scholarly journals The Statutes of the Cathedral Chapter of Vilnius Before the Partition of Poland

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 211-225
Author(s):  
Tadeusz Kasabuła ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Internal Structure ◽  
Council Of Trent ◽  
Land Grants ◽  
Holy See ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Legal Standing ◽  
The Times

After being canonically erected in 1388, the Cathedral Chapter of Vilnius did not have any recognized privileges or land grants. It subsisted exclusively off of the bishop of Vilnius’ bona mensae, and it followed the Cathedral Chapter of Cracow’s example with regard to its organization, internal structure, activities, and relationship with the diocesan bishop. Having certain privileges and revenue at its disposal in the 15th century, the canonical corporation of Vilnius began to seek greater legitimacy. It was not until 1515, however, that Bishop Wojciech Radziwiłł ordered that the Chapter write up its rights and duties in the form of statutes and that the Holy See approve them. Pope Leo X subsequently approved the Cathedral Chapter of Vilnius’ statutes through his legate Bishop Zacharias Ferreri on November 29, 1520. The papal confirmation gave the Cathedral Chapter of Vilnius strong legal standing that no one, with the exception of the Holy See, could violate or change. The statutes strengthened the Chapter’s position in relation to the diocesan bishop, which turned out to be both in accordance with the spirit of the times and, with time, affirmed by the Council of Trent (1545-1563).

“Esto perpetua!”: “Two Cities” of Paolo Sarpi

2021 ◽  
pp. 31
Author(s):  
Alexey Yastrebov
Keyword(s):  
Public Service ◽  
Ethical Principle ◽  
Council Of Trent ◽  
Clear Separation ◽  
Holy See ◽  
Church Ministry ◽  
Whole Person ◽  
Two Cities ◽  
Life Path ◽  
Venetian Republic

The article examines the life path, the formation of the personality and ideas of the ideologist of the Venetian ecclesiastical independence, Paolo Sarpi. The main source for the study is Sarpi’s biography, “Vita del padre Paolo”, written by his secretary Fulgenzio Micanzio. Ac-cording to Sarpi, the ecclesiastical tradition of the Venetian Republic was based on the Byz-antine symphony of the authorities, which he sought to apply to contemporary circumstances related to the conflict between Venice and the Holy See in 1606–1607. After the Council of Trent, the “War of the Interdict” became a significant event for Christian Europe, and Father Paolo was the central figure of that “war”. The study aims to show, however, that Sarpi’s church ministry and public service were only one of the facets of his activity. They were of an antinomical character in relation to his spiritual and scientific aspirations. The logic of the thinker's choice is revealed in the philosophical credo, which allowed him to remain a whole person, despite the variety of spheres of his activities. For all his involvement in the affairs of church politics, Father Paolo practised “abstinence from judgment”, outwardly expressed in sceptical “ataraxia”. The article concludes that the duality of Sarpi's ethics is resolved through a clear separation of the areas of his life – spiritual, intellectual, and social – that he formulat-ed in the ethical principle of “indifferent participation.”

scholarly journals Poeci polscy doby humanizmu wobec Rzymu / Polish Poets of the Age of Humanism and Rome

2012 ◽  
Vol 53 (6) ◽  
pp. 631-651
Author(s):  
Alina Nowicka-Jeżowa
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Cultural Exchange ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Holy See ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
The Arts ◽  
History Of ◽  
Roman Model ◽  
Successive Generations

Summary Based on earlier research, and especially Tadeusz Ulewicz’s landmark study Iter Romano- -Italicum Polonorum, or the Intellectual and Cultural Links between Poland and Italy in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance (1999) this article examines the influence of Rome - in its role as the Holy See and a centre of learning and the arts - on Poland’s culture in the 15th and 16th century as well as on the activities of Polish churchmen, scholars and writers who came to the Eternal City. The aim of the article is to trace the role of the emerging Humanist themes and attitudes on the shape of the cultural exchange in question. It appears that the Roman connection was a major factor in the history of Polish Humanism - its inner development, its transformations, and the ideological and artistic choices made by the successive generations of the Polish elite. In the 15th century the Roman inspirations helped to initiate the Humanist impulse in Poland, while in the 16th century they stimulated greater diversity and a search for one’s own way of development. In the post-Tridentine epoch they became a potent element of the Poland’s new cultural formation. Against the background of these generalizations, the article presents the cultural profiles of four poets, Mikołaj of Hussów, Klemens Janicjusz, Jan Kochanowski, and Mikołaj Sęp Szarzyński. They symbolize the four phases of the Polish Humanist tradition, which draw their distinctive identities from looking up to the Roman model

scholarly journals New Archaeological Investigations at the M. S. Roberts Site (41HE8) in the Caddo Creek Valley in Henderson County, Texas

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy K. Perttula ◽  
Arlo McKee ◽  
Mark Walters ◽  
Bo Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Internal Structure ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Aerial Survey ◽  
Topographic Map ◽  
East Texas ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Neches River

In this article, we discuss new archaeological investigations at the M. S. Roberts site (41HE8), likely a 14th to early 15th century A.D. Caddo period mound center along Caddo Creek in the upper Neches River basin in Henderson County in East Texas. With the permission and cooperation of the landowners, we completed an aerial survey of the site to produce a detailed topographic map as well as assess the plan and profile of the mound and its associated borrow pit, and we also excavated a number of shovel tests around the mound to locate habitation deposits. Finally, a few auger holes were excavated to determine the internal structure of the M. S. Roberts site mound.

scholarly journals Spór o powołanie Kościoła narodowego w Koronie w okresie soboru trydenckiego (1545-1563)

2021 ◽  
Vol 62 (1 (245)) ◽  
pp. 7-23
Author(s):  
Łukasz Godlewski
Keyword(s):  
Catholic Church ◽  
Church Reform ◽  
State Control ◽  
Council Of Trent ◽  
Dominant Position ◽  
Third Phase ◽  
Lower Chamber ◽  
The Times ◽  
Crown Lands

Debate on the Creating of the Polish National Church in the Times of the Council of Trent (1545-1563) In the time of the Council of Trent, the Polish nobility often and loudly demanded the forming of the Polish National Church, which would enable them to execute state control over the clergy, its activity, and church property. Popular Protestant ideas coherent with such an idea fulfilled the role of useful weapon in their struggle against the clergy. Even though the idea of the church reform converged with many changes postulated by the contemporary noble reform movement, the state finances, homogeneity of Crown lands and the Polish-Lithuanian union took predominance over church matters. Appropriate conduct of debate, disabling discussion about a reform, was promoted by the clergy itself, which was not interested in loosening their dominant position in the society and becoming subject to civic laws. Protestant deputies to the parliament, who constituted the majority in the lower chamber, could have acquired more benefits, were it not for their reluctance to impose certain solutions on the Catholics, who still dominated in the society. The clergy, in particular bishops, sought some compromise with Protestants, until the Catholic Church itself undertook mild reforms in the third phase of the Council of Trent. The stand of the Polish monarch, Sigismundus Augustus, who – having been raised as a Catholic – opposed the forming of new church and his attitude was also important.

scholarly journals Pendidikan Internasionalisasi Pondok Pesantren

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siti Chaizatul Munasiroh
Keyword(s):  
Religious Education ◽  
Boarding School ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Boarding Schools ◽  
Academic Community ◽  
Islamic Education ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Standard Education ◽  
The Times

Abstract   Discussing about the role of Islamic boarding schools in the formation and development of education, especially Islamic education, in Indonesia is hardly debated and doubtful. Long before Indonesia's independence, this institution which was in charge of ulama (kyai) was present in the archipelago. The history that goes through shows that the pesantren is not only able to maintain the survival of the times, but also can take care of its development which continues to increase from time to time. According to available data, this institution was first established, especially in Java, in the 15th century by Maulana Malik Ibrahim (one of the oldest walisongo) and later developed by other walisongo. By the end of the 19th century, the number of Islamic boarding schools in Java had grown to 300, and based on the records of the Indonesian Ministry of Religion Islamic Boarding School Database, the number of Islamic Boarding Schools in 2018 was around 21,321. The survival and continuous development of the boarding school certainly cannot be separated from the scientific tradition developed which has a strong enough distinction. One of them is the transformative education pattern. This makes the pesantren not just a religious institution that is merely active in the world of religious education for the santri, but at the same time has a concern and active role together with the community in empowering themselves. These values ​​also did not escape the Al-Istiqomah Islamic Boarding School in Kebumen. This pesantren which is famous for its 'Arab Village' has more value which requires the Al-Istiqomah Islamic boarding school to be developed into an international standard education. This internationalization is important to be put forward, in addition to developing and strengthening the quality of Islamic boarding schools in Indonesia and in Kebumen in particular, Internationalization will also be the biggest contribution to the development and strengthening of its own academic community. It will also make Islamic boarding schools play a greater role in making concrete contributions to global life.   Keywords: Survive Management of Islamic Boarding Schools, International Islamic Education, Quality of Islamic Boarding Schools  

scholarly journals Wkład Alfonsa V Wspaniałomyślnego w upowszechnienie katalońskich zwyczajów kulinarnych w Królestwie Neapolu w XV wieku

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 5-33
Author(s):  
Rafał Hryszko
Keyword(s):  
Fourteenth Century ◽  
Southern Italy ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Important Place ◽  
Crown Of Aragon ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
The Times ◽  
Culinary Traditions ◽  
Important Form

Contribution of Alfonso V the Magnanimous to the Popularization of Catalan Culinary Customs in the Kingdom of Napl es in the 15th century The wars for Naples ended in 1442 with the victory of Alfonso V the Magnanimous, the ruler of the Crown of Aragon (1416–1458). The emergence of foreign authority in southern Italy entailed the transfer of the Catalan culture, language and customs to the area of Italian Mezzogiorno. In this process, Catalan culinary traditions which developed at the end of the fourteenth century also occupied an important place. One of them was a separate sweet snack, referred to by the Catalan term col·lació (collatio in Latin). The organization and celebration of col·lació became an important form of ostentation for the Catalan ruling and financial elites. In this article, the author discusses excerpts from historical sources whose authors include, among others, Antonio Beccadelli, Jordi de Centelles, Vespasiano da Bisticci, Giovanni Pontano, as well as the ambassadors of Barcelona and Portugal and other anonymous authors writing about the times of Alfonso V the Magnanimous. The data provided by these sources clearly indicate that this ruler followed the custom of eating sweet colazione known in Italy at this time and gave it a new meaning at least as early as in the 1440s. Thanks to this ruler of Aragon and new Neapolitan king, the sweet snack became one of the instruments of the ostentation of wealth and prestige for the new rulers of the southern part of Italy and soon after also for other princes and lords of the area.

Pashtuns’ Tribal Islam: The Beginning of Written History

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-133
Author(s):  
Mikhail Pelevin
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Identity ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Beliefs And Practices ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Conversion To Islam ◽  
Complicated Process ◽  
The Times ◽  
Tribal Areas ◽  
Islamic Society ◽  
Written Sources

The complicated process of the Pashtun tribes’ conversion to Islam is indirectly reflected in tribal genealogies, which bear traces of artificial Islamification. Recorded in the early 17th century, these genealogies are poorly consistent with apocryphal Hadiths and hagiographies intended to prove that Pashtuns had steadily adhered to Sunni Islam since the times of the Prophet Muḥammad. The politicised concept of the primordial adherence of Pashtuns to Islam was likely to have been released for wide circulation during the reign of the Lodī sultans in the late 15th century. By the mid-17th century, it became an integral part of Pashtun ethnic identity. However, written sources in Pashto and Persian dating from the same period and originating from tribal areas are unanimous in describing Pashtuns’ religious beliefs and practices as a motley assemblage of Pīrī-murīdī and Pīrparastī customs conforming to the tribalistic ideology of a segmentary Islamic society. More sophisticated forms of Pashtuns’ tribal Islam emerged with the progress of literature in the native vernacular.

Reconsideration on the C14 age dating period of the Bronze Age through the emergence time of the mandolin shaped bronze dagger

2018 ◽  
pp. 45-62
Author(s):  
Il Kyu Kim
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Korean Peninsula ◽  
Middle Part ◽  
Age Dating ◽  
Emergence Time ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Dating Method ◽  
Probability And Statistics ◽  
The Times ◽  
The Bronze Age

According to the C14 age dating, it is thought that the Bronze Age begun from the B.C. 15th century and the lute shaped bronze dagger was brought into the Korean Peninsula in 1100B.C. The upper limit of the Songgukri Assemblage is also thought in B.C. 10th century. Examining the mandolin shaped dagger in Liaoxi area and sacrificial vessel, set the emergence time of this dagger and consider when this dagger appeared in the middle part of the Korean Peninsula. And make comparison between this result and the C14 age dating of the Bronze Age. As a result, this dagger was brought into the Korean Peninsula in Gangshang phase B.C. 7th century. The Songgukri Assemblage begun after the B.C 6th century. There are 400~500 years apart in time comparing with the C14 age dating. Scientific result based on probability and statistics is not absolute unlike mathematical result. Even though scientific rule exists, there are many variables in the process of proving, so various solutions should be proposed to prove according to the times. The result by the C14 age dating method is just though as the best method in present time. According as how improves the method of analysis, the result should be also changed. Therefore, the C14 age dating must be applied to archaeological chronology with discretion.

scholarly journals Budáról Rómába

PONTES ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 164-193
Author(s):  
Fedeles Tamás
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Holy See ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Republic Of Florence ◽  
European Diplomacy ◽  
The City

Rome was the centre of European diplomacy from the middle of 15th century to the depredation of the city in 1527. The formation of certain countries’ foreign representations happened in this period, the appearance of the system of the residing envoys and their spread in a wide range. In this process, when the international relations were modernized, the Holy See, the Republic of Florence and of Venice served as a model. The Roman pope as the primary head of Christianity paid extra attention to the regular connections with the particular churches. As the centre of the Respublica Christiana in the second half of the 15th century, the Eternal City became the supranational heart of European diplomacy; as a consequence every princely court and Signoria was represented by an envoy on the banks of Tiber. The diplomatic representation of king Mathias Corvinus and the Jagiellonian dynasty in the Holy See was multilevel and continuous. In my paper, I am analysing the representation of the Kingdom of Hungary in Rome in the late Middle Ages by focusing on the following questions: What status and nationality did the appointed envoys have? What qualifi cations did they have and what was expected of the diplomats?

The Renaissance Papacy

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick McGinness
Keyword(s):  
Holy See ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Major Player ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Cultural Movements ◽  
History Of ◽  
Papal Authority ◽  
Institutional Church ◽  
Papal States ◽  
Political Economic

A study of the papacy or the Holy See (the episcopal office of the bishop of Rome) between the years 1350 and 1650 must take into account the long history of the papacy, which extends back to the early centuries of the Common Era and continues to the present day. In this long stretch were laid, often haphazardly, the foundations of papal authority, the claims of the popes as spiritual leaders of the Western church, and the development of the complex administrative machinery centered on Rome to govern the institutional church. A study of the papacy must look as well at the continuous involvement of popes in the major religious, political, economic, and cultural movements in Europe and the East. In these centuries papal government and assertions of authority and influence extended into virtually every aspect of European life and thought. Scholars generally place the beginnings of the Renaissance papacy at Rome around 1421, when Odo Colonna, Pope Martin V, returned to his native city after the papal residence at Avignon (1309–1378), the resolution of the Western Schism, the dampening of the conciliarist crisis after the Council of Ferrara-Florence (1438–1445), and the reassertion of papal sovereignty and political power over the city of Rome and the Papal States. With the fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks (1453) and the “loss” of the Eastern church, the papacy in the later 15th century assumed greater prominence as a princely power and as spiritual leader of Christians at a time of increasing peril to Christian Europe, and by this time most of the elements of the papacy as we know it today were set. The Renaissance at Rome is seen as waning after Martin Luther’s challenge to papal authority, the Reformation in northern Europe, and the devastating sack of Rome (1527) at the hands of the army of the Holy Roman Emperor. Only after the Council of Trent (1545–1563) and a series of zealous, reform-minded popes did the papacy appear to regain prestige and authority. By the 17th century the papacy’s spiritual and temporal authority and eminence were again acknowledged throughout the Catholic lands of Europe, and the institution played a major hand in the contest of empires throughout the Thirty Years’ War (1618–1648) and in the New World. At the war’s close, however, with the Peace of Westphalia (1648) and the Peace of the Pyrenees (1659), the pope’s role as a major player in the politics of Europe was largely exhausted.

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