds and end buds, and a few alveolar lobules. Body and liver weight was also increased. With PMS, thyroxine, insulin and cortisone (group 4) the effect on the ovaries and mammary glands was qualitatively similar to that seen in group 3 but ovarian weight was lower, and mammary growth more extensive. The rats grew in length, increased in weight, and the weight of the liver and heart ventricles was close to that of control animals. The above results support the view that the growth of the mammary gland is dependent upon the metabolic state of the individual.

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