“Going After the High-Brows”: Frank Gilbreth and the Surgical Subject, 1912–1917

2012 ◽  
Vol 118 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caitjan Gainty
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
American Culture ◽  
Historical Narratives ◽  
Efficiency Expert ◽  
Industrial Efficiency ◽  
Industrial Work ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
American Medicine ◽  
Surgical Motion ◽  
The Individual

This article offers a close examination of the early twentieth-century studies of surgical motion conducted by Frank Gilbreth, the celebrated industrial efficiency expert. The willingness of surgeons to submit to Gilbreth's studies challenges conventional historical narratives, which have read these studies primarily as examples of the individual-effacing effects of technocracy. Through an exploration of the multiple motivations that brought surgeons and Gilbreth together, the article raises new interpretive possibilities for the study of American medicine, and also of industrial work and American culture in this period.

The Mystery of American Identity

2019 ◽  
pp. 148-175
Author(s):  
Cheryl A. Wall
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
African Americans ◽  
American Culture ◽  
James Baldwin ◽  
American Identity ◽  
The Political ◽  
American Fiction ◽  
Invisible Man ◽  
Theory And Criticism ◽  
The Individual

Although best known for his novel Invisible Man, Ralph Ellison’s essays, and the array of cultural and political agendas which prompt their conception, are integral to American literary theory and criticism. His essays defined the terms for ongoing debates around nineteenth and twentieth century American fiction, modernist aesthetics, and American culture. This chapter charts the various cultural, literary, and political interventions made by Ellison’s essays. Like James Baldwin (chapter 4), Ellison confronts the question of American identity, but he recasts it in terms of culture rather than of the individual. Through Ellison’s use of the vernacular process, which blends high and low styles, he maps cultural concerns onto the political stage. By emphasizing the cultural contributions made by African Americans, Ellison’s work complicates, reworks, and redefines our understanding of American culture.

Classic approaches to leadership

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma Abson
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Personality Characteristics ◽  
Leadership Studies ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Theories Of Leadership

This chapter summarises the classic theories of leadership. The reader will note the similarities that exist within this area of leadership studies – these theories all focus on the individual leader, and view leadership as a specialised role. In these classic approaches to leadership, leadership is something someone ‘does’, and the focus is solely on the formal leader and their personality characteristics or their attributes. These approaches are now sometimes referred to as entity leadership because leadership is the sole preserve of the entity or individual, and that individual is highly influential. These theories of leadership began to emerge in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, and whilst they are now between 50 and 100 years old, it is important to explore them briefly, as they form the basis from which leadership studies first emerged.

‘Even If You Don’t Want to Drink, You Still Have to Drink’

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Lawson
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Historical Narratives ◽  
Historical Texts ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Invented Tradition ◽  
History Of ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter considers the history of alcohol in Nuosu Yi society in relation to the formal codification of a Yi heritage of alcohol-related culture, and the question of alcohol in Yi health. The relationship of newly invented tradition to older practice and thought is often obscure in studies that lack historical perspective. Examining the historical narratives associated with the exposition of a Yi heritage of alcohol, this study reveals that those narratives are woven from a tapestry of threads with histories of their own, and they therefore shape present-day heritage work. After a brief overview of ideas about alcohol in contemporary discourses on Yi heritage, the chapter then analyses historical texts to argue that many of these ideas are remarkably similar to ones that emerged in the context of nineteenth and early twentieth century contact between Yi and Han communities.

Impact Erasure

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Bachner
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Ethical Thought ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Individual

This chapter analyzes the use of inscriptive metaphors in trauma theories, from Freud’s psychoanalytical models of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century to contemporary theorists such as Agamben, Caruth, Hirsch, and Lyotard. As an unregistered shock that continues to haunt the individual, trauma is an inscription whose impact leaves no trace. Accordingly, the inscriptive metaphors deployed in theories of trauma tend to multiply since they are caught in the dilemma of representing trauma without sacrificing a definition of trauma as the unrepresentable par excellence. For a thorough analysis of the ways in which trauma turns inscriptive, this chapter zooms in on a scandalous counterpoint: that between the number tattoos of Holocaust victims and the mark of circumcision. Whereas the number tattoo brands and produces a human body as inhuman, but can be rewritten as a corporeal memorial, circumcision can be misconstrued as traumatic mark, as a supplement to castration, but can also serve as a model for an ethical thought.

SCIENTIFIC AND PEDAGOGICAL ACTIVITY OF A. P. NECHAEV IN RUSSIA AND KAZAKHSTAN: ON THE 150TH ANNIVERSARY OF HIS BIRTH

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 210-216
Author(s):  
А. А Romanov . ◽  
◽  
K.K Zhampeissova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Moral Development ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
150Th Anniversary ◽  
Innovative Methods ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Outstanding Teacher

The article shows the stages of life of the outstanding teacher, psychologist, scientist and educator A.P.Nechaev, exiled to Kazakhstan. describing the main milestones and dynamics of the formation of experimental pedagogy in the early twentieth century. His name is associated with many innovative methods of scientific research for its time, the priority of the development of syndrome psychology, which laid the basic provisions of differential psychophysiology. The current ideas of the scientist about the integrity of the study and the spiritual and moral development of the individual are highlighted.

Introduction. An American Project

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Paolo Amorosa
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
International Law ◽  
Political Discourse ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Previous Scholarship

The introduction sets the historiographical and political stakes of narrating and analyzing Scott’s campaign for the Spanish origin of international law, drawing on current methodological discussions and the role of the concept of equality in our political discourse. It also explains the relation of the book with previous scholarship on Scott and literature on the rise of international legal networks in the Americas in the early twentieth century. Moreover, it elaborates on the reasons for the primarily descriptive style the text adopts and on certain related choices of language. The introduction ends with an outline of the structure of the book and of the individual chapters.

SCIENTIFIC AND PEDAGOGICAL ACTIVITY OF A. P. NECHAEV IN RUSSIA AND KAZAKHSTAN: ON THE 150TH ANNIVERSARY OF HIS BIRTH

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 210-216
Author(s):  
А. А. Romanov ◽  
◽  
K.K Zhampeissova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Moral Development ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
150Th Anniversary ◽  
Innovative Methods ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Outstanding Teacher

The article shows the stages of life of the outstanding teacher, psychologist, scientist and educator A.P.Nechaev, exiled to Kazakhstan. describing the main milestones and dynamics of the formation of experimental pedagogy in the early twentieth century. His name is associated with many innovative methods of scientific research for its time, the priority of the development of syndrome psychology, which laid the basic provisions of differential psychophysiology. The current ideas of the scientist about the integrity of the study and the spiritual and moral development of the individual are highlighted.

scholarly journals Liberty and the individual: the colony asylum in Scotland and England

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gillian Allmond
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
European Tradition ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Village

This paper analyses the buildings, spaces and interiors of Bangour Village public asylum for the insane, near Edinburgh, and compares these with an English asylum, Whalley, near Preston, of similar early-twentieth-century date. The village asylum, which developed from a European tradition of rendering the poor productive through ‘colonisation’, was more enthusiastically and completely adopted in Scotland than in England, perhaps due to differences in asylum culture within the two jurisdictions. ‘Liberty’ and ‘individuality’, in particular, were highly valued within Scottish asylum discourses, arguably shaping material provision for the insane poor from the scale of the buildings to the quality of the furnishings. The English example shows, by contrast, a greater concern with security and hygiene. These two differing interpretations show a degree of flexibility within the internationalized asylum model which is seldom recognized in the literature.

At the Mercy of Their Clothes

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Celia Marshik
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Twentieth Century Literature ◽  
Thing Theory ◽  
Wealth Status ◽  
Literature And Society ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Modern Fiction ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Individual

In much of modern fiction, it is the clothes that make the character. Garments embody personal and national histories. They convey wealth, status, aspiration, and morality (or a lack thereof). They suggest where characters have been and where they might be headed, as well as whether or not they are aware of their fate. This study explores the agency of fashion in modern literature. Celia Marshik’s study combines close readings of modernist and middlebrow works, a history of Britain in the early twentieth century, and the insights of thing theory. She focuses on four distinct categories of modern clothing: the evening gown, the mackintosh, the fancy dress costume, and secondhand attire. In their use of these clothes, we see authors negotiate shifting gender roles, weigh the value of individuality during national conflict, work through mortality, and depict changing class structures. Marshik’s dynamic comparisons put Ulysses in conversation with Rebecca, Punch cartoons, articles in Vogue, and letters from consumers, illuminating opinions about specific garments and a widespread anxiety that people were no more than what they wore. Throughout her readings, Marshik emphasizes the persistent animation of clothing—and objectification of individuals—in early-twentieth-century literature and society. She argues that while artists and intellectuals celebrated the ability of modern individuals to remake themselves, a range of literary works and popular publications points to a lingering anxiety about how political, social, and economic conditions continued to constrain the individual.

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