GONADOTROPHINS AND PROLACTIN IN HUMAN PITUITARY GLANDS

1961 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Currie ◽  
J. B. Dekanski
Keyword(s):  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Lower Yield ◽  
Human Pituitary ◽  
Human Pituitary Gland ◽  
Human Menopausal Gonadotrophin ◽  
Pituitary Glands ◽  
Reference Preparation ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Human Anterior Pituitary ◽  
Cortisone Therapy

ABSTRACT Human anterior pituitary glands collected at autopsy within 6 hours of death were investigated for gonadotrophic and lactogenic activity. The glands were extracted with 2 % saline and most of the gonadotrophic and lactogenic activity appears to be extracted by this procedure. Little corticotrophic and thyrotrophic activity was found in the extract. The yield of extractable gonadotrophin in the pituitary glands of males and females of varying ages, and the effect of ovariectomy (in two cases) and of cortisone therapy (in one case) on the yield have been investigated. A reference preparation for human menopausal gonadotrophin (HMG20A, Organon) was used as a standard. The amount of stored gonadotrophin increased with advancing age in both sexes. Ovariectomy was associated with a higher yield and cortisone therapy with a lower yield than that shown in pooled pituitary glands from women of the same age group. The ratio of the biological activity of FSH to ICSH in the pituitary glands of men over the age of 50 was about 1 : 1. The method of assay for prolactin was semi-quantitative but there was the same general trend of increased yield with advancing age. The pituitary gland from the case treated with cortisone had the highest yield while ovariectomy appeared to result in a decrease in the stored amount of the hormone. The functional significance of the results of the yield of stored hormones in the human pituitary gland is briefly discussed.

The corticotrophic cells of the canine pituitary gland in pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism

1983 ◽  
Vol 96 (2) ◽  
pp. 303-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. McNicol ◽  
H. Thomson ◽  
C. J. R. Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Cushing’S Disease ◽  
Cushing's Disease ◽  
Human Pituitary ◽  
Human Pituitary Gland ◽  
Single Entity ◽  
Pituitary Glands ◽  
Corticotrophic Cells

The distribution of specifically stained corticotrophic cells has been studied in the pituitary glands of 11 dogs with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism. The results suggest that the disease is not a single entity, and that some cases are caused by primary abnormality of the pituitary gland whereas others appear to be the result of dysfunction of the hypothalamus or central nervous system. The patterns correspond closely to those demonstrated in the human pituitary gland in Cushing's disease, and confirm that the canine disease is a useful model for the study of the pathogenesis of the variants of the condition.

Membranous Layers of the Pituitary Gland: Histological Anatomic Study and Related Clinical Issues

2009 ◽  
Vol 64 (suppl_1) ◽  
pp. ONS1-ONS10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qi Songtao ◽  
Lu Yuntao ◽  
Pan Jun ◽  
Huang Chuanping ◽  
Shi Xiaofeng
Keyword(s):  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Lamina Propria ◽  
Internal Carotid ◽  
The Other ◽  
Medial Wall ◽  
Lateral Part ◽  
Fibrous Layer ◽  
Human Pituitary ◽  
Human Pituitary Gland ◽  
Pituitary Glands

Abstract Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the membranous layers of the human pituitary gland and their relationships with invasive adenomas. Methods: Histological and microdissection techniques were used to study 8 fetal and 10 adult human cadavers, respectively. The distribution of the membranous layers was observed, and their thickness was measured. The results were analyzed histologically and anatomically. Results: In all specimens, the pituitary glands were found to be coated by 2 membranous layers, the inner layer being referred to here as the lamina propria and the outer as the pituitary capsule. In all specimens, the 2 membranes were intact with no histological defects. An interstice or cavity between the 2 layers was found on the surface of the adenohypophysis. However, as these 2 layers got closer and closer to each other, they began to adhere on the surface of the neurohypophysis. The thickness of the pituitary capsule was not constant like that of the lamina propria: the inferolateral part of the capsule was thicker than the other parts. The medial wall of the cavernous sinus (CS) was also a bilayered membrane just like the other CS walls: the 2 layers of the medial CS wall were composed of the lateral part of the pituitary capsule and the fibrous layer. Many fibrous trabeculae arising from this fibrous layer divided the CS into several small venous spaces and connected the internal carotid arteries with the medial wall. Conclusion: The terminology for the 2 membranous layers, the lamina propria and the pituitary capsule, seemed to be more appropriate and representative of the histological features of the pituitary layers. The lateral part of the capsule and the fibrous layer constituted the medial wall of the CS, which has a superior part that is weaker than the thicker inferior part. It is still difficult to postulate the criteria needed to predict CS invasion. However, the distance between the 2 sides of the internal carotid artery might be another predictive criterion to preoperatively diagnose CS invasion by adenomas. Enhanced knowledge of these membranes may be of assistance in finding a useful criterion.

RADIOIMMUNOASSAY FOR PORCINE LIPOTROPHIC PEPTIDE B

1977 ◽  
Vol 85 (2) ◽  
pp. 291-299
Author(s):  
G. Neureuther ◽  
P. Schwandt ◽  
J. Otto
Keyword(s):  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Cross Reaction ◽  
Detectable Amount ◽  
Human Pituitary ◽  
Active Peptide ◽  
Human Pituitary Gland ◽  
Double Antibody ◽  
Dextran Coated Charcoal ◽  
Human Sera ◽  
Pituitary Glands

ABSTRACT A sensitive radioimmunoassay for the lipolytic peptide B from pig pituitary glands has been developed. Antisera were raised in rabbits, which allowed a final dilution of 1:6000. Free and antibody bound [125I]peptide B could be separated by double antibody, by dextran-coated charcoal and by polyethyleneglycol. The smallest detectable amount was 0.5 ng/ml. Peptide B could be measured irregularly in porcine sera; there was crossreacting material in an extract of a total human pituitary gland, but not in human sera. The assay seems specific except for a strong cross-reaction with porcine neurophysin. There are indications that peptide B consists of neurophysin and a small lipolytically active peptide which remains to be further characterized.

scholarly journals Variation in Weight of the Human Pituitary Gland in Different Age & Sex

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-29
Author(s):  
Mushfika Rahman ◽  
Shamim Ara ◽  
Farhana Akter ◽  
Halima Afroz ◽  
Anjuman Ara Sultana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Human Pituitary ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Human Pituitary Gland ◽  
Normal Functions ◽  
Pituitary Glands ◽  
Group A ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Group B

Contrext: The pituitary gland produces several hormones that regulate growth, metabolism and reproduction. Deviations from the normal functions of the gland certainly derange the harmony of life. Therefore, this study is important to identify variation in the weight of human pituitary gland in relation to age and sex. Materials & Methods: A cross-sectional analytical type of study was conducted in the department of Anatomy, Dhaka Medical College, on sixty (40 of male and 20 of female) human pituitary glands were collected from unclaimed dead bodies that were under examination in the morgue of department of Forensic Medicine, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka. The samples were divided into four groups. i.e. Group-A (20-29 years), Group-B (30-39 years), Group-C (40-49 years) and Group-D (50-59 years). The weight of the gland with the stalk was measured by means of a digital electric balance. Results: In male the mean± SD weight of the pituitary gland was found 355.56 ± 49.78, 261.18 ± 52.31, 244.44 ± 51.26 and 210 ± 18.71 mg in group A, B, C and D respectively. In female the mean± SD weight was 381.11 ± 14.53 mg, 345 ± 19.27 mg and 313.33 ± 11.53 mg in group A, B, and C respectively. Conclusion: The weight of the pituitary gland showed gradual decreasing values with advancing age. The mean ± SD weight of male gland in this study was significantly lower than that of female glands. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bja.v11i1.20505 Bangladesh Journal of Anatomy, January 2013, Vol. 11 No. 1 pp 25-29

Human pituitary somatotropes express transforming growth factor-α and its receptor

1994 ◽  
Vol 141 (3) ◽  
pp. 547-554 ◽  
Author(s):  
E L Finley ◽  
J S King ◽  
J S Ramsdell
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factor ◽  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Anterior Pituitary ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Anterior Pituitary Gland ◽  
Human Pituitary ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor Α ◽  
Human Pituitary Gland ◽  
Pituitary Glands ◽  
Factor Α

Abstract Transforming growth factor-α (TGF-α) is a growth-regulatory peptide produced by a variety of transformed and non-transformed cells. Among non-transformed cells, TGF-α has been identified in the prolactin (PRL)- and GH-secreting cells of the bovine anterior pituitary gland. In this report, we have examined the expression of TGF-α in human anterior pituitary glands by Western analysis and immunohistochemistry. For the Western analysis, human pituitary glands were extracted in acid/ethanol, an acetic acid-soluble fraction was ether-precipitated and dialysed, and TGF-α was partially purified by C18 chromatography. TGF-α was then identified by immunostaining of Western transfers. Anterior pituitary extracts exhibited a major band(s) migrating at 19 kDa that was immunoreactive with a monoclonal antibody directed against the mature TGF-α. However, no evidence of the fully processed 6 kDa TGF-α was observed. We next identified TGF-α by immunohistochemistry. Using both monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies, specific immunoreactivity was identified in a population of secretory cells in the anterior pituitary gland. Using antibodies specific for the COOH and NH3 terminals of the TGF-α precursor, a comparable number of TGF-α-positive cells were found to contain TGF-α precursor sequences. These results indicate that the 19 kDa form of TGF-α expressed in the human pituitary gland may exist as the transmembrane form. We next sought to determine which cells express TGF-α in a human male pituitary gland. On frontal sections, TGF-α-immunopositive cells were evenly distributed in a manner and number indistinguishable from GH-immunopositive cells. By contrast, PRL-immunopositive cells in midfrontal sections were largely restricted to the lateral wings and extended dorsally to the neural lobe. TGF-α was positively co-localized to GH-immunopositive cells but not in PRL-immunopositive cells by immunostaining of consecutive sections. TGF-α-immunopositive cells were also immunopositive for the epidermal growth factor receptor, indicating that TGF-α has the capacity for autocrine action in the human pituitary gland. These results indicate that TGF-α is expressed in the human anterior pituitary gland and it is not proteolytically processed into the mature 6 kDa form. In addition, immunohistochemistry of an adult male human pituitary gland indicates that TGF-α is expressed in somatotropes and has the capacity for autocrine action. Journal of Endocrinology (1994) 141, 547–554

Demonstration of desacetyl α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone in fetal and adult human anterior pituitary corticotrophs

1989 ◽  
Vol 120 (3) ◽  
pp. 525-NP ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Coates ◽  
I. Doniach ◽  
J. M. P. Holly ◽  
L. H. Rees
Keyword(s):  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Anterior Lobe ◽  
Pars Intermedia ◽  
Intermediate Lobe ◽  
Human Pituitary ◽  
Human Pituitary Gland ◽  
Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Pars Anterior ◽  
Human Anterior Pituitary

ABSTRACT Immunocytochemistry, radioimmunoassay and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) techniques have been used in combination to investigate the presence of immunoreactive (ir)-α-MSH in the normal human pituitary gland, and to investigate the possible origin of these cells from the fetal pars intermedia. Two separate antisera to α-MSH were employed in immunocytochemistry to distinguish between authentic α-MSH and the desacetyl form. Only desacetyl α-MSH was detected in the pituitary gland of fetal and adult man, in both the pars (zona) intermedia and the pars anterior. In the fetus, a large proportion of the ACTH-containing cells of the anterior lobe also contained ir-α-MSH, while ir-α-MSH containing cells were more sparse in adults. Radioimmunoassay of acid extracts of adult pituitary tissue showed α-MSH levels representing less than 0·05% of the ACTH content of the gland. HPLC analysis of these extracts confirmed that only the desacetyl form was present. These results suggest that α-MSH peptides are synthesized by anterior lobe cells of the human pituitary gland, which are not derived from the fetal pars intermedia. Possible regulatory mechanisms affecting cells which contain ir-α-MSH are discussed, and by comparison with the intermediate lobe of other species it is concluded that there is little evidence for a true intermediate lobe in the human pituitary gland. Journal of Endocrinology (1989) 120, 525–530

THE EXTRACTION OF PROLACTIN FROM HUMAN PITUITARY GLANDS

1965 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Apostolakis
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
List Type ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Hormone Activity ◽  
Isoelectric Precipitation ◽  
Human Pituitary ◽  
Pituitary Glands ◽  
Prolactin Content ◽  
The Mean

ABSTRACT A method for the extraction of prolactin from human pituitary glands is described. It is based on acetone drying, distilled water extraction, acetone and isoelectric precipitation. Two main products are obtained: Fraction R8 with a mean prolactin activity of 12.2 IU/mg and fraction U8 with a mean prolactin activity of 8.6 IU/mg. The former fraction does not contain any significant gonadotrophin activity and the latter contains on an average 50 HMG U/mg. In both cases contamination with ACTH and MSH is minimal. The growth hormone activity of both these fractions is low. It is postulated that in man too, prolactin and growth hormone are two distinct hormones. A total of 1250 human pituitary glands have been processed by this method. The mean prolactin content per pituitary gland has been found to be 73 IU.

Isolation of five active thyrotropin components from human pituitary gland

1975 ◽  
Vol 379 (1) ◽  
pp. 247-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Roos ◽  
D.V. Dervartanian ◽  
Gunilla Jacobson ◽  
Leif Wide
Keyword(s):  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Human Pituitary ◽  
Human Pituitary Gland

The Presence, Characterisation and Synthesis of Neuromedin B in the Human Pituitary Gland

1992 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
pp. 729-734 ◽  
Author(s):  
Solange C. Hearn ◽  
Philip M. Jones ◽  
Mohammad A. Ghatei ◽  
Johanna Byrne ◽  
Sarah F. Hill ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Human Pituitary ◽  
Human Pituitary Gland ◽  
Neuromedin B
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