scholarly journals Novi nalaz reljefne staklene boce oblika ribe

2009 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivo Fadić
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Second Century ◽  
First Century ◽  
Shopping Mall ◽  
Glass Bottle ◽  
Archaeological Excavations ◽  
Made In ◽  
Grave Goods

A fish-shaped relief glass bottle was found in grave 59 (quadrant 3A) during the rescue archaeological excavations at the site of Trgovački Centar (Shopping Mall) Relja in 2005. This find is particularly important since the entire context of the find is defined so that it offers valuable insights about the distribution of this type of the bottle as well as about the the chronological determination of its formation which has been a subject of discussions. These chronological dilemmas were solved by grave goods and typology of the burial at the ancient necropolis of Iader. On the basis of glass finds which belonged to grave goods from grave 59 together with the fish-shaped relief bottle we can state with certainty that this bottle which was blown into a two-part mold was made in the period from the mid-first to the beginning of the second century AD, to be precise in the second half of the first century AD. Out of total number of eight examples of these bottles, place of discovery is known for only four (Romania, Greece and Croatia), two of which were found in the Croatian littoral. Since none of the findspots was located in the western part of the Roman Empire, one cannot help thinking that fish-shaped relief bottles were created in the eastern Mediterranean, most likely in the Syrian glassmaking workshops in the first century AD when small Syrian relief bottles in vegetal and anthropomorphous shapes with relief decoration were very popular.

Zooming In Rome, the Middle Euphrates, and Dura

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon James
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Fourth Century ◽  
Its Region ◽  
Second Century ◽  
First Century ◽  
The West ◽  
Persian Empire ◽  
Spheres Of Influence ◽  
The Military

Dura-Europos was a product and ultimately a victim of the interaction of Mediterranean- and Iranian-centred imperial powers in the Middle East which began with Alexander the Great’s conquest of the Achaemenid Persian empire in the later fourth century BC. Its nucleus was established as part of the military infrastructure and communications network of the Seleucid successor-state. It was expanding into a Greekstyle polis during the second century BC, as Seleucid control was being eroded from the east by expanding Arsacid Parthian power, and threatened from the west by the emergent imperial Roman republic. From the early first century BC, the Roman and Parthian empires formally established the Upper Euphrates as the boundary between their spheres of influence, and the last remnants of the Seleucid regime in Syria were soon eliminated. Crassus’ attempt to conquer Parthia ended in disaster at Carrhae in 53 BC, halting Roman ambitions to imitate Alexander for generations. The nominal boundary on the Upper Euphrates remained, although the political situation in the Middle East remained fluid. Rome long controlled the Levant largely indirectly, through client rulers of small states, only slowly establishing directly ruled provinces with Roman governors, a process mostly following establishment of the imperial regime around the turn of the millennia. However, some client states like Nabataea still existed in AD 100 (for overviews see Millar 1993; Ball 2000; Butcher 2003; Sartre 2005). The Middle Euphrates, in what is now eastern Syria, lay outside Roman control, although it is unclear to what extent Dura and its region—part of Mesopotamia, and Parapotamia on the west bank of the river—were effectively under Arsacid control before the later first century AD. For some decades, Armenia may have been the dominant regional power (Edwell 2013, 192–5; Kaizer 2017, 70). As the Roman empire increasingly crystallized into clearly defined, directly ruled provinces, the contrast with the very different Arsacid system became starker. The ‘Parthian empire’, the core of which comprised Iran and Mesopotamia with a western royal capital at Ctesiphon on the Tigris, was a much looser entity (Hauser 2012).

A REPUBLICAN DILEMMA: CITY OR STATE? OR, THE CONCRETE REVOLUTION REVISITED

2017 ◽  
Vol 85 ◽  
pp. 71-107
Author(s):  
Penelope J.E. Davies
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Balance Of Power ◽  
The State ◽  
Second Century ◽  
First Century ◽  
Role Of Government ◽  
Republican Rome ◽  
Constituent Elements ◽  
Annual Turnover

In a well-known passage, the Greek historian Polybius, writing in the mid-second century BC, attributes Rome's success as a republic to a perfect balance of power between its constituent elements, army, senate and people (Histories6.11); and indeed, the Republic's long survival was an achievement worth explaining. On another note, over a century later, Livy remarked how Republican Rome, with its rambling street plan and miscellany of buildings, compared unfavourably with the magnificent royal cities of the eastern Mediterranean; he put this down to hasty rebuilding after a great Gallic conflagration around 390 BC. Few scholars now accept his explanation. A handful of scholars argue for underlying rationales, usually when setting up the early city as a foil for its transformation under Augustus and subsequent emperors, and their conclusions tend towards characterizing the city's design as an unintended corollary to the annual turnover of magistrates. This article, likewise, argues for the role of government in the city's appearance; but it contends that the state of Republican urbanism was deliberate. A response, of sorts, to both ancient authors' observations, it addresses how provisions to ensure equilibrium in one of the Republic's components, the senatorial class, in the interests of preserving the res publica, came at a vital cost to the city's architectural evolution. These provisions took the form of intentional constraints (on time and money), to prevent élite Romans from building like, and thus presenting themselves as, Mediterranean monarchs. Painting with a broad chronological stroke, it traces the tension between the Roman Republic in its ideal state and the physical city, exploring the strategies élite Romans developed to work within the constraints. Only when unforeseen factors weakened the state's power to self-regulate could the built city flourish and, in doing so, further diminish the state. Many of these factors — such as increased wealth in the second century and the first-century preponderance of special commands — are known; to these, this article argues, should be added the development of concrete.

scholarly journals Brooches from the Cemetery of Opushki and Their Role in Costume (According to the 2003–2020 Excavation Materials)

2021 ◽  
pp. 22-39
Author(s):  
Anastasia А. Stoianova
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Cervical Vertebrae ◽  
General Pattern ◽  
Central Area ◽  
Fourth Century ◽  
Roman Period ◽  
Second Century ◽  
First Century ◽  
Third Century ◽  
Archaeological Cultures

This paper presents a review of the brooches from the cemetery of Opushki located in the central area of the Crimean foothills. The cemetery was used from the first century BC to the fourth century AD by peoples of various archaeological cultures. 72 of 318 graves excavated there contained brooches. The total number of complete and fragmented brooches discovered there is 190. The largest group comprises one-piece bow-shaped brooches with returned foot and the brooches with flattened catch-plate from the first to the first half of the third century AD. There is a series of brooches made in the Roman Empire, with the most numerous group of plate brooches. There are a few violin-bow-shaped brooches, highly-profiled brooches of the Northern Black Sea type, two-piece violin-bow-shaped brooches with returned foot, and brooches with curved arched bow (P-shaped): great many pieces of these types occurred at other sites from the Roman Period in the Crimean foothill area. In Opushki, brooches appeared in all types of burial constructions, and mostly in the Late Scythian vaults from the first century BC to the second century AD. They accompanied graves of women, men, and children. In the overwhelming majority of cases, one burial was accompanied with one and rarely two brooches; there is only one burial of a child with three clasps. Most often brooches occurred at the chest, in rare cases on the shoulder, near the cervical vertebrae, pelvic bones, or outside the skeleton. It is noteworthy that a great number of brooches was found in the burials of children of different ages, from 1- to 8-12-year-old. Apparently, brooches as a part of the child’s costume were used throughout the child’s life from the very infancy. Generally, the brooch types from the cemetery of Opushki, their distribution in the assemblages and location on the skeletons correspond to the general pattern typical of barbarian cemeteries in the Crimean foothill area dated to the Roman Period.

Oasis Forts of Legio III Augusta on the Routes to the Fezzan

1954 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 56-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Goodchild
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Roman Empire ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
Second Century ◽  
Third Century ◽  
Military Architecture ◽  
Roman World ◽  
Roman Military ◽  
Made In

The two well-preserved Roman fortresses to be described in this paper have been known for many years. They were first brought to European notice by the British-sponsored geographical expeditions of the nineteenth century, when Tripoli was the spring-board for repeated attempts to find a route into Central Africa. Although important discoveries have been made in one of these forts (Bu Ngem) in more recent years, no detailed ground-plans have previously been published.The following notes and illustrations are primarily intended to fill this lacuna in the documentation of the African limes; but it is hoped that they may also serve to increase our knowledge of early third-century trends in Roman military architecture. The European frontiers of the Roman Empire have yielded, and are still yielding, numerous examples of first- and second-century forts, and equally numerous examples of the forts erected during the later-third and early-fourth centuries, when barbarian invasion threatened the whole Roman world.

Sidi Khrebish - A Note on the Coarse Pottery

1973 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 18-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Riley
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
The Body ◽  
Roman Period ◽  
Second Century ◽  
Seventh Century ◽  
First Century ◽  
Third Century ◽  
Byzantine Period ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
The Church

The quantity of stratified coarse pottery from Sidi Khrebish has been considerable and preliminary study has of necessity been concentrated on important groups from sealed contexts which span the period from the second century B.C. to the seventh century A.D.The earliest group is from a cistern of second century B.C. date; the next is from excavation underneath Roman period concrete floors which produced mid-first century A.D. material, while the largest group is from the infill of Roman period cisterns and destruction levels and can be dated to the mid-third century A.D. Information is somewhat scanty for the fourth and fifth centuries A.D. but groups of pottery representing the Byzantine period were recovered in some quantity from the destruction levels of the church and its cistern. A good group of Islamic glazed fine ware and coarse ware was associated with late occupation within the church.Space does not permit more than a brief survey of the most common and distinctive coarse ware forms from the excavation.In general, throughout the period of Berenice, the locally made coarse ware form shapes seem to have been influenced from the Eastern Mediterranean, especially in the second and third centuries A.D.The commonest form of second century B.C. cooking pot is rounded, having a short neck with two vertical ‘strap’ handles from the shoulder merging with the rim (fig. 1). Another distinguishing feature of pottery from this period is a semicircular handle from the body with an indentation at the top where it has been pressed to the rim (fig. 2). Both types are of the distinctive local ‘fossil gritted ware’, the fabric of which ranges from orange brown to dark pink. The clay contains fairly large roughly circular flat flakes of bluish-grey grit, which, when split open, reveal segmented spiral fossil remains. This fabric is very common in all periods.

scholarly journals Novi infundibulum na nekropoli antičkog Jadera

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivo Fadić
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Pharmaceutical Preparations ◽  
Great Majority ◽  
Specific Context ◽  
Rare Form ◽  
Aromatic And Medicinal Plants ◽  
Archaeological Excavations ◽  
Grave Goods

The zone where the Roman cemetery of Iader extended was confirmed in the recent rescue excavations in Ivan Zadranin Street in Zadar. In the excavations 35 Roman burials were discovered. The great majority of the discovered graves consist of cremation graves with extremely rich finds and grave goods. One of them was a cremation grave – grave 34 – containing a glass funnel or infundibulum. Including this new find of a funnel, so far 7 completely preserved glass funnels have been discovered in Zadar. Along with two funnels without a specific context for the finds, all of the others were uncovered in a grave context of cremation burials during archaeological excavations at the Roman cemetery of Iader. Glass funnels are a quite specific and rare form of freeblown glass vessels, which serve for transferring but not storing various liquids. Perhaps the finds of numerous glass funnels in this region, which are presumed to be of eastern Mediterranean production, were a result of activities in processing aromatic and medicinal plants. Such a hypothesis would certainly be supported by the numerous finds of other glass forms, but also the existence of one or more local glass workshops. Thus the need for glass products in general, and hence also for funnels, considering that glass is very neutral in terms of the contents stored in it, would be based in activities producing various pharmaceutical preparations. Judging from the glass funnels, such activities took place in the second half of the 1st century AD.

scholarly journals Numizmatički nalazi iz dijela antičkog kompleksa u Caskoj - katastarska čestica 1941/24

2009 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mato Ilkić
Keyword(s):  
Roman Republic ◽  
Late Antiquity ◽  
Fourth Century ◽  
Front Side ◽  
Roman Emperor ◽  
Roman Coins ◽  
Constantius Ii ◽  
Archaeological Excavations ◽  
Made In

Northern part of the island of Pag has been a challenge for archaeological science as several important and rich sites are situated in this region. One of them is about 3 km east of Novalja, in the Bay of Caska. In the last ten years in the series of archaeological explorations significant remains of Roman settlement and necropolis were discovered. Abundant numismatic material was found in these excavations, among other finds. On this occasion I would like to present Roman coins which were unearthed in 2005 and 2006 during archaeological excavations on the plot of Juraj Palčić (cadastral plot 1941/24) in Caska where remains of a complex Roman residential object were explored under the leadership of Goran Skelac. Thirteen pieces of the Roman currency were discovered in trenches. A half of a split coin probably belongs to the period of the Roman Republic (cat. no. 1). Due to poor state of preservation it cannot be dated with certainty. A well preserved bronze coin belongs to the final period of the Roman Republic (cat. no. 2). Two busts are depicted on its front side: Caesar with a wreath on his head and bare-headed Octavian. This dupondius was made in the Lugdunum (Lyon) mint. To my best knowledge, this Gallic provincial coin from approximately 36 BC is the first such find from the territory of ancient Liburnia. Then, there was also an August's as from the mint in Rome (cat. no. 3). Sex. Nonius Quinctilianus, a monetary official from the year 6 BC is mentioned in the legend at the reverse. As with a depiction of the first Roman emperor and mention of C. Marcius Censorinus was also discovered at this site in Caska (cat. no. 4). Since Censorinus was a monetary official in 18 BC who supervised minting of sesterces and dupondii only, according to the standard catalogue Roman Imperial Coinage, as with his name is probably an early imperial forgery. Following numismatic finds belong to the beginning of the second half of the 3rd century: two antoniniani from the mint in Rome with depictions of the Emperor Gallienus (cat. no. 5) and his wife Salonina (cat. no. 6). Seven coins belong to the Late Antiquity. One of them is from the period of Constantine the Great (cat. no. 7). Coin with a depiction of Caesar Constantine II, his son, is dated to the last two years of his father's reign (cat. no. 9). A coin with posthumous depiction of Constantine the Great belongs to the first decade of independent reign of his sons (cat. no. 8). Four coins belong to the period around mid-fourth century. One of them was minted in Siscia, under the Emperor Constans. Phoenix, a firebird symbolizing immortality i.e. resurrection is on the reverse (cat. no. 10). The last three coins were minted during the Emperor Constantius II. A distinctly military theme is depicted on their reverses: a Roman soldier strikes enemy on a horse with a spear (cat. no. 11-13). As a whole this numismatic assemblage contributes to a more precise chronological determination of this complex Roman residential object in Caska. It is also important for better understanding of money circulation in the region of ancient Liburnia. I would like to dedicate this article with best wishes to a dear friend and colleague, Professor Janko Belošević.

The quantitative comparison of experimental and simulated diffraction contrast images

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 102-103
Author(s):  
Stuart McKernan
Keyword(s):  
Image Processing ◽  
Personal Computer ◽  
Close Agreement ◽  
Quantitative Comparison ◽  
Image Simulation ◽  
Computing Power ◽  
Diffraction Contrast ◽  
Simulated Images ◽  
Made In

For many years the concept of quantitative diffraction contrast experiments might have consisted of the determination of dislocation Burgers vectors using a g.b = 0 criterion from several different 2-beam images. Since the advent of the personal computer revolution, the available computing power for performing image-processing and image-simulation calculations is enormous and ubiquitous. Several programs now exist to perform simulations of diffraction contrast images using various approximations. The most common approximations are the use of only 2-beams or a single systematic row to calculate the image contrast, or calculating the image using a column approximation. The increasing amount of literature showing comparisons of experimental and simulated images shows that it is possible to obtain very close agreement between the two images; although the choice of parameters used, and the assumptions made, in performing the calculation must be properly dealt with. The simulation of the images of defects in materials has, in many cases, therefore become a tractable problem.

Science of Ahangyol and Its Importance for Modern Scientific Thought

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 473-478
Author(s):  
Ahmad Gashamoglu ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Modern Science ◽  
Scientific Basis ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Islamic Philosophy ◽  
Scientific Thought ◽  
Religious Books ◽  
Strategic Approach ◽  
Scientific Potential ◽  
Made In

The Article briefly discusses the need for generation of the Science of Ahangyol, and this science’s scientific basis, object and subject, category system, scientific research methods and application options. Ahangyol is a universal science and may be useful in any sphere. It may assist in problem solving in peacemaking process and in many areas such as ecology, economics, politics, culture, management and etc. This science stipulates that any activity and any decision made in the life may only and solely be successful when they comply with harmony principles more, which are the principles of existence and activity of the world. A right strategic approach of the Eastern Philosophy and the Middle Age Islamic Philosophy and scientific thought has an important potential. This strategic approach creates opportunities to also consider irrational factors in addition to rational ones comprehensively in scientific researches. The modern scientific thought contributes to implementation of these opportunities. Ahangyol is a science of determination of ways to achieve harmony in any sphere and of creation of special methods to make progress in these ways through assistance of the modern science. Methods of the System Theory, Mathematics, IT, Astronomy, Physics, Biology, Sociology, Statistics and etc. are more extensively applied. Information is given on some of these methods. Moreover, the Science of Ahangyol, which is a new philosophical worldview and a new paradigm contributes to clarification of metaphysic views considerably and discovery of the scientific potential of religious books.

A Process of Glocalisation? Roman Marble Imports and the Rise of Blocked-Out Capitals in Local Stone

2020 ◽  
pp. 33-45
Author(s):  
Matthias Grawehr
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
High Quality ◽  
White Marble ◽  
Aesthetic Preference ◽  
Local Responses ◽  
Global Trend ◽  
Short Period ◽  
New Type ◽  
Local Materials

In the Augustan Age, a new aesthetic preference was propagated in the Roman Empire – the surface of white marble was valued as it symbolised the strength and superiority of the ‘new age’. Soon, an immense trade in high quality marble over land and sea developed to meet the emergent demand. While the development and scale of this trade is well studied, the repercussions that the new aesthetic preference had on the local architectural traditions in areas where no marble was close at hand is not commonly considered. In this contribution, two developments are traced, taking the Corinthian capital as the leitmotif. First, in the short period between c. 40 and 10 BC, patrons would choose imitation of marble in plaster to meet up with the demands of the new standard and to demonstrate their adherence to the Empire. In the second line of development, a different path was taken – a conscious use of local materials which went hand in hand with the development of a new type of capital, the so-called ‘Nabataean blocked-out’ capital. This combination turned into a new vernacular tradition across large parts of the eastern Mediterranean. Both developments were local responses to a new ‘global’ trend and can therefore be viewed as a phenomenon of glocalisation in the Roman Period.

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