STUDIES ON ESTER SULPHATES

1961 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 405-417 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harry Boström
Keyword(s):  
Physiological Role ◽  
Paper Electrophoresis ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
List Type ◽  
Vaginal Opening ◽  
Unknown Compound ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
Time Relation ◽  
The Individual

ABSTRACT A survey has been made of the hormonal influence on the urinary ester-sulphate pattern in rats. The technique consisted of administration of 35S-labelled sulphate to the experimental animals, collection of the urine voided during the first 24 hours after injection, and subsequent visualization of the ester-sulphate pattern of the individual animals by means of paper chromatography and paper electrophoresis, combined with autoradiography. The following results were obtained: 1. An unknown ester sulphate, present only in the urinary pattern of female rats, disappeared after adrenalectomy and hypophysectomy, but persisted after oophorectomy. 2. The unknown, sex-linked compound was absent from the pattern of juvenile rats, but was present in all those weighing more than 100 g. 3. A time relation was present between the appearance of the characteristic female compound and vaginal opening. The possible nature and physiological role of the unknown compound are discussed against the background of these observations.

Role of the Anterior Pituitary in the Development of a Fatty Liver

1958 ◽  
Vol 193 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ira G. Wool ◽  
M. S. Goldstein
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Liver ◽  
Lipid Accumulation ◽  
Anterior Pituitary ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Hepatic Lipids ◽  
Hypophysectomized Rats

This study was undertaken to determine whether a fat mobilizing factor from the anterior pituitary is essential to the development of a fatty liver. The method employed was the administration of ethionine, an antimetabolite of methionine, to fasted female rats. Hypophysectomy led to a marked impairment in the ability to accumulate hepatic lipids. Cortisone alone or combined with thyroxine failed to restore this defect. Epinephrine administered to cortisone-maintained hypophysectomized rats led to the development of a fatty liver. While lipid accumulation in the liver can precede in the absence of a specific anterior pituitary fat mobilizing factor, the quantitative aspects do not exclude a possible physiological role for such a principle.

Tissue distribution of rat S100 alpha and S100 beta and S100-binding proteins

1987 ◽  
Vol 252 (3) ◽  
pp. C285-C289 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. B. Zimmer ◽  
L. J. Van Eldik
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Binding ◽  
Binding Proteins ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Rat Tissues ◽  
Differential Distribution ◽  
Binding Profile ◽  
Calmodulin Binding ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Intracellular Targets

To understand the physiological role of the calcium-binding proteins S100 alpha and S100 beta, it is necessary to determine the distribution of these proteins and detect their intracellular targets in various tissues. The distribution of immunoreactive S100 alpha and S100 beta in various rat tissues was examined by radioimmunoassay. All tissues examined contained detectable S100, but the S100 beta/S100 alpha ratio in each tissue differed. Brain, adipose, and testes contained 18- to 40-fold more S100 beta than S100 alpha; skin and liver contained approximately equivalent amounts and kidney, spleen, and heart contained 8- to 75-fold more S100 alpha than S100 beta. Analysis of S100-binding proteins by gel overlay showed that each tissue possessed its own complement of binding proteins. The S100 beta-binding profile was indistinguishable from the S100 alpha-binding profile and both of these profiles were distinct from the calmodulin-binding profile. These observations suggest that the differential distribution and quantity of the individual S100 polypeptides and their binding proteins in various tissues may be important factors in determining S100 function.

Effects of systemic administration or intrabursal injection of serotonin on puberty, first ovulation and follicular development in rats

2013 ◽  
Vol 25 (8) ◽  
pp. 1105 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Moran ◽  
M. E. Ayala ◽  
E. Gallegos ◽  
J. Romero ◽  
R. Chavira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Serum Concentration ◽  
Follicular Development ◽  
Systemic Administration ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Subcutaneous Route ◽  
Vaginal Opening ◽  
Serum Concentrations ◽  
Neuroendocrine Mechanism

To elucidate the role of serotonin in the onset of puberty, the effects of both systemic and in-ovarian bursa administration of serotonin on the neuroendocrine mechanism that modulates the onset of puberty, follicular development and first ovulation were evaluated. Two experiments were carried out. For the first, 25 or 37.5 mg kg–1 of bodyweight of serotonin creatinine sulfate was administered by a subcutaneous route to 30-day-old female rats. In the second experiment, serotonin creatinine sulfate was administered directly into the ovarian bursa of 34-day-old female rats. Systemic administration of 25 or 37.5 mg kg–1 of serotonin creatinine sulfate induced a delay in the ages of vaginal opening and first vaginal oestrus, a decrease in the number of ovulating animals, and serum concentrations of FSH, LH, oestradiol and progesterone. An increase in the number of Class 3 (>500 μm) and atretic follicles was observed in the ovaries of these animals. The administration of serotonin creatinine sulfate in the ovarian bursa did not modify the onset of puberty and ovulation, but a reduced serum concentration of oestradiol was observed. Our results suggest that serotonin acts on the components of the hypothalamus–hypophysis–ovary axis by modulating follicular development, ovarian functions and the onset of puberty.

scholarly journals Interventions for challenging behaviour in intellectual disability

2014 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 184-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Afia Ali ◽  
Jessica Blickwedel ◽  
Angela Hassiotis
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Disability ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
List Type ◽  
Challenging Behaviour ◽  
Pharmacological Treatments ◽  
Current Evidence Base ◽  
The Individual

SummaryChallenging behaviour is common in intellectual disability but it is difficult to diagnose and manage. It can adversely affect the quality of life of the individual and cause the breakdown of community placements, resulting in hospital admission. This article discusses the aetiology of challenging behaviour (including the complex relationship with mental illness), diagnostic problems, the current evidence base in relation to psychosocial and pharmacological treatments, and service delivery.LEARNING OBJECTIVES•Understand the aetiological basis of challenging behaviour.•Understand the role of functional analysis.•Appreciate the evidence base in relation to the psychological and pharmacological treatment of challenging behaviour.

FACTORS DETERMINING CESSATION OF CORPUS LUTEUM FUNCTION; THE POSSIBLE ROLE OF OESTRADIOL AND PROGESTERONE

1964 ◽  
Vol 45 (4_Suppl) ◽  
pp. S125-S132 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. E. de Jongh ◽  
O. L. Wolthuis
Keyword(s):  
Corpus Luteum ◽  
Fixed Dose ◽  
List Type ◽  
Vaginal Opening ◽  
Vaginal Smears ◽  
Uterine Endometrium ◽  
Marked Inhibition ◽  
Oestradiol Benzoate ◽  
Sparing Effect

ABSTRACT The role of oestrogen and progesterone utilization by the uterus was investigated with regard to the mechanism of cessation of corpus luteum function. After the administration of oestradiol benzoate with or without progesterone in various combinations to spayed, spayed-hysterectomized, or spayed traumatized rats it was found that: there were no percentage differences in the oestrogenic effects in the vaginal smears of spayed or spayed-hysterectomized rats after the administration of oestradiol benzoate alone. After treatment with combinations of oestradiol and progesterone, the oestrogenic effects were inhibited in spayed-hysterectomized animals as compared with similarly treated spayed controls. A still more marked inhibition was obtained after traumatizing the uterine endometrium. Increasing doses of progesterone in combination with a fixed dose of oestradiol benzoate progressively delayed vaginal opening. It is concluded that the uterus does not utilize any measurable amounts of oestrogen, but that, on the other hand, it does utilize considerable quantities of progesterone. Traumatization of the uterus may have a similar progesterone-sparing effect. The findings are discussed against the background of factors which determine cessation of corpus luteum function, while it is suggested that progesterone may be an important factor accounting for the effects of hysterectomy.

scholarly journals Glycodelin mRNA is expressed in the genital tract of male and female rats (Rattus norvegicus)

1999 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
C Keil ◽  
B Husen ◽  
J Giebel ◽  
G Rune ◽  
R Walther
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
In Situ Hybridisation ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
First Time

In the present study we demonstrate for the first time the expression of glycodelin mRNA in the female and male genital tracts of rats using non-radioactive in situ hybridisation. Glycodelin fragment 1 (+41 to +141) shares 100% homology with the human gene sequence. In the ovary, glycodelin mRNA was restricted to granulosa cells. In the uterus, glycodelin mRNA was expressed in all epithelial cells of the endometrium. In the male reproductive tract, glycodelin mRNA was distributed in all epithelial cells of the epididymis, the prostate and the seminal vesicle. However, in the testis, glycodelin mRNA was predominantly found in spermatogonia and in spermatocytes of the seminiferous epithelium. The expression in several reproductive organs of rats offers an excellent tool to study further the physiological role of glycodelin, which is so far thought to act as an immunosuppressive factor.

THE ROLE OF THE TESTIS IN THE RELEASE OF GONADOTROPHINS FROM THE HYPOPHYSIS

1962 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Taira ◽  
A. A. Tarkhan
Keyword(s):  
Leydig Cells ◽  
Interstitial Cells ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
List Type ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
Short Period ◽  
The One ◽  
Spermatogenic Epithelium

ABSTRACT To study the role of the spermatogenic epithelium and of the interstitial cells of Leydig in the release of the pituitary gonadotrophins, groups of normal, cryptorchid and castrated adult rats were joined parabiotically to immature male and female rats for a period of seven days. On examination of the genital organs of different recipients, it has been concluded that: In normal rats, there is no appreciable release of any gonadotrophin during the short period of parabiosis. The spermatogenic epithelium inhibits the release of FSH, while the interstitial cells liberate a hormone that inhibits the release of ICSH. Release of the gonadotrophin which causes luteinisation of the granulosa cells is not activated by cryptorchidism or castration. This gonadotrophin is different from the one responsible for stimulation of growth and functional activity of the Leydig cells. The term »LH« is better confined to the former and »ICSH« to the latter gonadotrophin. ICSH not only acts on the testis but also on the ovary and indirectly on the uterus; this action has been discussed.

scholarly journals The Physiological Role of Arcuate Kisspeptin Neurons in the Control of Reproductive Function in Female Rats

Endocrinology ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 155 (3) ◽  
pp. 1091-1098 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.E. Beale ◽  
J.S. Kinsey-Jones ◽  
J.V. Gardiner ◽  
E.K. Harrison ◽  
E.L. Thompson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physiological Role ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Female Rats

Endotoxin exposure and puberty in female rats: the role of nitric oxide and caspase-1 inhibition in neonates

2015 ◽  
Vol 93 (8) ◽  
pp. 603-614 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tuba Ozgocer ◽  
Sedat Yildiz ◽  
Hulya Elbe ◽  
Nigar Vardi
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Digestive System ◽  
Primordial Follicle ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Vaginal Opening ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Endotoxin Exposure ◽  
Timing Of Puberty

Bacterial toxins are widespread in the environment as well as in the digestive system of humans and animals. Toxin from Gram-negative bacteria (endotoxin or lipopolysaccharide; LPS) has a life-long programming effect on reproduction in rats, but the mediators have not been well-documented, so we investigated the effects of LPS on the timing of puberty in female rats. Because the levels of nitric oxide (NO) and interleukin 1β (IL-1β) increase following injection of LPS, we injected neonates (post-natal day (pnd) 7) with LPS, with or without NO or IL-1β inhibitors. Half of the prepubescent (pnd 30) animals received an additional LPS injection. Vaginal opening, number of ovarian follicles, and serum anti-LPS antibodies were determined. A single LPS injection was sufficient to reduce the primordial follicle pool, but puberty was delayed when rats received 2 LPS injections (at pnd 7 and 30). NO or IL-1β inhibitors improved both of these parameters, suggesting that the early detrimental effects of LPS on puberty and primordial follicle pool are mediated by NO and IL-1β.

scholarly journals Puma cooperates with Bim, the rate-limiting BH3-only protein in cell death during lymphocyte development, in apoptosis induction

2006 ◽  
Vol 203 (13) ◽  
pp. 2939-2951 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miriam Erlacher ◽  
Verena Labi ◽  
Claudia Manzl ◽  
Günther Böck ◽  
Alexandar Tzankov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
B Cell Lymphoma ◽  
Apoptosis Induction ◽  
Induced Apoptosis ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Rate Limiting ◽  
Lymphatic Organs ◽  
Single Knockout

The physiological role of B cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) homology 3–only proteins has been investigated in mice lacking the individual genes identifying rate-limiting roles for Bim (Bcl-2–interacting mediator of cell death) and Puma (p53–up-regulated modulator of apoptosis) in apoptosis induction. The loss of Bim protects lymphocytes from apoptosis induced by cytokine deprivation and deregulated Ca++ flux and interferes with the deletion of autoreactive lymphocytes and the shutdown of immune responses. In contrast, Puma is considered the key mediator of p53-induced apoptosis. To investigate the hypothesis that Bim and Puma have overlapping functions, we generated mice lacking both genes and found that bim−/−/puma−/− animals develop multiple postnatal defects that are not observed in the single knockout mice. Most strikingly, hyperplasia of lymphatic organs is comparable with that observed in mice overexpressing Bcl-2 in all hemopoietic cells exceeding the hyperplasia observed in bim−/− mice. Bim and Puma also have clearly overlapping functions in p53-dependent and -independent apoptosis. Their combined loss promotes spontaneous tumorigenesis, causing the malignancies observed in Bcl-2 transgenic mice, but does not exacerbate the autoimmunity observed in the absence of Bim.

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