scholarly journals PROBING THE STRUCTURE AND HYDRATION BEHAVIOR OF NEWLY-FORMED ATMOSPHERIC CLUSTERS

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Kreinbihl ◽  
Christopher Johnson ◽  
Sarah Waller ◽  
Yi Yang ◽  
Nicoline Frederiks
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Clusters

scholarly journals Atmospheric sub-3 nm particles at high altitudes

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 19435-19470 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Mirme ◽  
A. Mirme ◽  
A. Minikin ◽  
A. Petzold ◽  
U. Hõrrak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Aerosol ◽  
Aerosol Particles ◽  
Particle Diameter ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Atmospheric Particles ◽  
Aerosol Formation ◽  
Upper Troposphere ◽  
Ion Clusters ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Atmospheric Clusters

Abstract. Formation of new atmospheric aerosol particles is known to occur almost all over the world and the importance of these particles to climate and air quality has been recognized. Recently, it was found that atmospheric aerosol formation begins at particle diameter of around 1.5–2.0 nm and a pool of sub-3 nm atmospheric particles – consisting of both charged and uncharged ones – was observed at the ground level. Here, we report on the first airborne observations of the pool of sub-3 nm neutral atmospheric particles. Between 2 and 3 nm, their concentration is roughly two orders of magnitude larger than that of the ion clusters, depending slightly on the altitude. Our findings indicate that new particle formation takes place actively throughout the tropospheric column up to the tropopause. Particles were found to be formed via neutral pathways in the boundary layer, and there was no sign of an increasing role by ion-induced nucleation toward the upper troposphere. Clouds, while acting as a source of sub-10 nm ions, did not perturb the overall budget of atmospheric clusters or particles.

Theoretical study of atmospheric clusters: HNO3–HCl–H2O

2009 ◽  
Vol 11 (42) ◽  
pp. 9710 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. C. Gómez ◽  
O. Gálvez ◽  
R. Escribano
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Study ◽  
Atmospheric Clusters

Basis set convergence of the binding energies of strongly hydrogen-bonded atmospheric clusters

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 1122-1133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonas Elm ◽  
Kasper Kristensen
Keyword(s):  
Binding Energy ◽  
Molecular Clusters ◽  
Binding Energies ◽  
Basis Set ◽  
Set Convergence ◽  
Atmospheric Clusters ◽  
Hydrogen Bonded

We present the first binding energy benchmark set at the CBS limit of strongly hydrogen bonded atmospheric molecular clusters.

scholarly journals Observations on nocturnal growth of atmospheric clusters

Tellus B ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 365-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heikki Junninen ◽  
Mira Hulkkonen ◽  
Ilona Riipinen ◽  
Tuomo Nieminen ◽  
Anne Hirsikko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Clusters

scholarly journals Atmospheric sub-3 nm particles at high altitudes

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 437-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Mirme ◽  
A. Mirme ◽  
A. Minikin ◽  
A. Petzold ◽  
U. Hõrrak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Aerosol ◽  
Aerosol Particles ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Particle Formation ◽  
Atmospheric Particles ◽  
Upper Troposphere ◽  
Ion Clusters ◽  
The World ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Atmospheric Clusters

Abstract. Formation of new atmospheric aerosol particles is known to occur almost all over the world and the importance of these particles to climate and air quality has been recognized. Recently, it was found that atmospheric aerosol particle formation begins at the diameter of around 1.5–2.0 nm and a pool of sub-3 nm atmospheric particles – consisting of both charged and uncharged ones – was observed at the ground level. Here, we report on the first airborne observations of the pool of sub-3 nm neutral atmospheric particles. Between 2 and 3 nm, their concentration is roughly two orders of magnitude larger than that of the ion clusters, depending slightly on the altitude. Our findings indicate that new particle formation takes place throughout the tropospheric column up to the tropopause. Particles were found to be formed via neutral pathways in the boundary layer, and there was no sign of an increasing role by ion-induced nucleation toward the upper troposphere. Clouds, while acting as a source of sub-10 nm ions, did not perturb the overall budget of atmospheric clusters or particles.

scholarly journals Growth of atmospheric clusters involving cluster-cluster collisions: comparison of different growth rate methods

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Kontkanen ◽  
T. Olenius ◽  
K. Lehtipalo ◽  
H. Vehkamäki ◽  
M. Kulmala ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Particle Formation ◽  
Vapor Condensation ◽  
Model Substance ◽  
External Conditions ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Atmospheric Clusters ◽  
True Values

Abstract. We simulated the time evolution of atmospheric cluster concentrations in a one-component system where clusters grow not only by condensation of monomers, but where also cluster-cluster collisions significantly contribute to the growth of the clusters. Our aims were to investigate the consistency of the growth rates of sub-3 nm clusters determined with different methods, and the validity of the common approach to use them to estimate particle formation rates. We compared the growth rate corresponding to particle fluxes (FGR), the growth rate derived from the appearance times of clusters (AGR) and the growth rate calculated based on irreversible vapor condensation (CGR). We found that the relation between the different growth rates depends strongly on the external conditions and the properties of the model substance. The difference between the different growth rates was typically highest at the smallest, sub-2nm sizes. FGR was generally lower than AGR and CGR; at the smallest sizes the difference was often very large, while at sizes larger than 2 nm, the growth rates were closer to each other. AGR and CGR were in most cases close to each other at all sizes. The difference between the growth rates was generally lower in conditions where cluster concentrations were high, and evaporation and other losses thus less significant. Furthermore, our results show that the conventional method used to determine particle formation rates from growth rates may give estimates far from the true values. Thus, care must be taken not only in how the growth rate is determined, but also in how it is applied.

scholarly journals How to reliably detect molecular clusters and nucleation mode particles with Neutral cluster and Air Ion Spectrometer (NAIS)

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 3577-3605 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanna E. Manninen ◽  
Sander Mirme ◽  
Aadu Mirme ◽  
Tuukka Petäjä ◽  
Markku Kulmala
Keyword(s):  
Direct Detection ◽  
Growth Mechanisms ◽  
Atmospheric Models ◽  
Neutral Cluster ◽  
Nucleation Mode ◽  
Atmospheric Particle ◽  
Atmospheric Nucleation ◽  
Theoretical Predictions ◽  
Small Clusters ◽  
Atmospheric Clusters

Abstract. To understand the very first steps of atmospheric particle formation and growth processes, information on the size where the atmospheric nucleation and cluster activation occurs, is crucially needed. The current understanding of the concentrations and dynamics of charged and neutral clusters and particles is based on theoretical predictions and experimental observations. This paper gives a standard operation procedure (SOP) for Neutral cluster and Air Ion Spectrometer (NAIS) measurements and data processing. With the NAIS data, we have improved the scientific understanding by (1) direct detection of freshly formed atmospheric clusters and particles, (2) linking experimental observations and theoretical framework to understand the formation and growth mechanisms of aerosol particles, and (3) parameterizing formation and growth mechanisms for atmospheric models. The SOP provides tools to harmonize the world-wide measurements of small clusters and nucleation mode particles and to verify consistent results measured by the NAIS users. The work is based on discussions and interactions between the NAIS users and the NAIS manufacturer.

scholarly journals Applicability of condensation particle counters to measure atmospheric clusters

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (14) ◽  
pp. 4049-4060 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Sipilä ◽  
K. Lehtipalo ◽  
M. Kulmala ◽  
T. Petäjä ◽  
H. Junninen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pulse Height ◽  
Molecular Clusters ◽  
Molecular Cluster ◽  
Forest Environment ◽  
Particle Counter ◽  
Condensation Particle Counter ◽  
Ion Clusters ◽  
Atmospheric Measurement ◽  
Average Size ◽  
Atmospheric Clusters

Abstract. This study presents an evaluation of a pulse height condensation particle counter (PH-CPC) and an expansion condensation particle counter (E-CPC) in terms of measuring ambient and laboratory-generated molecular and ion clusters. Ambient molecular cluster concentrations were measured with both instruments as they were deployed in conjunction with an ion spectrometer and other aerosol instruments in Hyytiälä, Finland at the SMEAR II station between 1 March and 30 June 2007. The observed cluster concentrations varied and ranged from some thousands to 100 000 cm−3. Both instruments showed similar (within a factor of ~5) concentrations. An average size of the detected clusters was approximately 1.8 nm. As the atmospheric measurement of sub 2-nm particles and molecular clusters is a challenging task, we conclude that most likely we were unable to detect the smallest clusters. Nevertheless, the reported concentrations are the best estimates to date for minimum cluster concentrations in a boreal forest environment.

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